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Showing 13461 – 13480 of 15962 publications

The Restoration and Reconstruction of Notre-Dame of Paris: A Test for the Profession

Paris, Banks of the Seine — 2020 — WHE03789633FB

The devastating fire of April 15, 2019, that destroyed Notre-Dame de Paris's eight-hundred-year-old roof and nineteenth-century spire while miraculously preserving the rest of the cathedral underscored its profound global significance as a symbol of spiritual and historical value. This disaster, compounded by its UNESCO World Heritage status, presented an unprecedented challenge to preservation professionals, testing their expertise in restoration and reconstruction. The study examines the emotional and structural aftermath, highlighting the complexities of safeguarding such iconic landmarks while balancing historical integrity with modern conservation techniques.

The Restorers of Chiloé by Rosabetty Muñoz

Churches of Chiloé — 2020 — WHEAF03D7A766

The restoration of religious statues in the Churches of Chiloé reveals a unique blend of artistry and cultural reverence. Over centuries, wooden carvings of Jesus, Mary, and saints in 21 islands off southern Chile succumbed to weathering. A team of non-religious restorers, collaborating with local fiscal officials and villagers, meticulously repaired these artifacts, demonstrating profound respect for both the objects and their devotees. The process highlights the enduring cultural significance of these statues, even among those not directly involved in religious practices. Photographic documentation by Chilean photographer Mariana Mathews further captures the silent sanctity of Chiloé's saintly imagery, preserved in a digital museum.

The Retreat of the Human: Processes of Rewilding after Warfare in Sichuan, China

Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System — 2020 — WHE2DDA9706A6

Decades of warfare during the Late Ming and Early Qing dynasties in Sichuan, China, led to a dramatic population decline, triggering significant environmental changes. The study reveals that the neglect and collapse of the Dujiangyan irrigation system, due to labor shortages, resulted in rewilding of agricultural landscapes. This process was further marked by a reversal in predator-prey dynamics, with tigers proliferating and becoming a common threat. Tiger attacks were interpreted as symbols of social failure, reflecting the tension between humans and their environment. The research highlights the intricate relationship between human activity and ecological systems, demonstrating how historical upheavals can reshape landscapes and species interactions.

The Retrospective Analysis of Radionuclides in Banded Coral from the Bikini Atoll

Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site — 2020 — WHE4C23DC4B3B

A retrospective analysis of radionuclides in banded coral from Bikini Atoll reveals that the source-term of plutonium (Pu) and uranium (U) within the lagoon is slowly changing over time. This finding provides critical insights into the long-term behavior and export potential of these isotopes, which have been continuously released into the Pacific Basin since nuclear weapons testing in the 1940s and 1950s. The study utilized two corals retrieved in 2016 to construct a chronological record of 239+240Pu and 236U concentrations and isotope ratios, employing advanced techniques such as x-ray imaging, stable isotope analysis, extraction chromatography, anion exchange columns, and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). These methods allowed researchers to model the loss rate of Pu and U inside the lagoon, offering a basis for predicting future changes in their solubility and environmental impact.

The rise of the early urban civilization in southwestern Central Asia

State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv” — 2020 — WHEC451FECD7E

South Turkmenistan emerged as a significant ancient farming region and northern outpost of the East, playing a pivotal role in the rise of early urban civilization in southwestern Central Asia. Archaeological evidence from Neolithic to Early Bronze Age sites (ca. 3300–2350 BC) reveals that this area's rapid development during the Middle Chalcolithic, Late Chalcolithic, and Early Bronze Age laid the foundation for large proto-urban centers in the Middle Bronze Age. The Murghab delta's intensification of interregional contacts during the late 3rd millennium BC, part of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC), was driven by advanced technical, technological, and cultural development, as well as the influx of new population groups. Gonur Depe, a notable center from this period, functioned as an administrative, religious, production, and trade hub, mirroring later developments in Ancient Merv.

The Rise of West Lake

West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou — 2020 — WHE5B12B9639A

West Lake, near Hangzhou, China, emerged as a significant cultural and tourist destination during the Song dynasty (960–1279), shaping societal perceptions of nature. Xiaolin Duan's study reveals how the lake became an interactive site where ecological, economic, spiritual, and aesthetic dimensions converged. By analyzing diverse sources—including miscellanies, gazetteers, paintings, maps, poems, and anecdotes—the research demonstrates that West Lake's development was driven by human activities such as boating, gardening, temple worship, and artistic expression. This interplay between human enterprise and the natural environment highlights how landscapes can influence social and cultural constructs, offering a model for understanding the evolution of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The River Qoueiq and Its Importance for Ebla (Syria) at the Time of the Archives (XXIV Cent. BC): Some Observation

Ancient City of Aleppo — 2020 — WHE97808EF1C7

New evidence links the river Qoueiq, flowing near Aleppo, to ancient cities mentioned in Ebla's 24th-century BC archives. Tells along its valley, including Tell Tuqan and Tell Hader, are likely candidates for identifying NIrar, a city referenced in Ebla texts. This study builds on surveys from the 1970s but relies on archival analysis rather than new excavations. It highlights the river's historical significance while noting that precise identifications remain tentative.

The Road to Uluru: Constitutional Recognition and the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park — 2020 — WHE1F3728F876

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have successfully reframed the debate around constitutional recognition, leveraging state ambivalence towards the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) to regain control and re-energize the movement. This shift is exemplified by the Uluru Statement from the Heart, which has built community consensus for a clear proposal despite uncertain prospects for a referendum. The study analyzes five public processes between 2010 and 2017, demonstrating how UNDRIP influenced these developments, marking a significant advancement in Indigenous rights advocacy.

The role of architectural acoustics in advancing the aural tradition during the Safavid era

Meidan Emam, Esfahan — 2020 — WHE4227579E60

During the Safavid era (1501–1736), the Imam Mosque in Naqsh-e-Jahan Square, Esfahan, demonstrated groundbreaking advancements in architectural acoustics. The mosque's design, influenced by Shaykh Baha'i's expertise in sound science and hyperbolic mathematics, created a tranquil soundscape capable of accommodating up to 15,000 people for synchronized prayer rituals with clear speech intelligibility. This study reveals how the mosque's volumetric design, material selection, ornamentation, and acoustic coupling mechanisms contributed to its sonic identity. The research analyzes sound energy exchange patterns and decay, providing insights into the connection between the soundscape and the intended function of these monumental spaces.

The role of ecosystem services in enhancing climate change resilience of local communities: the case of Ngarambe-Tapika Wildlife Management Area, Rufiji district, Tanzania.

Selous Game Reserve — 2020 — WHE1CE3E98DE1

Conservation of the Ngarambe-Tapika Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Tanzania provides critical ecosystem services that enhance climate change resilience for local communities. The study found that income derived from these ecosystems is primarily invested in social services, such as infrastructure and education, while also supporting employment, wildlife protection, and small-scale businesses. These investments contribute significantly to community welfare and adaptation to climate variability. The research employed both quantitative and qualitative methods, including household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews, to assess the relationship between ecosystem conservation and climate resilience in this region adjacent to the Selous Game Reserve.

The role of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar in Detecting, Mapping, Monitoring, and Modelling the Volcanic Activity of Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion: A Review

Pitons Management Area — 2020 — WHECAEB2E1339

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has provided groundbreaking insights into the volcanic activity of Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion, revealing the previously suspected mobility of its unsupported eastern flank and offering a powerful tool for detecting eruption-related displacements in remote areas. This review synthesizes key findings from two decades of InSAR data, highlighting its role in mapping subsurface magmatic processes, volcanic edifice architecture, and eruptive behavior despite challenges like dense vegetation and atmospheric interference. While multitemporal approaches and advanced techniques are improving data handling, frequent eruptions remain a hurdle. The study underscores the growing importance of InSAR as an operational tool for monitoring highly active volcanoes globally.

The role of polar organic components in dynamic crude oil adsorption on sandstones and carbonates

Stevns Klint — 2020 — WHE8B0977951E

Crude oil injection shifts sandstone and carbonate cores to a mix-wet state, reducing capillary forces and moving them away from water-wet conditions. This effect is more pronounced with acidic polar components on carbonates than on sandstones, where basic polar components play a greater role in wettability changes. The study used outcrop materials—sandstone containing quartz, illite clay, and feldspars, and high-purity calcium carbonate from Stevns Klint—to analyze dynamic adsorption of low-asphaltene crude oils at 50°C. By measuring acid (AN) and base numbers (BN), researchers found that polar organic components (POCs) significantly influence reservoir wettability, offering insights to optimize waterflooding operations for enhanced oil recovery.

The Role of Solar Deities in Irish Megalithic Monuments

Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne — 2020 — WHEA1D015DDBF

Irish megalithic monuments, particularly those within the UNESCO World Heritage Site Brú na Bóinne, hold deep mythological significance tied to solar deities. Analysis of Irish mythology reveals that these sites, especially Newgrange, were central to narratives involving sun gods like Dagda and Lugh, as well as the conception and birth of the warrior hero Cú Chulainn. The study suggests that myths may reflect the monuments' symbolic meaning across different historical periods, offering insights into their cultural and spiritual importance.

The Roles of the Locals - and the Possible Reconstruction of the Destroyed Buddha Statues in the Bamiyan Valley, Afghanisatan

Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley — 2020 — WHE3C63E604AC

A critical analysis of the Bamiyan Buddha statues' reconstruction reveals that meaningful local engagement is systematically neglected, despite widespread agreement on its importance. The study argues for a shift in understanding authenticity as a malleable and discursive concept, rather than an absolute standard, to guide reconstruction efforts. It also highlights the political and socio-economic dimensions of such projects, emphasizing the need for careful decision-making to avoid reinforcing competing historiographies. The research employs qualitative reasoning, drawing on classical examples of heritage reconstructions to propose innovative methods for sustainable local involvement.

The Roman Suburb on the Vrina Plain Outside Butrint, Albania

Butrint — 2020 — WHE4E48B9EDC3

Archaeological excavations led by the Butrint Foundation between 2000 and 2007 revealed a previously unrecognized Roman suburb on the Vrina Plain, adjacent to the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Butrint in Albania. This unfortified settlement emerged around a multi-arched bridge spanning the Vivari channel, initially consisting of small dwellings and shops before evolving into a substantial channelside villa—akin to those found within Butrint's walled enclosure. The discovery challenges earlier assumptions by Luigi Maria Ugolini, who had not identified this suburb at Phoinike or Butrint. This study, published in GROMA: Documenting Archaeology, sheds new light on the early Roman urbanization and architectural development outside Butrint's fortified boundaries.

The Romantics, the English Lake District, and the Sacredness of High Land: Mountains as Hierophanic Places in the Origins of Environmentalism and Nature Conservation

The English Lake District — 2020 — WHE738DDA2FFD

Mountains, particularly high land, hold significant spiritual and environmental value, acting as 'hierophanic places' that inspire reverence and shape the origins of environmentalism. This study explores how the Romantic movement in the English Lake District influenced perceptions of sacredness in natural landscapes, contributing to early nature conservation efforts. By analyzing historical texts and cultural narratives, researchers reveal the deep connection between human spirituality and ecological stewardship, highlighting the Lake District's pivotal role in this transition.

The row houses at Oplontis

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2020 — WHE4F2F7FF4EF

Research at Oplontis B (Torre Annunziata) reveals the domestic aspects of tabernae and their role in urban development along the Bay of Naples, addressing a gap in studies of humble dwellings buried by Vesuvius. The study highlights how these small commercial spaces, often doubling as domestic areas, contributed to Roman architecture and economic life. By analyzing row houses at Oplontis B through the Oplontis Project, the research provides preliminary insights into the complex functions of tabernae, offering a nuanced understanding of their place within urban landscapes. This work expands on limited prior studies by integrating architectural remains with Latin terminology to reconstruct daily life and economic activities in non-élite spaces.

The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — 2020 — WHEF43DBE3485

Joseph Banks, a prominent figure at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, is highlighted for his empiricist approach and adaptation of the Baconian method of investigative science. This method, foundational to modern scientific practices, emphasized observation and induction over theoretical speculation. Banks' commitment to applying scientific knowledge practically and his belief in 'progress' are central themes. The chapter also delves into his disinterest in contemporary architectural trends, such as neoclassical designs by Capability Brown, showcasing his unique perspective on landscape and architecture.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Kremlin’s Policy of Remembrance (Chapter 12)

Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow — 2020 — WHE0B63CDA703

Russian society's continued reverence for Lenin, despite the country's political shift away from Communism, reflects a strategic remembrance policy by the Kremlin. This study reveals that Lenin's embalmed body remains on display in the Kremlin, symbolizing a selective historical narrative that transcends ideological repudiation. The research employs qualitative analysis, including personal observations and historical context, to explore how the Kremlin manages the memory of the Russian Revolution. It highlights a disconnect between contemporary political regimes and public remembrance practices, suggesting that remembrance serves as a tool for political legitimization rather than ideological alignment.

The Sahya Mountain: Śiva Religion in the Port Polity of the North Konkan

Elephanta Caves — 2020 — WHEA18C97B441

Research reveals that the development of early Śiva religion in the North Konkan, home to monumental cave-temples like those on Elephanta Island, was not solely dependent on ruling elites but was deeply intertwined with flourishing trade networks and corporate patronage. Contrary to the widely assumed link between these sites and the early Kalacuris rulers, this study demonstrates that merchants, traders, and local collectives played a significant role in supporting religious institutions within this cosmopolitan port polity. Through comparative stylistic analysis of rock-cut monuments, researchers approximated the construction period of these cave temples to mid-6th to late 7th century CE, providing new insights into the regional and religious economies of the area.