Publications
Lightweighting in Iranian Architecture: From Structural Solutions to Integration with Architectural Space, with an Emphasis on the Dome of Soltaniyeh
Iranian architects developed sophisticated lightweighting techniques that not only stabilized historical structures but also enhanced their aesthetic and functional qualities. These solutions, such as boxing (sanduqeh kardan), interlocking (kenobandi), and bracing (ghayd kardan), were integrated into architectural design to reduce weight while creating visually striking spaces. The Dome of Soltaniyeh, a monumental funerary structure from the Islamic era, exemplifies this approach, combining techniques like decreasing dome thickness from base to apex and employing double-shelled domes with internal and external iwans. This study reveals that these combined structural and architectural strategies significantly contributed to the stability of the Dome of Soltaniyeh. The research employed a descriptive-analytical method, relying on library studies and field surveys to analyze lightweighting techniques and their application in this iconic structure.
Migrating Inventions
A striking parallel emerges between the iconic dome of Florence's cathedral, designed by Brunelleschi in the Early Renaissance, and the 14th-century mausoleum of Oljaitü in Soltaniyeh, Iran. Despite temporal and spatial separation, both structures share advanced constructive techniques, challenging Western-centric narratives of architectural innovation. This study reveals that Brunelleschi's double-shell brickwork was not an isolated Western breakthrough but a technique rooted in Iranian traditions, underscoring the transcontinental exchange of knowledge along the Silk Road. Through material analysis and historical evidence, it demonstrates how craftsmanship and technical ingenuity migrated between Florence and Iranian cities like Tabriz and Soltaniyeh from the 13th to the 15th centuries, facilitated by oral transmission. The research proposes a new classification system for domed structures based on material processes and technical innovation, advocating for a more inclusive global architectural history.
Structural and Value-Based Analysis of Niyāresh in the Soltaniyeh Dome Architecture: Evaluating Conservation Interventions Using Numerical Modeling and Finite Element Analysis
Previous conservation interventions on the Soltaniyeh Dome, particularly the addition of a reinforced concrete ring, may have compromised its seismic performance despite improving gravitational stability. A study using numerical modeling and finite element analysis (ABAQUS) revealed that while the original Ilkhanid dome design effectively resists gravity loads, the concrete ring concentrates stresses under seismic conditions, disrupting the balance of meridional and hoop stresses. The research, based on laser scanning data and technical standards, underscores the risks of incompatible conservation practices and advocates for context-sensitive materials in future interventions to preserve both structural integrity and architectural values.
Seismic assessment of a dome structure with minarets as secondary elements: The case of Soltaniyeh Dome in Iran
A seismic assessment of the Soltaniyeh Dome, a 14th-century Iranian mausoleum renowned for its double-shell dome construction, reveals that minarets are the most vulnerable part of the structure. The study employed three-dimensional numerical models and advanced seismic analyses, including pushover and limit analysis, to evaluate the dome's collapse mechanisms under seismic scenarios. This research highlights the structural weaknesses in secondary elements like minarets, offering critical insights for preserving such architectural masterpieces. The findings underscore the importance of targeted seismic retrofitting strategies to ensure the longevity of historically significant structures.
Il mausoleo di Oljeitu a Soltaniyeh in Iran. Bilanci e prospettive per un sito UNESCO
The Oljeitu Mausoleum at Soltaniyeh, inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2005, stands as a testament to international conservation efforts that began decades prior. This monumental structure, commissioned by Ilkhān dynasty ruler Oljeitu in the early 14th century, features a distinctive double-shell dome akin to Brunelleschi's design and ranks among the world's largest. A comprehensive assessment of its restoration trajectory reveals the enduring impact of collaborative heritage conservation strategies, spearheaded by Piero Sanpaolesi, who bridged global expertise with local initiatives during his tenure at both the University of Florence and Tehran. The mausoleum's preservation reflects the principles enshrined in UNESCO's Heritage Convention, offering a model for balancing cultural integrity with adaptive reuse.
Soltaniyeh and Santa Maria del Fiore: A historic relationship?
A comparative-historical study of 26 domes spanning 2,000 years reveals striking structural similarities between the Soltaniyeh Dome in Iran and the dome of Santa Maria del Fiore (Florence Cathedral) in Italy. The research supports a long-standing theory that the Italian dome may have drawn inspiration from its Iranian counterpart, with both exhibiting comparable proportions and forms. Analyzing construction timelines and architectural sources, the study suggests direct influence, reinforcing Professor Sanpaolesi's 1972 hypothesis. Additionally, it explores the broader impact of Islamic golden-age achievements on European Renaissance mathematics and geometry.
Sustainable Development Framework of Historical Cities. a Case Study: City of Soltaniyeh.Iran
A sustainable development framework for historical cities, exemplified by Soltaniyeh, Iran, reveals that integrating historical, cultural, social, natural, and climatic principles into architectural design can preserve the city's heritage while fostering modern urbanization. The study demonstrates how a research-based approach—analyzing past projects and synthesizing diverse data—can guide an integrated design process that aligns contemporary architecture with Soltaniyeh’s rich background. This methodology offers a replicable model for balancing development with historical integrity in small, culturally significant cities.
Seismic vulnerability study of Soltaniyeh dome using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses
A seismic vulnerability study of the Soltaniyeh dome, the world's largest brick dome and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reveals significant structural weaknesses under seismic loads. The research, employing finite element modeling (FEM) validated by experimental data, identified critical crack formation and propagation originating from openings on the second and third floors during a 475-year return period earthquake. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses demonstrated that while the dome performs adequately under gravity loads, its top is particularly vulnerable to seismic stress, necessitating urgent rehabilitation efforts.
A Study on the Decorations of Ilkhani Era: A Case Study of Dome of Soltaniyeh
The Dome of Soltaniyeh, a surviving masterpiece from the Ilkhani era (13th–14th centuries), showcases unparalleled decorative techniques that reflect the cultural and artistic flourishing under Mongol rule in Iran. This study reveals how the integration of Iranian craftsmanship—including intricate plasterwork, tiling, lattice brickwork, Mogharnas, and Quranic inscriptions—elevated architectural aesthetics during a period marked by devastation and transition. The analytical approach examines these decorative elements, highlighting their historical significance as both artistic innovation and cultural preservation. The findings underscore the Dome's role in bridging Mongol military dominance with the revival of Islamic and Persian artistic traditions.
Narrative of a Journey into Persia, in the Suite of the Imperial Russian Embassy, in the Year 1817
Moritz von Kotzebue's 'Narrative of a Journey into Persia' provides a unique and detailed account of the social history of 19th-century Persia, particularly focusing on the court of Fath Ali Shah Qajar. The work offers a rare perspective from a Russian embassy member, blending day-to-day observations with astute and witty commentary. Published in both German and English in 1819, it serves as an invaluable resource for understanding the region's cultural and political landscape during that period.
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