Publications
A Framework for Seismic Risk Assessments in the Buyeo Baekje Historic Areas
Historic areas, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Baekje Historic Areas in Buyeo, face significant seismic risks due to subsurface conditions that can amplify ground motion. This study introduces a quantitative index for site amplification and proposes an integrated framework for seismic risk assessment, combining seismic hazard and performance evaluations. By leveraging field seismic tests, one-dimensional site response analyses, shaking table tests, centrifuge models, finite element method (FEM), and discrete element method (DEM) simulations, researchers mapped regional susceptibility to resonance at short periods. The findings highlight that while these methodologies serve distinct roles, their integration effectively reduces uncertainty in assessing seismic risks for heritage structures, offering a robust approach for preserving culturally significant sites.
Core Sites and Linkage Strategies of the Jungwon Historical and Cultural Zone: A Case Study of Chungju City
Research identifies three core zones in Chungju—Jungangtap-myeon, Tangeumdae, and Chungju-eupseong—as pivotal to the Jungwon Historical and Cultural Zone's layered heritage. These zones, representing overlapping historical strata from Mahan to Unified Silla, offer concrete demonstrations of Baekje’s cultural significance. The study proposes integrated management strategies, including the Historic Urban Landscape approach, to enhance public recognition and foster community-driven heritage utilization. This model aims to restore a dynamic regional environment where heritage, space, and people interact sustainably.
Reconstructing the Historic Terrain of the Buyeo Royal Tombs for Enhancing the Understanding of World Heritage Authenticity Using Multi-Temporal Spatial Data
Reconstruction of the historic terrain of the Buyeo Royal Tombs, part of the UNESCO-listed Baekje Historic Areas, reveals that these royal funerary sites were strategically positioned on south-facing slopes outside the Sabi capital. This deliberate spatial planning reflects the funerary ideology and urban organization of the Baekje kingdom during the Sabi period (A.D. 538–660). The study employed multi-temporal spatial data, including historical maps, aerial photographs, archaeological excavation records, and contemporary datasets like LiDAR and UAV-based photogrammetry, to overcome methodological challenges in terrain reconstruction. A rigorous three-stage backward georeferencing procedure using Helmert and Thin-Plate Spline (TPS) transformations ensured accurate mapping of the pre-intervention landscape, providing insights into the original topographic context obscured by modern maintenance works conducted in 1966.
The Historical Value of Iksan and its Meaning
Recent archaeological discoveries at Iksan, South Korea, have significantly elevated its historical significance by linking it to King Mu of Baekje (r. 501–523 CE). Excavations at the Archaeological Site in Wanggung-ri confirmed it as a royal palace fortress associated with King Mu, while the Mireuksa Temple Site revealed a continuous religious presence from his reign through the early Joseon Dynasty. The 2009 discovery of a Sarira Reliquary in the West Tower further tied the site to King Mu’s governance. Additionally, the excavation of Twin Royal Tombs strengthened the hypothesis that one interred individual is King Mu, providing a clearer image of Iksan as a royal capital. These findings, combined with evidence from the Historic Site in Seogodo-ri and Ohaeng-daepo, suggest King Mu’s mother may have been part of a local clan, reshaping our understanding of his early life. The study proposes a paradigm shift, arguing that Iksan’s strategic importance predated King Mu’s accession rather than being a consequence of it.
A Basic Review of Iksan Ssangneung (Twin Tombs) as a Royal Tomb
Recent investigations of Iksan Ssangneung, the twin tombs of King Mu and his consort from the late Baekje period (600-641), have revealed a significant expansion in understanding royal funeral rites and architectural practices. The study, conducted between 2017 and 2019, estimated the tomb complex's scale at approximately 260,000 square meters, with a rectangular layout of 670m north-south and 370m east-west. Unlike earlier Baekje royal tombs, Iksan Ssangneung is situated on a low hilltop, suggesting Tang Dynasty influence from China. The complex's spatial organization includes distinct areas for rituals, management, and ceremonial functions, such as Hyangdaecheong (storage for memorial services) and Suragan (meal preparation). Aerial photograph analysis further supported these findings, providing insights into the tomb's structure and its surrounding facilities.
A Study on the Formation and Development Process of the 3rd~6rd Century Settlements in the downstream of Dong-cheon, Gwangyang
Recent archaeological excavations in the downstream of Dong-cheon, Gwangyang, South Korea, reveal that this region served as a pivotal settlement and transitional zone between the political entities of Mahan, Sogaya, and Baekje from the 3rd to 6th centuries. The study identifies three distinct developmental phases: initial expansion into flatlands and integration with foreign cultural influences (3rd–mid-4th century), increased Sogaya dominance and square-shaped habitation patterns (early 5th century onward), and eventual incorporation into Baekje's administrative system (late 5th–6th century). The presence of diverse foreign artifacts suggests this area acted as a bridge in maritime trade routes connecting Baekje, Mahan, Gaya, and Wae. Analysis of indigenous production and regional head tombs indicates rising local power during the late 5th to early 6th centuries, culminating in centralization under Baekje's rule.
An Architectural Archaeological Study on the Buyeo Hwajisan Historic Site No. 2019-2
A recent architectural archaeological study on the Buyeo Hwajisan Historic Site No. 2019-2, located within Baekje Historic Areas (South Korea), challenges prior assumptions about its function. Unlike previously proposed uses—such as a detached palace or banquet hall—the site lacks evidence of heating facilities, outdoor kitchens, or large ice storage typical of such structures. Instead, the study suggests it served a ceremonial purpose, supported by its single-well design and absence of residential or administrative features. The research analyzed the site's cornerstone building, characterized by clay walls without columnar lines, contrasting with other known Baekje Dynasty sites that typically include base stones. This finding underscores the rarity and specificity of Hwajisan's architectural style, offering new insights into Baekje ritualistic structures.
The status of Mahan culture in Northeast Asian history and Iksan
Iksan emerges as a pivotal cultural and political hub in Northeast Asian history, particularly during the Mahan period (3rd to 1st centuries BCE), with its small states likely corresponding to Geonma states referenced in Chinese records. Archaeological evidence, including tombs and ruins, suggests that Iksan's significance extended through the late 4th century when it was integrated into Baekje's political system following the capital relocation to Ungjin. By the 5th–7th centuries, Iksan retained its importance as a regional center, comparable to Sabi, Baekje's capital. The study leverages historical texts and spatial analysis to establish Iksan's role in the transition from Bronze Age culture to iron-based societies, linking it to broader migrations and technological advancements in Northeast Asia.
Evaluation of tourist attraction attributes in the Baekje historic areas : Applying impact range-performance analysis and impact-asymmetry analysis
A novel approach to understanding tourist satisfaction at UNESCO World Heritage Sites, specifically the Baekje Historic Areas, reveals that attraction attributes can be asymmetrically categorized into Frustrators, Dissatisfiers, Hybrids, Satisfiers, and Delighters. This classification helps prioritize improvements for enhancing visitor experience by identifying which attributes most significantly impact overall satisfaction. The study used Impact Range-Performance Analysis and Impact-Asymmetry Analysis to evaluate six key dimensions: attractiveness, service, information/facilities, interpretive quality, uniqueness, and educational value. Findings indicate that certain attributes have a stronger influence on satisfaction than others, providing actionable insights for heritage site management to optimize visitor experience and satisfaction.
Analysis of Media Perceptions and Tourism Policy Implications on the Hanseong Baekje Historic & Cultural Tourism Attractions : Focusing on the Content Analysis of Mediator Perspective
A content analysis of 318 news articles from 2010 to 2020 reveals that social-cultural perceptions dominate media coverage of the Hanseong Baekje Historic & Cultural Tourism Attractions, with economic and environmental perceptions trailing behind. The study identifies key trends in perception changes over time, including increased focus on employment opportunities, quality of life improvements, and cultural asset protection. These findings underscore the need for targeted tourism policies to sustainably revitalize the site by emphasizing its historical significance and placeness. Additionally, the research suggests leveraging the Korean wave phenomenon and expanding experience programs to attract more tourists, while proposing platform development and customized policies for FIT (Foreign Independent Travelers) and Q tourism certificate systems as potential strategies for central and local governments.
A Study of Current Status of Experience Contents of Baekje Costume and the Direction of Its Development
A comprehensive analysis of Baekje costume experience content reveals three critical dimensions—functionality, aesthetic value, and cultural specificity—that shape tourist engagement with UNESCO-listed Baekje Historic Areas. The study identifies gaps in current offerings and proposes targeted improvements to enhance user satisfaction, economic benefits, and the preservation of historical authenticity. Using in-depth interviews and KJ method analysis, researchers mapped visitor needs and experiences, providing actionable insights for developing adaptive, culturally resonant content that aligns with 4th Industrial Revolution standards.
A study on for vitalizing of Baekje Historic Areas: Focused on the content of Gongju Gongsanseong Fortress
Gongju Gongsanseong Fortress, a key component of the Baekje Historic Areas, holds significant universal value as it represents a royal palace site from the Baekje Kingdom period. This study identifies the fortress's potential for sustainable revitalization through innovative approaches such as virtual reality-based restoration and community education initiatives. By analyzing current utilization challenges, the research proposes alternative strategies to align visitor engagement with the cultural heritage's intrinsic values, ensuring long-term preservation and development.
Preservation and excavation of Baekje tombs of Seoul: Royal Tombs in Seokchon-dong
The preservation and excavation of Baekje tombs in Seokchon-dong, Seoul, revealed 23 additional tombs in three layers during a 40-year study, significantly expanding our understanding of early Baekje funerary practices. Initially threatened by urban development in the 1980s, government intervention redirected a main road underground and designated an extensive conservation area (33,000 m²), allowing for the restoration of royal tombs and relics. The research confirmed transitions from pit burials to stone-lined and mound tombs, providing critical insights into Hansung Baekje's 500-year history. This work underscores the importance of proactive heritage preservation in archaeological research.
A study for integrated design development direction of souvenirs from Baekje Historic area
A study identifies the need for integrated design development of souvenirs from Baekje Historic Areas to better reflect the region's cultural identity and historical significance. The research highlights that current souvenirs lack depth in representing Baekje’s unique traditions and heritage, despite their role as key elements in tourism. Using KJ method analysis—an approach combining qualitative data collection with visual clustering—the study examined consumer perceptions of domestic and international souvenir designs, focusing on functionality, aesthetics, sensory appeal, and economic viability. Findings underscore the necessity for souvenirs that blend historical authenticity with contemporary trends while addressing practical usability and market appeal. Future work should prioritize ongoing user feedback to refine and innovate souvenir design, ensuring it aligns with both cultural heritage preservation and modern consumer expectations.
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