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Mass Development of Green Filamentous Algae of the Genera Spirogyra and Stigeoclonium (Chlorophyta) in the Littoral Zone of the Southern Part of Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2015 — WHEDB23135BAA

A significant ecological shift has been observed in Lake Baikal, with the mass development of green filamentous algae, particularly Spirogyra fluviatilis and Stigeoclonium tenue, in its southern littoral zone. This phenomenon, previously undocumented in the lake, was recorded between 2008 and 2013, reaching up to 317 ± 143 g/m² in phytomass during peak periods (November) and covering stone sediments completely. The study combined field observations with laboratory analysis to assess the intensity of this development, marking a notable departure from Lake Baikal's historical algal composition. This discovery underscores potential changes in the lake's ecosystem dynamics.

Materials, Techniques, and Conservation of Historic Stained Glass “Grisailles”

Burgos Cathedral — 2015 — WHECBA9A4DB6D

Historic stained glass 'grisailles,' used to define contours and add depth, have been analyzed for their material composition and conservation state across Spanish cathedrals from the 16th to 20th centuries. The study reveals significant variations in production techniques and materials over time, with grisailles primarily composed of iron oxides but also incorporating copper, zinc, lead, or manganese, mixed with binders like lead glass. Advanced techniques such as synchrotron radiation micro-XRD, SEM-EDX, and LA-ICPMS were employed to examine thin cross-sections, uncovering complex mixtures of pigment particles, crystalline compounds, and weathering products. These findings are crucial for understanding the aging process and informing conservation strategies for these delicate artifacts.

Mathematics and geometry in Lisbon’s Baixa district: checking influences from Valletta. A study on the street widths

City of Valletta — 2015 — WHE6AFF207D86

A mathematical algorithm underpinning the urban grid of Lisbon's Baixa Pombalina district has been identified, suggesting strong influences from Valletta's 16th-century layout. This discovery supports the hypothesis that the post-earthquake reconstruction (1755) in Lisbon was not only a product of enlightened rationalism but also a deliberate application of geometric principles rooted in humanist ideals. The study analyzed street widths, comparing them with those in Valletta's plans, and found consistent patterns that align with mathematical rules described by Jäger. This connection underscores the enduring influence of humanistic urban design across centuries and continents.

Maya paleodemographics: What do we know?

Maya Site of Copan — 2015 — WHE4B0EA5215E

A demographic shift occurred between the Late-Terminal Classic and Post-Classic periods at Maya settlements, marked by reduced life expectancy (below 30 years), high infant mortality, and decreased adult survival beyond 50 years. This transition also saw population mobility and deteriorating living conditions, leading to lower fertility rates. The study analyzed data from coastal Yucatan sites like Jaina, Chac Mool, El Meco, and Xcambó, as well as urban centers Palenque and Copan, using paleodemographic methods to assess mortality, survival, life expectancy, fertility, and migration patterns. Classic-period populations exhibited high birth rates (6 children per woman) and life expectancies of 20–42.2 years, while Post-Classic settlements showed adverse health trends and mobility, contrasting with El Meco and Xcambó's higher growth rates.

Measuring benefits of protected area management: trends across realms and research gaps for freshwater systems

Kakadu National Park — 2015 — WHEA6D1698366

Protected areas are crucial for global conservation, yet their effectiveness in halting biodiversity decline remains unclear. While studies often focus on deforestation, they overlook other threats like pollution and connectivity issues, particularly in freshwater systems. This review highlights significant barriers to measuring the impact of protected area management in freshwater ecosystems, such as variability, connectivity, and time lags in outcomes. Unlike terrestrial systems, freshwater environments face unique challenges due to downstream threat propagation (e.g., pollution flow). The study contrasts these barriers with those in terrestrial realms and identifies key research gaps. Using Kakadu National Park—a vast Australian World Heritage Site—as a case study, it illustrates the complexities of evaluating environmental outcomes in freshwater protected areas.

Megaliths and Holy Places in the Genesis of the Kingdom of Asturias (North of Spain, ad 718–910)

Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias — 2015 — WHE809533FE04

A study of the River Sella basin in Asturias, Spain, reveals that megalithic monuments from the early fourth millennium BC were strategically positioned on high ground or along well-travelled pathways, contrasting with the region's dense forested environment. Notably, Santa Cruz, a prominent Asturian megalith, was uniquely located on a frequently flooded fluvial terrace, deviating from typical patterns. The research highlights the interweaving of prehistoric memory and medieval history in sites like Covadonga and Abamia, offering insights into the genesis of the Kingdom of Asturias (AD 718–910). The study combines archaeological evidence with historical analysis to explore the significance of these monuments in shaping the region's cultural landscape.

Menas i Afrodyta. „Dewocjonalia” z sanktuarium świętego Menasa

Abu Mena — 2015 — WHE50B64712BD

Research at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Abu Mena reveals that devotional objects, including ampullae and figurines from the Late Antiquity sanctuary of St. Menas, exhibit continuity with earlier Greco-Roman artistic traditions in Egypt while adapting to a new Christian context. The study analyzes their forms and iconography, demonstrating how established iconographical types persisted despite religious shifts. This finding underscores the resilience of artistic heritage in sacred spaces during periods of cultural transition.

Mery-Maat, an Eighteenth Dynasty iry ‘3 n pr ptḥ from Memphis and His Hypothetical Family

Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur — 2015 — WHE87FE9036E3

A newly published stela, Cairo JE 27947, reveals that the Memphite temple of Ptah held significant economic and administrative importance during the late Eighteenth Dynasty, challenging previous assumptions that this role emerged only in the Late Period. The stela, dated to the reign of Amenhotep III, commemorates Mery-Maat, a guardian of Ptah's estate, and his son Ibeby, a chief servant. This discovery extends the known timeline of administrative positions linked to the temple, including the title iry-‘3 n pr Ptḥ, which was previously documented only for the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Sixth Dynasties. The study reconstructs three generations of an unknown Memphite family, providing insights into their roles within the temple's hierarchy. Through iconographical, stylistic, epigraphical, and palaeographical analysis, the research sheds light on the long-term development of Ptah's temple and its enduring influence during ancient Egypt's New Kingdom.

Methods for determination of revitalization potential of built heritage: Lessons learned on the city of Bern

Old City of Berne — 2015 — WHECA48160074

A key insight from the revitalization of Bern's Old City is that the future use of heritage buildings cannot be determined solely by predefined public methods but requires active participation from potential owners. This approach, which integrates historical significance with adaptive structuring for new purposes, was validated through multiple analyses. The study highlights that successful revitalization depends on balancing conservation goals with practical adaptations to ensure sustainable reuse. These findings offer valuable lessons for addressing similar challenges in Serbian built heritage, emphasizing the importance of collaborative decision-making and innovative design strategies.

Metro line no.1 in Budapest

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue — 2015 — WHEF86141AED7

Budapest's Metro Line No.1, inaugurated in 1896, stands as one of the first continental underground electric tramlines and a pioneering example of urban infrastructure development during the late 19th century. Constructed in just 21 months by local entrepreneur Robert Wünsch, with bogie carriages from Schlick Forgery and electrical components by Siemens und Halske, this metro line symbolized technological advancement and urban modernization. Its steel and concrete structure stations, adorned with artistic tiles from the Zsolnay factory, reflect the opulence and innovation of the era. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2002 alongside Andrássy Avenue, the metro line is also a candidate for IEEE Milestone status, underscoring its historical significance in transportation technology.

Michael Scott. Delphi: A History of the Center of the Ancient World.

Archaeological Site of Delphi — 2015 — WHE2FFB18682E

Delphi, a renowned UNESCO World Heritage Site, emerges as a pivotal cultural and religious center in the ancient Greco-Roman world. The site's significance stems from its association with the oracle of Apollo and the omphalos, a symbol marking Delphi as the 'center of the world.' Archaeological exploration has revealed that Delphi attracted visitors from diverse backgrounds, who sought guidance from the Pythia, the priestess who delivered ambiguous prophecies often misinterpreted. Notable examples include King Croesus's disastrous misreading of an oracle's advice. The site flourished with dedications and architectural marvels until its decline in the 7th century due to plagues and invasions. Modern archaeological investigations, particularly by French, German, and Greek teams since the 19th century, have uncovered extensive layers of history, making Delphi one of the most thoroughly researched ancient sites.

Micro‐Raman And Micro‐Stratigraphic Analysis Of The Painting Materials In The Rock‐Hewn Church Of The Forty Martyrs In Şahinefendi, Cappadocia (Turkey)

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia — 2015 — WHEC8629CE66C

A micro-Raman and micro-stratigraphic analysis of the rock-hewn church of the Forty Martyrs in Şahinefendi, Cappadocia (Turkey), revealed unique insights into medieval painting techniques. The study identified a white or pinkish plaster base, with calcite, gypsum, anhydrite, and calcium oxalate detected through spectroscopic methods. Scanning electron microscopy further uncovered minor variations, such as diatoms in certain layers and biotite, lime lumps, and plant fragments in others. Notably, the analysis detected lead-based compounds and jarosite alongside traditional pigments, providing rare evidence of material composition and degradation processes in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Microalgas del Área Natural Protegida Ejidos de Xochimilco y San Gregorio Atlapulco, México

Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco — 2015 — WHE172E1F6B88

A comprehensive inventory of microalgae in the protected areas of Xochimilco and San Gregorio Atlapulco, Mexico City, identifies 370 species, with notable contributions from Chlorophytes (36%), Euglenophytes (24%), Diatoms (24%), Cyanobacteria (12%), Dinoflagellates (3%), and Chromophytes (1%). Among these, toxic blooming species like Microcystis aeruginosa and Peridinium willei were detected, highlighting the need for ecological monitoring to mitigate potential harm. The study employed exhaustive bibliographic reviews for Xochimilco and field sampling in San Gregorio Atlapulco using a 54 µm mesh net and Van Dorn bottle, preserving samples with formalin (4%) and Lugol's solution (1%). This research underscores the region's microalgal diversity while emphasizing the urgency of further ecological studies to safeguard these UNESCO-listed ecosystems.

Microbial colonization in diverse surface soil types in Surtsey and diversity analysis of its subsurface microbiota

Surtsey — 2015 — WHEC0DC13A28F

A study on Surtsey reveals that microbial colonization is significantly influenced by nutrient availability and environmental factors. The research found that bacterial counts were markedly higher in vegetated soils or pumice with bird droppings (1 × 106–1 × 109 cells g−1) compared to almost pure pumice (1 × 104–1 × 105 cells g−1). Faecal bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae, were detected exclusively in vegetated samples and those with bird droppings. Notably, human pathogens like Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Listeria were absent. Subsurface analysis at depths of 145 and 172 meters identified thermophilic bacteria and archaea, though no growth was observed in enrichments. The microbiota sequences showed low affiliation to known 16S rRNA gene sequences, indicating novel or uncharacterized microbial diversity.

Microsatellite Analysis of the Population Genetic Structure ofAnolis carolinensisIntroduced to the Ogasawara Islands

Ogasawara Islands — 2015 — WHE7FACF83A62

A microsatellite analysis reveals distinct genetic structures among populations of the invasive green anole, Anolis carolinensis, on three islands of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, indicating limited gene flow between them. The study suggests that the recently established population on uninhabited Ani-jima may have originated from multiple introductions or repeated immigration from Chichi-jima. This finding highlights the need to consider frequent incursions among these islands for effective control of invasive lizard populations and protection of native biodiversity.

Mind the Gap: Prediction and Performance in Respect to Visitor Numbers at the New Acropolis Museum

Acropolis, Athens — 2015 — WHE408FA99B21

Initial visitor predictions for the New Acropolis Museum were significantly overestimated, with actual attendance falling far below projections during its first five years. This discrepancy is attributed to political motivations, particularly the push for repatriating the Elgin Marbles from the British Museum. The study analyzes official and campaigner estimates, revealing how exaggerated visitation numbers were used strategically to strengthen arguments for restitution. By comparing predicted versus recorded attendance data, the research highlights the influence of advocacy on cultural heritage discourse.

Mineral deposits of the Guanajuato Mining District, Guanajuato

Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines — 2015 — WHE07842F127C

A comprehensive synthesis of the economic geology of Mexico's Guanajuato Mining District, published in 1988 and translated into English in the early 2000s, reveals critical insights into its geothermal, coal, and metal-mining sectors. The study, led by Ing. G.P. Salas with contributions from Ing. Hugo Cortez Guzmán and Dr. Cecily Petzall, compiles data on mineral deposits available up to the mid-1980s. It highlights the district's rich diversity of non-metallic and metallic resources, including gold, silver, lead, zinc, and coal, while also addressing its geothermal potential. The research approach involved extensive fieldwork, historical documentation, and geological analysis, providing a foundational reference for understanding the region's mineral wealth. This work remains a valuable contribution to the Geology of North America series.

Mística en el Islam: música y ritmo en la recitación Sufí. Fez Mystic in Islam: music and rhythm in reciting sufi. Fez

Medina of Fez — 2015 — WHE497F579A67

The Medina of Fez serves as a dynamic cultural and religious hub where the interplay between music, rhythm, and Sufi mysticism shapes its artistic landscape. This study reveals how aḍriḥa (narrow streets) and zawāyā (Sufi lodges or brotherhoods) have redefined the city's geographical structure, creating spaces that host diverse festivals and cultural events. The status of music, its performers, and instruments varies significantly depending on context—whether religious, intellectual, or artistic—demonstrating their adaptability within this multifaceted environment. The research highlights Fez as a living testament to the fusion of mysticism, spirituality, and artistic expression, where great spiritual figures have left an enduring legacy.

Mitochondrial Genomes of Giant Deers Suggest their Late Survival in Central Europe

Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura — 2015 — WHE61F1B31AC1

New genetic evidence from the Swabian Jura, Germany, reveals that the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus survived until at least 12,000 years ago—far later than previously thought. Analysis of nearly complete mitochondrial genomes from two ancient specimens shows strong phylogenetic links to fallow deer and confirms a Dama-Megaloceros clade. Isotope data further suggests heightened competition with red deer and reindeer post-Last Glacial Maximum may have contributed to its extinction in Central Europe.

Mobilising the dead? The place of bones and corpses in the commemoration of the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda

Memorial sites of the Genocide: Nyamata, Murambi, Gisozi and Bisesero — 2015 — WHE9D60404318

Rwanda's genocide memorial sites, particularly those commemorating the Tutsi genocide, prominently feature bones and corpses as symbolic elements. A historical analysis reveals that these remains have evolved from being highly visible symbols of suffering to being dematerialized in support of reconciliation policies. The study, based on archives from Rwanda's genocide memory commissions and interviews with key memorial actors, demonstrates how the hypermateriality of bodies has been strategically managed over time to serve both commemorative and reconciliatory purposes.