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Scaling the Local: Canada’s Rideau Canal and Shifting World Heritage Norms

Rideau Canal — 2015 — WHEB345548373

Canada's Rideau Canal, inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2007, exemplifies how local communities can challenge and reshape global heritage norms. This study reveals that the Friends of the Rideau, a Canadian NGO, played a pivotal role in advocating for the canal's recognition, demonstrating how grassroots initiatives can influence international standards. The research highlights the legitimizing function of expertise and provides empirical evidence of how local efforts can scale up to impact global norms, particularly in redefining heritage beyond its predominantly European aesthetic frameworks.

Seasonal variation of ozone and black carbon observed at Paknajol, an urban site in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Kathmandu Valley — 2015 — WHE766945E152

A first-of-its-kind year-long study (2013–2014) at Paknajol, Kathmandu, reveals persistent severe air pollution driven by local sources and regional open vegetation fires. The research found that ozone (O₃) and black carbon (BC) concentrations, particularly during pre-monsoon afternoons/evenings, are strongly influenced by photochemistry, planetary boundary layer dynamics, and westerly atmospheric circulations. High O₃ levels correlate with mixing processes between residual layers and the PBL, while BC spikes reflect local emissions. The study highlights dangerous air quality conditions for over 3 million residents, threatening health and ecosystems. These findings provide critical data to design mitigation strategies for acute pollution events in the Kathmandu Valley.

Seasonal variation of water quality parameters in different geomorphic Channels of the upper Malwathu Oya in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Sacred City of Anuradhapura — 2015 — WHEEB0A7E4248

Water quality parameters in the upper Malwathu Oya, Sri Lanka, exhibit significant seasonal variation, with nitrate, phosphate, and chloride concentrations peaking during the first inter-monsoon season (March-April) in paddy-growing areas. The study, conducted from March 2012 to February 2013, found that while these parameters generally remained within safe thresholds for drinking water, turbidity and dissolved oxygen levels were highest during the northeast monsoon season. Factorial analysis revealed no significant differences in dissolved oxygen or turbidity between paddy and non-paddy areas, though anthropogenic activities from agricultural runoff notably impacted water quality. This research highlights the seasonal dynamics of water quality in a critical river system within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Anuradhapura.

Seasonal variations of throughfall chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in Hyrcanian forests (Iran)

Hyrcanian Forests — 2015 — WHEE56EA40EBA

Nutrient fluxes in throughfall are significantly higher in mixed stands of Oriental beech compared to pure stands, with notable differences in nitrogen uptake. The study found that while nutrient concentrations were generally higher during the growing season than the dormant season, nutrient fluxes peaked in autumn, coinciding with increased precipitation. Throughfall fluxes for most nutrients exceeded those in bulk precipitation, except for nitrate and ammonium, indicating canopy uptake of nitrogen. This research highlights the influence of canopy composition and seasonal variations on nutrient cycling, providing critical insights into the ecological dynamics of Hyrcanian forests.

Secrets et découvertes, en couleur, dans les manuscrits enluminés

Monastery of Alcobaça — 2015 — WHEF16E502359

A systematic analysis of medieval illuminated manuscripts from Portuguese monasteries, including the Monastery of Alcobaça, reveals that monks employed a structured color system, predominantly featuring red, green, and blue pigments. These hues were not only chosen for their beauty and stability but also held contextual significance within the manuscripts. The study, which utilized color mapping and material analysis, identified distinct palettes in the scriptoria of Alcobaça and Santa Cruz de Coimbra, while the limited and heterogeneous surviving manuscripts from Lorvão prevented definitive conclusions. Notably, the De avibus and Commentary on the Apocalypse manuscripts from Lorvão emerged as particularly rich in meaning.

Sedimentary Environments Can Be Changed by Geotechnology (Case Study: A Morphotectonic Idea for Design of Extensive Artificial Bay on the Iranian Plateau)

Lut Desert — 2015 — WHEBFF3603D8A

A morphotectonic design suggests that three semi-connected artificial lakes could transform the sedimentary basins of Dasht-e Kavir, Dasht-e Lut, and Jazmourian plains on the Iranian Plateau into extensive artificial bays. This proposal leverages geologic and geotechnical parameters to create a triple artificial bay system fed by pumped water from the Oman Sea, connected by gated straits. The study highlights significant environmental impacts, potentially converting desert sedimentary basins into lake environments. The research integrates geological evidence of past marine-to-land transitions in these basins with modern engineering feasibility, presenting a novel geotechnologic approach with international implications.

Sedimentology and magnetic susceptibility of recent sediments from New Caledonia

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems — 2015 — WHEEB23DBD732

Recent sediments from New Caledonia's lagoons reveal distinct magnetic susceptibility (MS) patterns linked to sediment composition and environmental conditions. Key findings indicate that carbonate sediments exhibit lower MS compared to detrital sediments, with mixed sediments showing MS influenced predominantly by the proportion of detrital material. Strong correlations between MS and manganese/iron content were observed, while beachrocks displayed lower MS than equivalent loose sediments. Additionally, reducing subsurface sediments exhibited higher MS than surface counterparts, suggesting environmental factors play a significant role in magnetic signal variability. The study analyzed over 300 samples for grain size, sediment nature, MS, and geochemistry, providing new insights into the primary origin of minerals carrying the MS signal in tropical coastal environments.

Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the type section of the Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada

Joggins Fossil Cliffs — 2015 — WHE3522055D56

A comprehensive sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis of the Boss Point Formation, spanning nearly one-third of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site, reveals new insights into Pennsylvanian paleoenvironments. The study identifies three distinct members—Chignecto Bay, Ward Point, and North Reef—each characterized by unique sedimentary features reflecting varying climatic and tectonic conditions. Contrary to regional assumptions, fine-grained deposits in the Ward Point Member are primarily floodplain sediments rather than lacustrine, indicating poorly drained to well-drained environments influenced by modest uplift from the Minudie Anticline. The North Reef Member marks a transition to arid, oxidizing conditions and precedes significant salt withdrawal, linking it to the overlying Little River Formation. This revised stratigraphic framework provides a foundational reference for future research on this globally significant fossil exposure.

Seed Ecology and Environmental Conditions of Hypericum sinaicum, Growing in South Sinai, Egypt

Saint Catherine Area — 2015 — WHE5A52D61A43

A study on the seed ecology of Hypericum sinaicum, an endemic medicinal plant in South Sinai's Saint Catherine Area, revealed that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and hot water treatments significantly enhanced its germination rates. The research identified seven endemic species within the soil seed bank, highlighting their ecological significance and vulnerability to unmanaged human activities. By examining both the soil seed bank and germination responses under various conditions, the study provides critical insights for long-term conservation strategies. These findings underscore the varying behaviors of endemic species along environmental gradients and their adaptive strategies for survival in disturbed habitats.

Segregation in Diet between Black Noddy (Anous minutus) and Brown Noddy (A. stolidus) from the Southern Lagoon of New Caledonia

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems — 2015 — WHEA888914097

Research on the Lagoons of New Caledonia reveals distinct dietary segregation between Black Noddy (Anous minutus) and Brown Noddy (A. stolidus), indicating spatial separation in foraging zones. While both species primarily consume fish, Black Noddies target small pelagic fishes like round herrings (Spratelloides spp.) closer to shore, whereas Brown Noddies prey on larger offshore species such as buccaneer anchovy (Encrasicholina punctifer) and squid. This segregation is more pronounced than observed in other sympatric populations, suggesting niche partitioning driven by body size and foraging distance. The study analyzed regurgitations from birds nesting at Kouaré Islet over two breeding seasons (2002/2003 and 2003/2004), providing insights into the ecological dynamics of these seabirds in a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Seismic anisotropy and its precursory change before eruptions at Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion

Pitons Management Area — 2015 — WHE4FEEB74115

Research at Piton de la Fournaise volcano, La Réunion, reveals that seismic anisotropy—measured through shear wave splitting—can serve as a precursor to eruptions. Fast directions of seismic waves align radially with the central cone and parallel to surface cracks, indicating stress-controlled crack formation. The study found that delay times in split shear waves tend to increase while surface wave velocities decrease before eruptions, correlating with GPS baseline changes. These variations suggest dynamic changes in crack density and fluid pressure. High Vp/Vs ratios under the summit compared to the flanks imply spatial differences in fluid-filled versus gas-filled cracks. The findings, derived from a combination of permanent and portable seismic networks, geodetic data, and ambient noise correlation analysis, offer a novel approach to monitoring volcanic activity with high temporal resolution.

Seismic response of current RC buildings in Kathmandu Valley

Kathmandu Valley — 2015 — WHEF160102438

Most existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in the earthquake-prone Kathmandu Valley exhibit inadequate seismic performance, with non-engineered structures showing significantly higher inter-storey drift demands and lower lateral resistance compared to engineered ones. The study analyzed four representative RC buildings using non-linear dynamic analysis under synthetic earthquakes applied at 0°, 45°, and 90° directions, revealing that geometric non-linearities (P-delta effects) reduce global lateral stiffness and structural strength. Engineered buildings demonstrated better performance but still faced challenges due to plan and vertical irregularities. The findings highlight the urgent need for seismic safety assessments and retrofitting of existing structures in Nepal.

Semantic description of three-dimensional models of Bologna porches

The Porticoes of Bologna — 2015 — WHE267EDB72F6

A novel method for the semantic cataloguing of Bologna's porticoes has been developed, integrating historical, material, formal, dimensional, and theoretical data into 3D models. This approach allows for detailed segmentation and visualization of the arcades' architecture, supporting their potential nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study addresses challenges in surveying, numerical modeling, and semantic analysis, providing a structured framework to make complex architectural information accessible and communicable.

Semi-automated recognition of planation surfacesand other flat landforms: a case study from theAggtelek Karst, Hungary

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2015 — WHE0029928942

Researchers identified the r.geomorphon module as the most effective method for semi-automated recognition of planation surfaces and other flat landforms in the Aggtelek Karst, Hungary. These surfaces serve as morphological indicators of different evolutionary stages, correlating with cave levels formed under stagnant erosion base conditions. The study tested multiple methods, including slope gradient thresholding and r.param.scale modules, but found that r.geomorphon best delineated relatively flat surfaces corresponding to phases of the Jósva River incision. This approach offers a new tool for reconstructing the comprehensive evolution of karst landscapes, with implications for understanding similar geological formations in UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst.

Seminar of local actors for the fifteen years of the inclusion of Cuenca in the World Heritage list

Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca — 2015 — WHEAF06F05B21

Cuenca, Ecuador, holds three UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca, the Traditional Hat Weaving Technique of the Toquilla Straw, and a section of the Qhapac ñan (Paredones de Molleturo). A recent seminar highlighted that conservation efforts in Cuenca began as early as the late 1960s, long before its inclusion on the World Heritage List in 2010. The event emphasized the need for coordinated strategies to protect not only the material heritage but also the intangible cultural elements that define the city's identity. This approach ensures a comprehensive safeguarding of Cuenca's diverse patrimony, fostering sustainable development and preserving its unique cultural landscape.

Sensitivity analysis and implications for surface processes from a hydrological modelling approach in the Gunt catchment, high Pamir Mountains

Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) — 2015 — WHE7BD18390D1

Researchers have uncovered critical insights into the hydrological dynamics of the Gunt catchment in Tajik National Park, revealing that discharge is primarily driven by snow and glacier melt rather than precipitation. This contrasts with neighboring regions like the Himalayas or Hindu Kush, where monsoon-driven rainfall dominates. The study identified two subsurface reservoirs: a groundwater reservoir that recharges in spring and summer, providing 40% of annual discharge, and a shallow, rapid-retention reservoir buffering meltwaters during warmer months. Notably, precipitation and discharge exhibit negative correlation with complex hysteresis effects, allowing inference of interannual climatic variability on river flow. The findings were derived from a remote-sensing-based hydrological model (J2000g), validated against sparse in situ data, which showed that MODIS surface temperatures effectively proxy air temperatures, while precipitation products exhibited substantial discrepancies with local measurements.

Separate Opinion of Judge A.A. Cançado Trindade in the Case of the Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 1962 in the Case of the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia versus Thailand, Interpretation of Judgment, of 11.11.2013)

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2015 — WHEBA0180BB6B

Judge Antônio A. Cançado Trindade's separate opinion in the 2013 case regarding the Temple of Preah Vihear offers a nuanced interpretation of international legal principles, particularly focusing on the application and evolution of treaties over time. His analysis emphasizes the importance of historical context and the dynamic nature of international law, arguing for a humanized approach that balances legal rigor with practical considerations. This opinion provides a critical perspective on the 1962 judgment, advocating for a more inclusive and adaptive interpretation of treaty obligations to address contemporary challenges in disputes over World Heritage Sites.

Separate Opinion of Judge A.A. Cançado Trindade in the Case of the Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 1962 in the Case of the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia versus Thailand, Order, Provisional Measures, of 18.07.2011)

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2015 — WHECEEC95C78C

Judge Antônio A. Cançado Trindade's separate opinion in the 2011 provisional measures order for the Temple of Preah Vihear case highlights a pivotal interpretation of international law, emphasizing its humanized and contextual application to resolve disputes over UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The opinion argues for a nuanced approach that balances legal rigor with humanitarian considerations, particularly in cases involving cultural heritage and national sovereignty. This perspective challenges traditional interpretations by advocating for a more inclusive and adaptive framework within international judicial processes. The analysis draws on the 1962 judgment's legacy while addressing contemporary geopolitical tensions, offering a forward-looking strategy to mitigate conflicts over shared historical monuments.

Sequencing of the complete genome of an araphid pennate diatom Synedra acus subsp. radians from Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2015 — WHE937A3880CC

Researchers successfully sequenced the complete genome of Synedra acus subsp. radians, an araphid pennate diatom native to Lake Baikal, revealing a genome spanning 98 million base pairs with an average coverage of 33x. This achievement provides critical insights into the genetic structure and functional annotation of this unique freshwater microalga, contributing to our understanding of diatom biology in extreme aquatic environments like Lake Baikal. The study employed high-throughput sequencing techniques to assemble the genome, offering a foundational resource for further ecological and evolutionary research on this species.

Seven new species of Spathidexia Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) reared from caterpillars in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Area de Conservación Guanacaste — 2015 — WHE34047C66A3

Researchers have identified seven new species of Spathidexia, a genus of tachinid flies, from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) in Costa Rica. These discoveries were made through an extensive study combining morphological analysis, photographic documentation, life history data, and molecular evidence. The new species—Spathidexia atripalpus, Spathidexia juanvialesi, Spathidexia marioburgosi, Spathidexia luisrobertogallegosi, Spathidexia luteola, Spathidexia hernanrodriguezi, and Spathidexia aurantiaca—were reared from various caterpillar species within the ACG. Additionally, Minthodexiopsis Townsend was proposed as a new synonym of Spathidexia, with a revised combination for S.flavicornis (Brauer & Bergenstamm). This study contributes significantly to the understanding of biodiversity in the ACG and the taxonomy of tachinid flies.