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Degradation of Two Historic Buildings in Northern Spain by Formation of Oxalate and Sulphate-Based Compounds

Burgos Cathedral — 2011 — WHE8EB71D2E8A

A study on the degradation of historic buildings in northern Spain reveals that microbial activity leads to the formation of oxalate compounds (weddellite and whewellite) on dolomitic rock surfaces, while atmospheric pollution causes gypsum formation on lime plasters used as protective coatings. Researchers analyzed samples from the Romanesque Church of Torme and Burgos Cathedral using advanced techniques such as microscopy, spectrometry, diffraction, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. The findings highlight the distinct degradation processes affecting rural and urban environments, with implications for conservation strategies.

Delineating Locals: Transformations of Knowledge/Power and the Governance of the Danube Delta

Danube Delta — 2011 — WHE7A6F5261D4

Governance policies for the Danube Delta co-create a marginalized 'local' identity, shaped by power/knowledge dynamics that silence and exoticize communities. This study reveals how policies, emerging from multiple government levels, evolve through constant interaction with other power structures, leading to the subjugation of local actors. Using a Foucauldian framework, it analyzes policy emergence, enactment, and implementation to highlight the implications for participatory natural resource governance. The findings underscore the need to recognize and address these processes in environmental management strategies.

Delphi and Olympia: The Spatial Politics of Panhellenism in the Archaic and Classical Periods (review)

Archaeological Site of Delphi — 2011 — WHE301B530870

A novel spatial analysis of Delphi and Olympia reveals how their sanctuaries functioned as Panhellenic centers beyond their roles as oracle sites and athletic venues. By integrating archaeological evidence with historical context, the study demonstrates that these sanctuaries were dynamic spaces where dedications and structures interacted with the broader landscape, shaping Panhellenism's spatial politics during the Archaic and Classical periods (650–300 B.C.E.). The research challenges conventional literature-focused approaches by emphasizing material culture and site organization, offering a cross-disciplinary model that bridges archaeology and history. Key findings include the negotiation of space in dedicatory practices and the evolving relationship between Delphi and Olympia, providing new insights into Panhellenic identity formation.

Demographic resilience of territorial island birds to extinction: the flightless Aldabra Rail Dryolimnas (cuvieri) aldabranus as an example

Aldabra Atoll — 2011 — WHEC565909986

Aldabra Rails, the last flightless birds in the tropical Indian Ocean, face high extinction risk despite their large population. Research reveals that even with a substantial number of non-breeding 'floaters', the species could be driven to extinction within 20 years if introduced predators like cats were to invade Malabar Island, where around 3,500 breeding pairs reside. The study used stochastic population modeling to assess demographic resilience, finding that the population is vulnerable to predator introduction but resilient to annual removals of up to 100 pairs for reintroduction efforts. Monitoring floaters could serve as an early warning system for population crashes in territorial island species.

Density estimation for small mammals from livetrapping grids: rodents in northern Canada

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2011 — WHEC4BC67E4CB

Researchers found that Efford's maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator generally provides more accurate density estimates for small mammals compared to conventional boundary-strip methods, especially in boreal forest ecosystems. The study analyzed mark-recapture data from 104 trapping sessions across Kluane, Yukon, and tundra areas of Herschel Island and Komakuk Beach, northern Yukon, involving 6,145 individuals. While Efford's ML estimator produced density estimates smaller than boundary-strip methods in boreal forests, it showed varying accuracy in tundra environments—underestimating at low densities (<1.5/ha) but performing better at high densities (25/ha). The findings highlight the need for careful selection of estimators to ensure robust population density assessments, crucial for management agencies and ecological studies.

Deposition and accumulation of airborne organic contaminants in Yosemite National Park, California

Yosemite National Park — 2011 — WHEAA6FD0A090

Research reveals that airborne organic contaminants, including current-use pesticides like chlorpyrifos and endosulfans, as well as legacy compounds such as chlordane and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), accumulate in Yosemite National Park. A key finding is the significant winter deposition of these contaminants, accounting for over 70% of annual pesticide inputs due to snowfall. Endosulfan and chlordane concentrations increase with elevation, suggesting mountain cold-trapping as a mechanism for accumulation, while chlorpyrifos shows an inverse correlation with elevation, indicating source proximity as the dominant factor. Sediment analysis revealed low levels of most contaminants, except for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE) in Tenaya Lake, which exceeded protective guidelines for benthic organisms. The study used a multi-matrix approach, sampling atmospheric deposition, lichen, zooplankton, and lake sediment across elevations, alongside passive samplers to estimate surface-water concentrations.

Des paysans contre la mer. Poldérisation et drainages des terres humides sur le littoral de la baie du Mont Saint-Michel au Moyen Âge (xie-xve siècles)

Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay — 2011 — WHEE26ABFFA9D

Between the 12th and 15th centuries, significant portions of the Mont Saint-Michel Bay's southeastern and eastern coastlines were reclaimed from the sea through poldérisation—a process involving land isolation and drainage—transforming previously submerged areas into arable farmland. This transformation, supported by feudal authorities including the Dol-Combourg lords and nearby abbeys, enabled the establishment of agricultural parishes like Paluel, west of the Couesnon River. However, long-term environmental changes such as rising sediment levels in the bay and river course shifts, combined with demographic decline, led to the abandonment and eventual return of these lands to their maritime state by the 15th century, predating major 19th-century engineering interventions. The study reconstructs this historical process using modern cartographic data and medieval sources, offering a rare glimpse into medieval land-use strategies in coastal environments.

Detection and analysis of endogenous badnaviruses in the New Zealand flora

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2011 — WHE3C2D00CC51

Research reveals that more than half of the New Zealand flora, including 37 out of 60 species studied, harbors endogenous badnavirus reverse transcriptase (RT) sequences. Unlike tropical regions where freely replicating badnaviruses are common, no active viruses were detected in this temperate Southern Hemisphere flora. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these RT sequences form distinct monophyletic groups, suggesting they may be widespread in temperate plant species. The study also identified a previously unrecognized Melicytus species and hinted at potential apomixis—a form of asexual reproduction—in Melicytus ramiflorus. These findings highlight the broader presence of integrated badnavirus sequences in temperate regions and caution about their potential activation under stress, such as tissue culture or genomic manipulation.

Detection of Delamination in Wall Paintings by Ground Penetrating Radar

Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa — 2011 — WHED846D65D84

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) emerges as a powerful tool for detecting delamination in wall paintings, particularly in culturally significant sites like the Potala Palace. Delamination, a prevalent issue causing separation between plaster and support surfaces, poses severe threats to the integrity of ancient murals, often leading to surface cracks or complete paint loss. This study highlights GPR's effectiveness in identifying such structural weaknesses, which affect over 75% of wall paintings in Tibetan heritage sites due to environmental degradation, biological factors, and material aging. By analyzing electromagnetic wave behavior through different media, the research provides a non-invasive method for conservationists to assess and monitor delamination risks without physical damage.

Determination of sulfur isotope ratio of sulfate in mountainous streams on Yakushima Island after in-situ collection/concentration of sulfate

Yakushima — 2011 — WHE6F5BD1FA5F

Researchers found that sulfur isotope ratios (δ³⁴S) in non-seasalt sulfate (nss δ³⁴S) on Yakushima Island vary significantly by region, with higher values (+1.1 to +7.5‰) in the western and mountainous areas compared to the northeastern region (-3.9 to +0.3‰). This suggests that sulfur-bearing air masses from coal combustion in Asia, characterized by high δ³⁴S values, are transported westward and deposited on the island's higher elevations, such as Miyanoura-dake (1936 m). The study employed a novel in-situ collection method using anion exchange resin in mesh bags to efficiently gather sulfate for analysis, making it suitable for remote or mountainous research settings where sample transport is challenging. This approach addresses practical limitations while providing insights into the origin and distribution of atmospheric sulfur pollutants affecting freshwater ecosystems.

Determining Modulus of Elasticity of Ancient Structural Timber

Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing — 2011 — WHEFDE6A641B2

A linear relationship between the modulus of stress-resistograph and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) was identified, with correlation coefficients reaching 0.7111. This finding suggests that the modulus of stress-resistograph can be used as a reliable non-destructive method for evaluating MOE in ancient structural timber. The study involved testing four larch wood specimens from the drum-tower of Zhengjue Temple in Beijing using stress wave transmission times, resistograph measurements, and density tests. Traditional bending tests were also conducted to validate the relationship. For more accurate future evaluations, 95% confidence regression lines are recommended for calculations.

Deux fragments de portraits funéraires romains de Deir el-Bahari

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2011 — WHEC0DA92EFC1

Two small fragments of Roman funerary portraits, discovered in Deir el-Bahari within the Temple of Hatshepsut, provide rare evidence that painted mummy cartonnages were used in ancient Thebes. Dating to the 2nd century AD, one fragment depicts a female, possibly an Isis priestess, while the other shows a male portrait. These fragments, originating from 19th-century excavations, suggest a connection to 'Theban' funerary traditions and hint at the existence of Roman necropolises in West Thebes, such as Deir el-Medineh. The analysis by Kiss combines iconographic and stylistic examination to shed light on previously understudied aspects of Theban mortuary practices.

Development of a Specific Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay to Monitor Chlorella DNA: A Case Study from Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA

Mammoth Cave National Park — 2011 — WHE62D51CD24D

A highly specific quantitative real-time PCR assay was developed to monitor Chlorella DNA, enabling precise quantification of the predominant green algae species in Mammoth Cave National Park's surface waters. The assay demonstrated a method detection limit (MDL) of approximately 23,000 cells per liter and could detect Chlorella presence at concentrations ten to 100 times lower than the MDL. It effectively distinguished Chlorella from other organisms, including bacteria, fungi, insects, and different algae species, ensuring accurate quantification without interference. The assay's utility was validated in a case study assessing Chlorella concentrations in karst surface streams, highlighting its potential for monitoring invasive zebra mussel impacts on native species.

Did the growth of Tibetan topography control the locus and evolution of Tien Shan mountain building?

Western Tien-Shan — 2011 — WHEAB13D40BC4

A new study suggests that the growth of Tibetan topography played a critical role in shaping the locus and evolution of mountain building in the Tien Shan, a significant intraplate mountain range in Central Asia. The research proposes that bending stresses from lithospheric flexure in Central Asia exerted a strong influence on the regional stress field, leading to increased compressive stress near the Tien Shan and reduced likelihood of mountain building south of it. This finding challenges the traditional hypothesis linking Tien Shan mountain building solely to the India-Eurasia collision and highlights the importance of bending stresses in propagating deformation into continental interiors. The study utilized models of Paleogene to Middle Miocene flexure to demonstrate this mechanism, offering a viable explanation for the synchronization of mountain-building events between Tibet and the Tien Shan.

Die Bauhaus-Bibliothek in Weimar und ihre Geschichte

Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau — 2011 — WHE4D852B7037

The Bauhaus-Bibliothek in Weimar stands as a testament to the intellectual and cultural legacy of the Bauhaus movement, offering insights into its historical development through a meticulously reconstructed library. This study provides a comprehensive reconstruction of the Bauhaus library's history, shedding light on its role as a hub for artistic and architectural innovation during the early 20th century. By analyzing archival materials and historical records, the research reconstructs the library's evolution, highlighting its significance in fostering interdisciplinary exchange among Bauhaus scholars, artists, and students. The approach combines bibliographic analysis with historical contextualization, revealing how the library functioned as both a resource for education and a catalyst for creative collaboration within the Bauhaus community.

Die Kaiserresidenz Rom in der Zeit der Tetrarchie. Architektur und Zeremoniell (306–312 n. Chr.)

Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius — 2011 — WHED48E1DB4DF

A unique case of a tetrarchic-era imperial residence—Maxentius' palace in Rome (306–312 CE)—offers unprecedented insights into late antique architectural and ceremonial practices, yet has been overlooked in broader studies. Unlike other palaces, this site combines well-preserved structures with urban context and numismatic evidence, enabling reconstruction of its role within the tetrarchic system. The research highlights the challenges in distinguishing imperial from private residences due to methodological gaps, particularly the absence of a standardized 'late antique palace' typology. While Maxentius' reign is often dismissed as merely traditionalist, this study argues for its significance in ceremonial innovation, bridging the gap between Diokletian's reforms and later imperial practices.

Diel coral reef acidification driven by porewater advection in permeable carbonate sands, Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef — 2011 — WHED2FF464F39

A study at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, reveals that seawater recirculation through permeable carbonate sands significantly influences reef lagoon pH, with diel fluctuations reaching up to 0.75 units—the broadest ever recorded in reef waters. Night-time pH levels (7.69) matched worst-case projections for ocean acidification by 2100, highlighting the role of porewater advection in proton cycling. The research demonstrates that while coarse sands contribute minimally to daytime H+ fluxes (9%), their influence nears 100% at night due to synergistic recirculation processes, including small-scale flow and large-scale tidal pumping. These findings suggest that the metabolism of advection-dominated sands may act as an unrecognized feedback mechanism in ocean acidification, with sink strength for H+ dependent on porewater flushing rates.

Diet segregation between two colonies of little penguins Eudyptula minor in southeast Australia

St Kilda — 2011 — WHECB0617BBEA

Research reveals significant diet segregation between two colonies of little penguins, Eudyptula minor, at St Kilda and Phillip Island in southeast Australia, despite their overlapping foraging areas. While both colonies rely heavily on anchovies, those at St Kilda consume smaller anchovies from different cohorts or stocks compared to the more diverse diet at Phillip Island. Stable isotope analysis of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) in blood samples confirmed differences in trophic position and prey size between the colonies, suggesting potential competition or spatial foraging differences. Surprisingly, protein levels in penguin blood remained consistent across colonies, indicating that dietary variation did not affect nutritional value. The study highlights the vulnerability of St Kilda's diet, which is dominated by anchovies, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to ensure stable food supply for these penguins.

Digital Documentation and Reconstruction of an Ancient Maya Temple and Prototype of Internet GIS Database of Maya Architectur

Maya Site of Copan — 2011 — WHE4F7DBD17D1

A groundbreaking prototype for an online, searchable database integrating GIS maps, 3D models, and virtual environments was developed to advance research and teaching on Maya architecture at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Copán, Honduras. This platform leverages existing digital collections and a highly accurate hybrid 3D model, combining expertise from art historians, archaeologists (University of New Mexico, Honduran Institute of Anthropology and History), and computer scientists (ETH Zurich, FBK Trento, University of California). The project aims to demonstrate the potential of such tools for interdisciplinary collaboration, bridging gaps between physical documentation and digital reconstruction. By testing this innovative platform, researchers seek to establish a scalable model for preserving and analyzing ancient Maya structures with unprecedented precision.

Dinâmica do componente arbóreo de uma mata de galeria inundável (Brasília, Distrito Federal) em um período de oito anos

Brasilia — 2011 — WHEC9A90B4278

A study tracking the tree component of a floodplain forest in Brasília, Brazil, over eight years revealed high but balanced dynamics: annual mortality rates reached 4.25%, while recruitment was equally robust at 3.67%. Despite these changes, species diversity remained stable (H' = 2.84–3.02 nats/ind), suggesting resilience in community structure even under anthropogenic pressures. Researchers analyzed 40 plots (0.8 ha) twice (2000 and 2008), recording shifts from 50 to 59 species, yet no significant decline in diversity. The findings underscore the need for long-term studies to inform conservation strategies for these ecologically critical but threatened ecosystems.