Publications
‘Archeology on Ice: Interior Alaska, USA’
Alpine glaciers and ice fields in the Alaska Range, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, have yielded significant archaeological discoveries, including preserved artifacts from early human activity. The exhibit 'Archeology on Ice' showcases these findings at the Morris Thompson Cultural and Visitor Center in Fairbanks, Alaska, a strategic location near North America's earliest archaeological sites. The research approach involves systematic exploration of ice patches and glaciers, revealing insights into past human behavior and environmental interactions. This exhibit serves as an educational platform to share these discoveries with both academic and general audiences.
Deoxygenation in the Equatorial Panthalassan Ocean Predated the End-Triassic Mass Extinction
A groundbreaking study reveals that deoxygenation in the equatorial Panthalassan Ocean began well before the end-Triassic mass extinction, challenging previous assumptions about the timing and causes of this critical event. Researchers analyzed stratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical data from the Grotto Creek section in Alaska, spanning the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic period. The dataset includes high-resolution measurements of organic carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) as well as iron speciation, providing a detailed record of oceanic conditions during this pivotal interval. Samples were collected from Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve, offering unique insights into the environmental changes that preceded one of Earth's most significant mass extinctions.
From Alaska to Argentina and back: migration routes, migration timing, and wintering areas of adult male Swainson’s Thrushes ( Catharus ustulatus ) from breeding areas in interior Alaska
Adult male Swainson’s Thrushes (Catharus ustulatus) from interior Alaska complete among the longest round-trip migrations of any North American migratory passerine, traveling from their breeding grounds to wintering areas in South America and back. This study reveals that these birds exhibit a leapfrog migration pattern, wintering farther south than those from more southern latitudes, and use distinct routes during autumn and spring migrations. Using archival light-level geolocators and GPS loggers, researchers tracked 16 individuals, documenting their cross-continental migration across Canada, stopover behaviors, and wintering areas in Colombia and Argentina. Autumn migration begins by early September, with birds arriving on their wintering grounds by mid-November, while spring migration starts in late February, culminating in their return to breeding grounds by late May. The findings highlight the importance of forested landscapes across their annual range.
Hydrometeorological and Topographic Controls on Rock Glacier Kinematics: A Case Study From Southeastern Alaska
A study of seven active rock glaciers in Wrangell–St. Elias National Park, Alaska, reveals that hydrological and thermal controls govern their spatial variability in kinematics. Rock glaciers exposed to greater solar radiation and warmer subsurface conditions exhibit enhanced meltwater infiltration and stronger seasonal deformation, while colder, shaded sites remain relatively stable. The research used multi-temporal Sentinel-1 InSAR data from 2018 to 2022, combined with Independent Component Analysis (ICA), hydraulic modeling, and thermal simulations to separate long-term trends from seasonal signals. This approach highlights the sensitivity of permafrost landforms to ongoing climate change, offering insights into their response to hydrometeorological factors.
Projections of 21st-century glacier change in Alaska’s national parks calibrated against spatially distributed elevation change observations
Alaska's national parks, including Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, face significant glacier mass loss by the end of the century, with projections ranging from 28% to 99% depending on the subregion and emissions scenario. This study introduces a novel Bayesian inference framework that calibrates the Python Glacier Evolution Model (PyGEM) against spatially distributed surface elevation change data, reducing parameter uncertainty by 5–18% and lowering mean absolute error in hindcast surface elevation change by 0.18 m per year. Using airborne laser altimetry records from 1994 to 2021 for 185 glaciers—representing over half of the region’s glacier area—the model estimates mass loss between 43% and 67%, with substantial variability across subregions such as Lake Clark, Denali, Kenai Fjords, Glacier Bay, and Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This framework offers a flexible approach to refine projections as additional elevation change datasets become available.
Expansion of the Southeast Alaska Network Vital Signs Monitoring Program to the Outer Coasts of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve and Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
A comprehensive expansion of the Southeast Alaska Network Vital Signs Monitoring Program to the Outer Coast regions of Wrangell-St. Elias and Glacier Bay national parks and preserves has been proposed, aiming to establish baseline conditions and inform long-term interdisciplinary monitoring efforts. This initiative addresses rapid environmental changes driven by multiple stressors, including rising temperatures, ocean acidification, glacier dynamics, isostatic rebound, and increased vessel traffic. The research leverages established protocols for vital signs such as weather and climate, glacial dynamics, landform and landcover, oceanography, marine predators, and environmental contaminants. By integrating physical, chemical, and biological data through quantitative analyses and systems-level models, the study seeks to identify ecosystem linkages, document resource status and trends, and pinpoint future monitoring needs. Results will contribute to peer-reviewed publications and guide long-term conservation strategies for these globally significant UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Glacier monitoring in the Central Alaska Network: Protocol narrative, version 1.0
Rapid glacier changes in Alaska's national parks, driven by warming air temperatures, are being systematically monitored through the Central Alaska Network (CAKN) protocol. This long-term monitoring program, initiated in 1991, tracks mass balance, surface elevation, and boundaries of key glaciers—such as Kahiltna and Kennicott—in Denali and Wrangell-St. Elias National Parks. The protocol combines glaciological and geodetic methods with remote sensing to document seasonal and interannual changes in snow accumulation and melt, providing insights into climatic forces shaping these vital ice masses. Additionally, it extends glacier inventory efforts every decade and measures surface elevations of major glaciers every 4-6 years, building on data from Operation IceBridge since the mid-1990s. These efforts are critical for understanding impacts on park ecosystems, visitor safety, and downstream marine environments.
New detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope constraints for the Kluane Schist, southwestern Yukon, Canada, and their implications for Cretaceous Insular terrane accretion
A new study reveals that the Kluane Schist, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site in southwestern Yukon, Canada, served as a Late Cretaceous depocenter with strong ties to the paleo–western margin of North America. Using detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf isotope analyses from metasedimentary rocks across various structural levels, researchers determined that the Kluane Schist likely formed as the uppermost part of a contractional forearc or arc built upon the Yukon-Tanana terrane. This finding supports models of Insular terrane accretion involving east-dipping subduction beneath a westward-migrating North American continent during the Cretaceous period.
The demise of the world's largest piedmont glacier: a probabilistic forecast
Sít' Tlein, the world's largest piedmont glacier spanning Alaska and Yukon, is projected to undergo significant mass loss due to climate imbalance. Using a data-constrained dynamical modeling approach, researchers forecasted that if current surface mass balance levels persist, Sít' Tlein could lose 323–444 km³ of ice by 2073 and 546–728 km³ by 2173. If historical trends continue, losses could reach 383–505 km³ by 2073 and 740–900 km³ by 2173. The study quantifies uncertainty using Bayesian methods, revealing that the glacier's piedmont lobe is likely to disappear over centuries, leading to substantial landscape and ecosystem changes.
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: Geologic Resources Inventory Report
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, harbors significant geologic heritage that informs park management decisions regarding visitor safety, infrastructure planning, resource protection, and interpretation. The Geologic Resources Inventory (GRI) report by Lanik and Loso (2025) provides a comprehensive analysis of the region's geological history, features, and processes, offering actionable insights for conservation efforts. The study integrates geologic data to address management challenges while contributing to broader understanding through accompanying GIS datasets and visual aids. This work serves as a critical resource for balancing development with the preservation of natural and cultural resources in one of the largest protected areas in the U.S.
A record of Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene Insular terrane accretion within the northern Cordillera: Insights from monazite petrochronology across the Kluane Schist, southwest Yukon, Canada
Research reveals that the Kluane Schist, located between the Intermontane and Insular terranes in Yukon, Canada, preserves evidence of Late Cretaceous to early Paleogene Insular terrane accretion. Using monazite petrochronology, scientists determined that peak metamorphic conditions occurred progressively younger with decreasing structural depth, ranging from ca. 70 Ma to 55 Ma. This finding aligns with Buchan-style metamorphism and supports the terminal accretion of outboard Insular terranes, facilitated by east-dipping subduction beneath a westward-migrating North American continent. The study combines in situ laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U-Th-Pb monazite dating with phase equilibria modeling and thin section analysis to reconstruct the tectono-thermal evolution of this region.
Climate-resource scenarios to inform climate change adaptation in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: Summary of 2021 climate change scenario planning
A novel approach to climate change adaptation was developed through participatory scenario planning, which synthesized future climate projections into three distinct yet plausible climate summaries for Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve. This method identified priority resource management topics and their corresponding climate uncertainties, then used local climate data to create divergent climate futures that captured relevant uncertainty. The scenarios, informed by virtual workshops in 2021, provided actionable insights for the park's Resource Stewardship Strategy, demonstrating a scalable model for other large protected areas in Alaska and Northwest Canada.
Resource stewardship objectives and actions for climate change-sensitive cultural and natural resources in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve: Outputs from January?February 2022 climate change adaptation strategy development
Climate change adaptation strategies for Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve were developed through a virtual, scenario-based planning process involving park staff and diverse partners. These strategies aim to support the 2021-2023 Resource Stewardship Strategy by addressing critical climate impacts on natural and cultural resources. The virtual format, while constraining in some ways, allowed for broader participation, smoother pacing, and more opportunities for reflection and intervention. The process resulted in actionable objectives and actions to foster climate-informed stewardship, leveraging insights from a preceding climate-resource scenario development effort.
Review of An Ethnohistory of the Chisana River Basin (by Norman Alexander Easton)
A comprehensive ethnohistorical analysis of the Chisana River Basin reveals critical insights into the cultural and ecological dynamics of Indigenous communities in the region. The study, a collaboration between Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve (USA) and YukonU Research Centre (Canada), employs a multidisciplinary approach combining archival research, oral histories, and archaeological data to reconstruct pre-colonial land use patterns, subsistence practices, and social structures. Key findings highlight the resilience of Indigenous communities in adapting to environmental changes, particularly during periods of glaciation and climate shifts. The research underscores the importance of long-term ecological perspectives in understanding human-environment interactions, providing a foundation for conservation efforts in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Surficial geology and proglacial lake change at S?t? Tlein (Malaspina Glacier), Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska
A dramatic increase in proglacial lakes, from five to over 200, has been observed on the Seward Lobe of S?t? Tlein (Malaspina Glacier) between 1972 and 2020. This rapid expansion of thermokarst lakes, particularly small but potentially impactful ones like Sitkagi Lagoon—an ice-walled lagoon influenced by Pacific Ocean tides—suggests a shift toward catastrophic tidewater glacier retreat. The study combines high-resolution mapping (1:24,000 scale) with satellite imagery and fieldwork to document surficial geology and lake changes, revealing that while glacial outwash and moraines remain stable since 1958, lake dynamics are accelerating. These findings highlight the glacier’s evolving response to climate change.
Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Cretaceous Kluane Schist, Southwest Yukon
A groundbreaking study reveals that the Kluane Schist, part of the UNESCO-listed Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek site, underwent two distinct metamorphic phases rather than a static thermal aureole linked to the Ruby Range batholith intrusion. The research identifies an early greenschist-facies phase followed by a later amphibolite-facies phase, characterized by progressive transposition and a field gradient of 3.0–4.5 kbar at temperatures ranging from 375–750 °C. This Buchan-style metamorphic-deformational evolution, coupled with non-coaxial shear structures, suggests the override of the Yukon-Tanana terrane as the primary driver of metamorphism, with limited heat contribution from the Ruby Range batholith. The study integrates detailed petrography and petrological modeling to challenge previous interpretations and provide new insights into the tectonic evolution of the Northern Canadian Cordillera.
Topographic and hydrological controls on partial and full surges of Little Kluane Glacier, Yukon
A ~20 km valley glacier in the St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, exhibits both partial and full surges, driven by topographic constraints and supraglacial lake dynamics. Analysis of air photos, satellite images, and field observations since the 1940s revealed a full surge of Little Kluane Glacier from 2013 to 2018, transitioning from an initial partial surge in its upper north arm (1963–1972). The recent surge peaked with velocities of ~3600 m/year and frontal advance of ~1.7 km (May–September 2018), likely triggered by a mass movement in 2016 that facilitated rapid drainage of supraglacial lakes to the glacier bed, downstream of a topographic constriction. This study highlights the interplay between glacier geometry, surface hydrology, and topography in driving full surges.
A Spatiotemporal Assessment of Extreme Cold in Northwestern North America Following the Unidentified 1809 CE Volcanic Eruption
Extreme cold conditions in northwestern North America, including the Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek region, were linked to an unidentified volcanic eruption around 1809 CE, one of the least-documented events contributing to the Little Ice Age's coldest phases. This study reveals that persistent and severe cold anomalies were most pronounced near the Gulf of Alaska, Wrangell-St. Elias Mountains, and southern Yukon, with diminishing effects farther from this core region. The spatial pattern suggests atmospheric conditions resembling a weak Aleutian Low and negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase may have amplified post-eruption cooling. Researchers used a high-resolution tree-ring network to reconstruct warm-season temperatures, providing unprecedented insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of volcanic climate forcing in this critical UNESCO World Heritage Site region.
Detection and analysis of Lhù'ààn Mân' (Kluane Lake) dust plumes using passive and active ground-based remote sensing supported by physical surface measurements
Researchers identified distinct dust plumes originating from Kluane Lake (Lhù'ààn Mân') in the Canadian Yukon, revealing two dominant particle size modes linked to local and Asian dust sources. The study leveraged ground-based passive (AERONET) and active (Doppler lidar) remote sensing, alongside surface measurements, to correlate aerosol optical depth with particle-volume concentrations. A key finding was the potential for remote sensing to monitor fine-mode dust, a better indicator of long-distance transport. Additionally, the analysis suggested adjusting the prescribed lidar ratio to account for optically significant dust particles, enhancing the accuracy of dust detection methods.
Does coat colour influence survival? A test in a cyclic population of snowshoe hares
Snowshoe hares with whiter coats in autumn have higher winter survival rates, suggesting that coat color timing is crucial for their population dynamics. Researchers analyzed 43 years of field data (1977–2020) from Kluane, Yukon, using capture-mark-recapture models to test whether reduced snow cover—linked to climate change—disrupts camouflage and survival. While autumn coat whiteness correlated with better winter survival, spring coat color did not affect summer survival. These findings imply that mismatches between coat color and environmental conditions may exacerbate population declines in cyclic snowshoe hare populations as climate change progresses.
Long-term monitoring in the boreal forest reveals high spatio-temporal variability among primary ecosystem constituents
A long-term monitoring study spanning nearly five decades in the Yukon boreal forest reveals significant spatio-temporal variability among primary ecosystem constituents, including white spruce cone crops, berry production, mushroom abundance, and populations of small mammals, red squirrels, snowshoe hares, and carnivores. Despite this variability, keystone species like the snowshoe hare and Canada lynx exhibit remarkably synchronized population trends across multiple sites, with hares showing 9–10-year cyclic fluctuations and lynx populations lagging by 1–2 years. The study highlights the complex dynamics of boreal ecosystems under anthropogenic stressors, particularly climate change, while emphasizing the challenges in predicting long-term changes due to site-specific variability and species-specific responses.
Methane emissions from subglacial meltwater of three alpine glaciers in Yukon, Canada
A groundbreaking study reveals that subglacial meltwater from three alpine glaciers in Yukon, Canada—Dusty, Kluane, and Donjek—serves as a significant source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Methane concentrations in these meltwaters were 45 to 250 times higher than atmospheric equilibrium levels, while CO2 concentrations were depleted, indicating that subglacial environments under alpine glaciers may contribute more to global CH4 emissions than previously recognized. Stable isotopic analysis of CH4 suggested both biotic and abiotic sources, with potential bacterial oxidation altering the signatures. Surprisingly, no correlation was found between CH4 levels and meltwater chemistry or glacier size, challenging existing assumptions about subglacial CH4 dynamics. This research, published in Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, expands our understanding of methane emissions from glacial systems beyond Greenland and Iceland.
Rapid assessment of vessel noise events and quiet periods in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve using a convolutional neural net
A rapid assessment of vessel noise events and quiet periods in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve (GBNP) reveals significant diurnal and seasonal patterns, with shorter noise-free intervals (NFIs) and higher hourly proportions of vessel noise during peak tourism months (June–August). Using a machine-learning model trained on 18 hours of labeled audio data, researchers analyzed nearly 9,000 hours of hydrophone recordings from 2017 to 2020. The convolutional neural net transfer-learning model (GBNP-CNN) identified vessel noise with an F1 score of 75%, though some confusion with harbor seal roars led to NFI lengths being minimum estimates. Despite this, the model effectively captured qualitative patterns, showing that in 2018, daytime NFIs during peak tourism were less than half the duration compared to May and September (1.3 min vs. 2.9 min). In 2020, reduced large-vessel tourism resulted in a decrease in vessel noise proportion during June–August. This study highlights the potential of ML models for monitoring soundscape metrics, providing critical data for managing acoustic habitats and conserving sensitive species in GBNP.
Revising supraglacial rock avalanche magnitudes and frequencies in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
A new analysis of supraglacial rock avalanches in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, reveals that their frequency and magnitude have been significantly underestimated. Using the Google Earth Engine supraglacial debris input detector (GERALDINE), researchers identified 69 rock avalanches between 1984 and 2020, with a 53% increase over previous estimates. These events were more common at high elevations and along permafrost boundaries, often occurring during warmer months when temperatures facilitated rock-permafrost degradation. A notable surge in debris supply from 2012 to 2016 was driven by three large avalanches contributing 44% of the total debris area. The study suggests that glacial sediment budgets globally may have been underestimated due to detection biases and spatial clustering, highlighting the need for broader investigations in similar remote glaciated regions.
The emergence of contemporary valley images: a comparison of landscape perceptions of three valleys in north-western British Columbia, Canada
Divergent landscape perceptions have emerged among the Tatshenshini-Alsek, Taku, and Stikine River valleys in northern British Columbia, Canada, shaped by provincial park management, activism, and media influence. While the Taku and Tatshenshini-Alsek valleys retain their wild, untamed images—supported by local First Nations—the Stikine valley has been popularized as 'eye candy' of the north. This study identifies how factors such as environmental advocacy, recreational activity growth, and park policies contribute to these contrasting public perceptions, using landscape perception theory to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
Winter travel, access, and changing snow and ice conditions in Alaska’s Copper River basin
Significant changes in winter snow and ice conditions in Alaska’s Copper River Basin are disrupting traditional subsistence activities, such as trapping, hunting, and gathering firewood. Unlike past decades when river crossings were predictable and less hazardous, recent years have seen increased unpredictability, making access to the east side of the Copper River more challenging. Local residents and Elders report observing these changes since the 1970s or earlier, with notable decreases in snowpack—particularly early in the season—and increased shrub growth complicating travel along snowmachine trails. Socio-economic and technological factors have further interacted with climate change, altering winter land use patterns. This study, conducted through nine oral interviews with experienced locals, provides critical insights into the impacts of climate change on subsistence practices in this UNESCO-listed region.
Climate Indicators of Landslide Risks on Alaska National Park Road Corridors
Alaska's national park road corridors face increasing landslide risks due to rising temperatures and heavy precipitation, threatening public safety and infrastructure. Research indicates that mean annual air temperatures (MAATs) above freezing and summer precipitation significantly elevate landslide risk in these permafrost-rich regions. Analyzing historical climate data (1981–2020) from ERA5 reanalysis, the study found significant warming trends (0.3–0.6 °C per decade) across Gates of the Arctic, Denali, and Wrangell-St. Elias national parks. Projections for mid-century (2021–2060) and late-century (2061–2100) suggest heightened risk on key roads like Denali Park Road and McCarthy Road due to increased MAATs and summer precipitation, with all three parks' road corridors at elevated risk by the end of the century. These findings underscore the urgent need for climate-adaptive infrastructure planning in Alaska's national parks.
Increased Fire Activity in Alaska Since the 1980s: Evidence From an Ice Core‐Derived Black Carbon Record
Research reveals that fire activity in Alaska has significantly increased since the 1980s, driven by rising temperatures and not just reduced precipitation. This finding is supported by a unique ice core-derived record of black carbon (soot) from the Wrangell-St. Elias Mountain Range, spanning 1933 to 2001. The study shows that while El Niño events influenced fire activity before the 1980s—likely due to below-normal precipitation—temperature became the dominant factor post-1984, with high BC levels coinciding with normal or low precipitation but elevated temperatures. This shift aligns with broader trends observed in Alaska's fire records and climate data, suggesting that warming conditions are now driving increased wildfire activity in the region.
Spaceborne InSAR mapping of landslides and subsidence in rapidly deglaciating terrain, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve and vicinity, Alaska and British Columbia
A study using Sentinel-1 satellite data and PSInSAR techniques identified 27 previously undetected landslides or delta subsidence sites within a vast, rapidly deglaciating region encompassing Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve. These hazards were categorized into slow-moving landslides on steep slopes (both near and far from glaciers) and subsiding glacial outwash fan deltas, with movement velocities ranging from 0.5 to 6 cm/year. While no acceleration was detected, suggesting no imminent rapid failure, the findings underscore the need for continued remote monitoring. The research highlights the potential of combining InSAR data with other datasets—such as lidar-derived bedrock maps and field observations—to create susceptibility maps for landslides, aiding in forecasting risks from both earthquakes and climate change.
Submarine Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in Recently Deglaciated Terrain, Glacier Bay, Alaska
Areas of high submarine landslide susceptibility in Glacier Bay, Alaska, correlate with regions of significant sediment input and steep fjords, posing potential tsunami risks. The study quantified and mapped over 7,000 submarine landslides using multibeam-sonar data and historical glacial extent maps, filtering them by size to account for DEM resolution limitations. It found a positive correlation between landslide concentration and deglaciation age, indicating higher susceptibility in older deglaciated areas. The map integrates three components: age-adjusted landslide concentration, slope angle, and geomorphology, identifying high-risk zones that align with sediment-rich locations and active submarine fans and deltas.
Surface water area in a changing climate: Differential responses of Alaska’s subarctic lakes
Alaska's subarctic lakes exhibit differential responses to climate change, with surface water area declining in 9 out of 32 ecological subsections, particularly in glaciated landscapes and regions underlain by ice-rich permafrost. The study, conducted across Kluane, Wrangell-St. Elias, Glacier Bay, and Tatshenshini-Alsek UNESCO World Heritage Sites, used the USGS Dynamic Surface Water Extent product to analyze trends from 2000–2019. While surface water increased in one subsection of Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, individual lake analysis revealed mixed changes within subsections, masking overall trends. Fluctuations in surface water area correlated with regional climate oscillations, suggesting that projected increases in temperature and precipitation may temporarily offset longer-term declines in some geomorphological settings. Overall, the greatest declines were observed in Denali National Park and Preserve's Glaciated Lowlands.
Years of Journals Provide Glimpse Into Frequency of Rainbows and Halos
A comprehensive analysis of atmospheric phenomena reveals that rainbows and halos, while often overlooked, are more frequent occurrences than previously documented. This study, spanning multiple years across the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek, provides a detailed glimpse into their frequency and characteristics. By examining journal records, researchers identified patterns in these optical events, contributing valuable data to meteorological studies. The findings highlight the potential for citizen science and long-term observations to enhance our understanding of atmospheric optics.
Backcountry visitor experience and social science indicators for Glacier Bay National Park
A comprehensive analysis of backcountry visitor experiences in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP) reveals that the park's unique coastal geography and diverse activities, such as sea kayaking, hiking, and wildlife viewing, significantly enhance visitor satisfaction and engagement. The study identifies key social science indicators that measure the impact of these experiences on visitors' perceptions, learning outcomes, and overall enjoyment. By combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews, researchers captured a nuanced understanding of how GBNP's backcountry offerings contribute to conservation awareness and recreational fulfillment. This research provides actionable insights for park management to optimize visitor experiences while preserving ecological integrity.
Deformation between the highly oblique Yakutat–North American plate boundary and the Eastern Denali fault
A new study reveals that rock exhumation extends significantly farther inland—over 100 km—of the Fairweather fault compared to less than 30 km in the St. Elias syntaxial region, indicating widespread mid-Miocene to present-day deformation between the Fairweather and Eastern Denali faults. The research integrates detrital apatite and zircon fission track data from 27 modern drainages with existing geochronology, showing that the Eastern Denali fault acts as a backstop limiting late Cenozoic exhumation northeast of it. This challenges prior assumptions about deformation patterns in this region.
Geochronology of the Wrangell Arc: Spatial-temporal evolution of slab-edge magmatism along a flat-slab, subduction-transform transition, Alaska-Yukon
A new geochronological study reveals the spatial-temporal evolution of magmatism in the Wrangell Arc, a region characterized by some of Earth's largest Quaternary volcanoes. The research documents the initiation of magmatic activity around 30–17 million years ago along the Totschunda fault and its subsequent southeastward progression at 17–10 million years ago along the Duke River fault, attributed to dextral strike-slip faults and changes in slab geometry. Later phases (13–6 Ma) show westward progression, while recent magmatism (6 Ma to present) has moved northwestward, correlating with increased plate convergence rates. The study attributes voluminous magmatism to shallow subduction-related flux melting and slab edge melting driven by asthenospheric upwelling along the Yakutat flat slab's lateral edge. Additionally, rivers sampled yielded Paleozoic–Mesozoic detrital zircon and volcanic lithic age populations, reflecting earlier magmatic episodes in underlying accreted terranes.
Mercury accumulation in sediments of Lhù’ààn Mânʼ (Kluane Lake, YT): Response to past hydrological change
A recent study on Kluane Lake (Yukon, Canada) reveals that mercury accumulation in lake sediments is strongly influenced by hydrological changes driven by climate. The research found that during the Slims River hydrological period (1650–2015), mercury was primarily delivered to the lake via organic matter and carbonate-rich sediments from glacially derived inflows, particularly Slims River. However, a climate-induced geomorphic change in 2016 led to the loss of this main inflow, suggesting potential shifts in mercury accumulation patterns. The study used sediment cores from two regions of the lake to analyze these changes, providing insights into how glacial inflows and complex hydrology control contaminant dynamics in northern lakes.
Seasonal influence of snow conditions on Dall’s sheep productivity in Wrangell-St Elias National Park and Preserve
Deep snow conditions and colder fall temperatures significantly reduce lamb production in Dall's sheep, with challenging snow conditions early in the season having a more pronounced negative impact on recruitment dynamics. This study used a 37-year dataset from Wrangell-St Elias National Park and Preserve to analyze the relationship between seasonal snow characteristics—such as depth and density—and summer lamb-to-ewe ratios. Researchers employed a spatially-explicit snow evolution model, calibrated with ground-based surveys and validated by remote camera data, to assess how fall snow depth and air temperature influence sheep productivity. The findings suggest that early establishment of harsh snow conditions is more detrimental than late-season snow cover, providing critical insights for wildlife managers to anticipate population dynamics in this iconic Arctic ungulate species.
Tectonic Underplating and Dismemberment of the Maclaren‐Kluane Schist Records Late Cretaceous Terrane Accretion Polarity and ~480 km of Post‐52 Ma Dextral Displacement on the Denali Fault
Research reveals that the Maclaren-Kluane schist, spanning Alaska and Yukon Territory, records ~480 km of dextral displacement along the Denali fault since 52 million years ago (Ma), challenging assumptions about the role of this fault in Cordilleran terrane transport. The study combines bedrock geologic mapping with U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology to confirm a long-standing correlation between these metamorphic belts, providing insights into Late Cretaceous terrane accretion polarity. Findings suggest that the modern Denali fault system is distinct from its neighboring strike-slip faults, implying a poorly understood proto-Denali fault may have played a significant role in large-scale Cretaceous translation. Additionally, the study highlights the longevity and localization of the Denali fault, indicating it occupies a major lithospheric boundary. This research advances understanding of tectonic processes shaping the region's geology.
The physical and chemical limnology of Yukon’s largest lake, Lhù’ààn Mân’ (Kluane Lake), prior to the 2016 ‘A’ąy Chù’ diversion
A comprehensive pre-diversion study of Lhù’ààn Mân’ (Kluane Lake) reveals distinct limnological regions shaped by glacier influence, depth, and seasonality. The southern basin, cold and turbid due to glacial inputs, contrasts with the warmer, productive northwestern region and the stratified, intermediate northeast zone. These findings highlight the need for spatial and temporal monitoring of large northern lakes to detect climate-driven changes. Conducted in 2015, this research provides a critical baseline before the 2016 diversion of Slims River, enabling future ecological assessments when combined with Indigenous knowledge.
Underwater Sound Levels in Glacier Bay During Reduced Vessel Traffic Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Underwater sound levels in Glacier Bay National Park, USA, dropped significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic due to reduced vessel traffic. Analysis of hydrophone recordings revealed that broadband sound levels were 2.7 dB lower in 2020 compared to previous years (2018 and 2016), with even greater reductions (3.3–5.1 dB) observed during peak tour vessel and cruise ship activity times. The 95th percentile of loudest sounds was 6.3–9.0 dB quieter in 2020, indicating the combined acoustic impact of all vessel types. A notable 3 dB decline in the 125 Hz band suggests changes in medium and large vessel noise or harbor seal vocalizations. This study highlights the substantial influence of vessel traffic on underwater soundscapes and provides insights for mitigating noise impacts in marine protected areas.
Deep coral habitats of Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska
Research in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska, reveals a distinct gradient in deep coral community diversity, driven by glacial influence. Coral diversity is highest at the mouths of fjords and in the Central Channel, where low sedimentation and strong tidal currents prevail, while species richness declines near glaciated heads due to higher sedimentation and harsher conditions. The study used remotely operated vehicle (ROV) surveys with photo-quadrats to analyze ten sites across depth gradients (100–420 meters), capturing environmental data via onboard CTD sensors. Dominant species varied significantly, with large colonies of Primnoa pacifica and diverse marine life thriving in less glacial-influenced areas, while pioneering species like Sarcodyction incrustans dominated near glaciers. This gradient is attributed to physical factors such as sedimentation and nutrient availability, alongside biological processes like larval dispersal.
Formation, flow and break-up of ephemeral ice mélange at LeConte Glacier and Bay, Alaska
Ephemeral ice mélange at LeConte Glacier, Alaska, significantly impacts glacier dynamics by reducing frontal ablation rates and glacier velocities. Unlike previous observations, its break-up did not coincide with seasonal retreat but was driven by sub-ice-mélange plumes, tides, and calving events. The study, conducted from 2016 to 2017, used glaciological and oceanographic data to capture the formation, flow, and disintegration of this ice mélange, challenging existing models that simulate its mechanical and thermodynamic interactions with glaciers and fjords.
Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska
A groundbreaking lichen and fungal inventory from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska, reveals unprecedented biodiversity, with 947 taxa identified—including 831 lichen-forming species and 96 lichenicolous fungi. Notably, 98 species (10.3%) could not be assigned to known taxa, with two new genera and 27 new species described, alongside 38 taxa new to North America and 93 new to Alaska. The study employed classical field inventory combined with chemical and molecular analysis, validating the placement of ten new species using multi-locus DNA sequencing. This represents the second-largest lichen inventory from a comparable area globally and the largest in North America, underscoring the high diversity potential of high-latitude ecosystems.
Using a Bayesian Multistate Occupancy Model to Assess Seabird and Shorebird Status in Glacier Bay, Alaska
A Bayesian multistate occupancy model revealed that seabird and shorebird occupancy probabilities vary significantly across species and habitats—such as islands versus glacial outwashes—in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. The study found strong site persistence for most species, with occupancy more likely at sites previously occupied. While area closures showed weak evidence of impact on species occurrence, detection probability differed notably between survey methods (ground vs. vessel) and among states (occupancy, nesting, abundance). This approach optimized the use of existing survey data, offering insights to improve future monitoring efficiency by identifying preferred survey methods and sampling periods for specific waterbird species.
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World Heritage Explorer > World Heritage Research > World Heritage Sites > Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek