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Terrestrial laser scanning for heritage conservation:the Cologne Cathedral documentation project

Cologne Cathedral — 2017 — WHE17CD9B7AE0

Terrestrial laser scanning and photogrammetric imaging systems offer a precise, objective method for documenting complex heritage structures, enabling digital preservation and aiding conservation efforts. The Cologne Cathedral documentation project, a collaboration between Heriot-Watt University, Fresenius University of Applied Sciences, and the Metropolitankapitel der Hohen Domkirche Köln Dombauhütte, demonstrates the effectiveness of these technologies in capturing detailed 3D representations of culturally significant sites like the Gothic masterpiece. This digital record serves as a timeless virtual archive, supporting educational and scholarly use while providing critical data for structural analysis and repair. The project highlights the potential of advanced scanning techniques to revolutionize heritage conservation by offering high-resolution, non-invasive documentation.

The ‘green militarisation’ of development aid: the European Commission and the Virunga National Park, DR Congo

Virunga National Park — 2017 — WHE8331EB85D8

Development aid from the European Commission (EC) to Virunga National Park, DR Congo, is found to contribute to 'green militarisation'—a process where conservation efforts are intertwined with paramilitary practices. The EC funds salaries and training for park guards while supporting mixed patrols with the Congolese army, framing violent conflicts around the park as economic rather than political issues. This approach allows policymakers to avoid public scrutiny over the use of aid for (para)military purposes. Unlike prior studies that focus on securitised discourses, this research highlights mundane practices within international organisations that facilitate militarisation in conservation. The findings underscore the need to examine how institutional norms and networks obscure the political dimensions of conservation-related violence.

The ‘Triple R’ Approach on the Restoration of Archaeological Dry Stone City Walls: Procedures and Application to a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman

Land of Frankincense — 2017 — WHE63D85E3234

A novel restoration approach, termed the 'Triple R' method—recognizable, reversible, and respectful—was successfully applied to preserve the archaeological dry stone city walls of Al-Baleed, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oman's Land of Frankincense. This innovative technique, adapted to the monsoon-affected climate of the Indian Ocean region, ensured the conservation of the site's original architectural features using locally sourced stones and materials. The method included procedures for consolidating walls, gates, foundations, and sloping surfaces while incorporating simple on-site mechanical tests to assess the safety of restored structures. These efforts facilitated further archaeological excavations, leading to new findings that shed light on the city's evolution from its 9th-century origins over five centuries.

The “old” and the “new”: events and placemaking in Luang Prabang, Laos

Town of Luang Prabang — 2017 — WHE718908C1B4

Two festivals in Luang Prabang, Laos—a centuries-old tradition and a recent innovation—reveal that place-making is not static but a dynamic interplay of past, present, and future. The study challenges the separation of 'events' from 'place,' arguing this dichotomy undermines both lived experience and analytical depth. Through fieldwork spanning 2008–2016, including interviews, observations, and participation in Lai Heua Fai (2013) and the Luang Prabang Film Festival (2015), researchers demonstrate how these events spatially construct identity, blending tradition with contemporary markers of place attachment. This work redefines place-making as an ongoing process where 'old' and 'new' are continuously reconstituted, offering new perspectives on heritage site evolution in a globalized world.

The archaeoastronomy and feng shui of Xanadu: Kublai Khan’s imperial Mongolian capital

Site of Xanadu — 2017 — WHE05CF18747F

Xanadu, Kublai Khan's imperial summer capital during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), was designed with feng-shui principles that harmonized it with natural forces. A key discovery reveals that celestial alignments played a significant role in achieving this harmony, integrating visible and invisible elements of earth, sky, and water. The study combines archaeoastronomy and feng shui analysis to demonstrate how Xanadu's layout reflected sophisticated understanding of cosmic and terrestrial dynamics, offering new insights into the architectural and cultural sophistication of Mongolian imperial design.

The Archaeological Site of Tipasa, Algeria: What Kind of Management Plan?

Tipasa — 2017 — WHE82B7660D34

UNESCO's conditional listing of the archaeological site of Tipasa, Algeria, on its World Heritage list hinges on the implementation of a robust management plan. A study by Benali Aoudia and Chennaoui (2017) addresses this critical requirement by translating the prescriptions of the Protection and Enhancement Plan of Archaeological Sites (PPMVSA), approved in 2012, into a comprehensive long-term strategy. This approach ensures the preservation and enhancement of Tipasa while fostering socio-economic development in its region. The research employs a systemic analysis and ex ante evaluation of the site's dynamics, proposing five strategic visions and seven action plans to meet UNESCO's demands effectively.

The Early Modern New Found Land

Red Bay Basque Whaling Station — 2017 — WHE021CDD85CC

Historical archaeology has significantly revised traditional narratives of early modern Newfoundland, particularly challenging the notion of colonial failure. Key excavations at Red Bay Basque Whaling Station, L’Anse aux Meadows, and seventeenth-century colonial sites in Cupids and Ferryland have uncovered critical traces of European transatlantic expansion. These findings, alongside research on the French colony of Plaisance and the ethnohistory of the Beothuk people, highlight the complex and multifaceted nature of early modern settlement and migration in the region.

The East Asian Cabinets at Schönbrunn Palace and their Archive Sources

Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn — 2017 — WHE12E49EC96C

Research on the East Asian Cabinets at Schönbrunn Palace reveals significant gaps and breakthroughs in their documented history. While records from 1740 to 1772 are fragmented, allowing only scattered insights into the cabinets' creation in 1760, later inventories (1803, 1812) and detailed archives from the Palace Department Schönbrunn (starting 1779) provide a precise account of their restoration history and subsequent decorative changes. The study highlights the role of the Obersthofmeisteramt, which approved all requests related to the cabinets, offering a nuanced understanding of their evolution and maintenance over centuries.

The Economic Benefits of Investing in Cultural Tourism: Evidence from the Colonial City of Santo Domingo

Colonial City of Santo Domingo — 2017 — WHE7AAAB8FC12

Investing in cultural tourism yields substantial economic benefits, significantly boosting economic growth and household well-being while avoiding negative consequences such as reduced output, employment, and terms of trade. A study applying a novel framework to the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Colonial City of Santo Domingo, demonstrates that a hypothetical US$90 million investment in cultural tourism could generate these positive outcomes. The research integrates quantitative methodologies from environmental and tourism economics, highlighting that indirect and induced benefits often overlooked in traditional cost-benefit analyses can lead to substantial undervaluation of returns on investment. Conversely, disinvestment in cultural tourism was shown to have detrimental effects on the economy, underscoring the importance of sustained investment in preserving and promoting cultural heritage for sustainable development.

The effect of grazing of various cattle breeds on botanical composition of low-lying pasture in Hortobágy

Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta — 2017 — WHEAAF1E97786

Grazing by both extensive (Hungarian Grey) and intensive cattle breeds can effectively manage alkali grasslands, preserving species richness while influencing vegetation structure. The study found that moderate to intensive grazing in 2015 supported the highest number of plant species (14.3 per m²), though this decreased slightly with more intense grazing in 2016. Drier salt meadows hosted greater biodiversity (16.2 species/m²) compared to wetter areas (11.2 species/m²). Extensive cattle grazing maintained higher species diversity and weed cover, while intensive grazing increased grass dominance. These findings suggest that controlled grazing is a viable tool for conserving alkali grassland ecosystems in Hortobágy National Park.

The Ironbridge Gorge Heritage Site and its local and regional functions

Ironbridge Gorge — 2017 — WHE8202F0F007

Heritage sites, such as the Ironbridge Gorge in the United Kingdom, play multifaceted roles that extend beyond cultural preservation. This study confirms that such sites fulfill significant local and regional functions, including educational, economic, socio-cultural, and sustainable development impacts. The Ironbridge Gorge exemplifies these functions through its influence on inhabitants, tourists, and the local economy. It generates income for heritage management, conservation, tourism-related businesses, and job creation while fostering educational engagement with school youth and visitors. Additionally, it contributes to socio-cultural cohesion and sustainable development, reinforcing its broader societal value.

The Middle Minoan Slipway for Ships at the Kommos Harbour, and Harbour Development in Prehistoric Crete

Minoan Palatial Centres — 2017 — WHEB3DEEEB8A1

A previously overlooked Middle Minoan (MM) slab pavement at Kommos, Crete, has been re-evaluated as a unique slipway for ships, challenging earlier assumptions about its purpose. Unlike typical processional walkways found in Minoan palatial sites—often flat and connecting building complexes—the Kommos pavement slopes consistently toward the water edge, featuring seven evenly spaced gaps (0.15–0.20 m wide) every 2.40 m. Five of these gaps are intentionally aligned, suggesting a functional role in ship handling, likely for sliding vessels in and out of the water. This interpretation is supported by the absence of similar structures elsewhere in Crete, except for a Phaistos walkway with narrow gaps, which may have served as drains. The discovery sheds new light on prehistoric maritime infrastructure and the sophistication of Minoan harbor development.

The Pont du Gard and the aqueduct of Nîmes

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) — 2017 — WHEE880D94ABF

The Pont du Gard, a Roman aqueduct spanning 50 kilometers from its source near Uzes to Nîmes, remains notable for its engineering precision and historical significance. This structure, part of the Nîmes aqueduct system, demonstrates the Romans' advanced ability to channel water with minimal slope (6 meters over 34 kilometers). The aqueduct's design reflects evolutionary changes in Roman bridge construction, including a shift toward more regular and rational use of concrete. Despite its frequent documentation, the Pont du Gard lacks a confirmed date, leaving its exact historical placement uncertain. The study highlights its architectural details, composition, and the extensive pictorial records housed in the Musée de Vieux Nîmes, offering insights into Roman engineering practices.

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal World Heritage Site

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal — 2017 — WHE3AA6186165

A groundbreaking engineering marvel, the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal, stands as a testament to 19th-century innovation. This UNESCO World Heritage Site features an elevated aqueduct spanning 30 meters above the Dee Valley, constructed without rivets or bolts, showcasing advanced masonry techniques. The canal system, designed by Thomas Telford and William Jessop, revolutionized waterway transportation in North Wales, enabling efficient movement of goods across challenging terrain. The study highlights its significance as a pioneering example of civil engineering, blending aesthetic design with functional brilliance. Research approaches include historical analysis of construction methods, material science, and the socio-economic impact on regional development.

The quality and performance nexus of the community-based ecotourism enterprises at Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda: a total quality management perspective

Nyungwe National Park — 2017 — WHE58D6D99918

Community-based ecotourism enterprises (CEEs) adjacent to Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, can significantly enhance their performance by adopting total quality management (TQM) practices. Key TQM strategies—such as training programs, benchmarking against industry standards, employee empowerment, and integrating performance metrics—were found to be critical for CEE success. Notably, this study identifies benchmarking and employee empowerment as new dimensions of TQM particularly relevant for small and medium-sized organizations. These insights suggest that a holistic application of TQM practices across all operational stages could improve the sustainability and effectiveness of CEEs, offering a blueprint for similar conservation efforts in developing regions.

The railway station Mürzzuschlag in relation to the Semmering Base Tunnel

Semmering Railway — 2017 — WHECF98984FE5

The Semmering Base Tunnel (SBT), set to open by 2026/27, will transform the Baltic-Adriatic railway axis from a mountain route to a flat trajectory, significantly enhancing its efficiency. This transformation will elevate the strategic importance of Mürzzuschlag station in Austria, serving as a critical hub for both passenger and freight traffic. The SBT is projected to reduce travel time for long-distance passengers by approximately 30 minutes due to improved connections with Vienna's metropolitan area. Additionally, rail freight traffic will benefit from the elimination of mountain crossings. Infrastructure upgrades at Mürzzuschlag station, including expanded park & ride facilities, better public transport links, and renovations to existing buildings, are expected to have lasting positive impacts on its functionality and accessibility.

The Role of Water in Persian Gardens

The Persian Garden — 2017 — WHEC64953CCB3

Persian gardens, epitomized by UNESCO World Heritage Sites like The Persian Garden, embody water as more than a functional element—it is a profound metaphor and artistic expression deeply intertwined with human culture. Water serves as an interface between architecture and emotion, symbolizing life while adhering to physical laws that govern its behavior. This study reveals that water’s role extends beyond sustenance; it is a creative force shaping residential complexes and reflecting the architectural spirit of Persian design. By analyzing historical resources and employing a descriptive-analytical method, researchers uncovered water’s hidden influence on human perception and architecture, demonstrating its paradoxical nature as both a source of life and a catalyst for artistic innovation.

The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: Kahuzi–Biega National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Kahuzi-Biega National Park — 2017 — WHE76F491121A

Artisanal mining in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo significantly threatens large mammal species, including Critically Endangered Grauer's gorillas and Endangered eastern chimpanzees, while providing short-term economic gains for miners. A survey of 14–16% of the population—8–10 million people—revealed that miners earned higher revenues than non-miners but preferred transitioning to other sectors due to instability and risks, often linked to armed groups controlling mines. Bushmeat hunting, driven by lack of alternative protein sources, was widely acknowledged as a major cause of wildlife declines. Respondents indicated they would reduce bushmeat consumption if sustainable meat alternatives were accessible. The study recommends targeted interventions, including improving access to domestic meats, micro-financing for miners transitioning out of the sector, and demilitarizing mine sites to enhance law enforcement effectiveness in protected areas like Kahuzi-Biega National Park.

The study of water bug fauna (Insecta: Hemiptera) in My Son Sanctuary, Quang Nam Province

My Son Sanctuary — 2017 — WHE07AB38FA4A

A comprehensive inventory of water bug fauna (Insecta: Hemiptera) in My Son Sanctuary, a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site, identified 36 species across 13 families. The study, conducted along Khe The stream in 2016 and 2017, highlights the dominance of Gerridae with 14 species, followed by Veliidae (4 species), and Nepidae/Naucoridae (3 species each). This baseline data aims to support ecological and irrigation conservation models for the sanctuary, addressing ongoing human impacts. The findings mark the first detailed documentation of water bug diversity in this culturally significant area, providing critical insights for ecosystem-based preservation strategies.

The Sustainable Well-Being in the Medina of Tunis and Its Environmental Values

Medina of Tunis — 2017 — WHEA71F2A8A92

The Medina of Tunis, a historic center of Muslim civilization, exemplifies sustainable urban planning through its architectural and environmental design. This study reveals that the city's built environment, from streets to courtyards, plays a crucial role in enhancing cultural and social values rooted in Islamic tradition. By analyzing the settlement structure and referencing 14th-century master builder Ibn Al-Rami's studies, researchers demonstrate how vernacular planning integrates sustainability with participatory design, offering insights into long-lasting urban well-being.