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Language and Literary in Roman Judaea: A Study of the Bar Kokhba Documents

Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan — 2018 — WHEF2AFF16C0C

A groundbreaking analysis of the Bar Kokhba documents reveals that Greek was more widely used in Roman Judaea than previously thought, challenging the notion that it was confined to urban elites. The study, based on 145 texts—including contracts and letters written in Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, and Nabatean—shows that about 30% of rural men could speak Greek, with a significant subset proficient enough to engage with Greek literature. Contrary to scholarly assumptions, Hebrew remained widely spoken, potentially by up to 75% of the population, while literacy rates ranged from 5–10% among the general populace to 30% among the elite. The research combines detailed linguistic analysis with historical reconstruction, offering unprecedented insights into daily life and cultural dynamics in first-century Judaea.

Large drainages from short-lived glacial lakes in the Teskey Range, Tien Shan Mountains, Central Asia

Western Tien-Shan — 2018 — WHE71A4626F97

Between 2006 and 2014, four significant glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) occurred in the western Teskey Range, Kyrgyzstan, with water volumes ranging from 123,000 m³ to 437,000 m³. These 'tunnel-type' lakes, characterized by subsurface outlets, rapidly expand and drain within months due to ice tunnel blockages caused by freezing or debris collapse. Field surveys and satellite data analysis identified 53 potential short-lived glacial lakes in the region, with 34 capable of peak discharges exceeding 10 m³/s. The study highlights geomorphological conditions—ice-cored moraine complexes, depressions without visible surface outlets—that predispose these areas to GLOFs, posing risks to livelihoods and infrastructure.

Large-scale patterns of benthic marine communities in the Brazilian Province

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2018 — WHE5366FC8427

Benthic marine communities in the Brazilian Province exhibit unique patterns, with richness peaking at mid-latitudes (20°S to 23°S) and defying the typical latitudinal diversity gradient. This study, the first large-scale description of its kind along the southwestern Atlantic, reveals that macroalgal abundance significantly influences community composition, overshadowing geographic region or reef type. Using standardized photographic quadrat techniques, researchers quantified percent cover data from 0° to 27°S latitude, finding low coral coverage and dominance by algal turfs and frondose macroalgae. The findings provide a baseline for macroecological comparisons and offer critical insights for conservation planning, including the spatial prioritization of marine protected areas.

Larval host plants of the butterflies of the Western Ghats, India

Western Ghats — 2018 — WHE6C7FA4DE39

A comprehensive checklist identifies 834 plant species/groups from 88 families as larval host plants for 320 butterfly species in the Western Ghats, a global biodiversity hotspot. This includes recent discoveries and a reverse list mapping plant-butterfly associations, underscoring the diverse plant dependencies of endemic butterflies. The study provides an updated resource for understanding plant-butterfly relationships in this ecologically critical region.

Larval release rhythm of the land hermit crab Coenobita cavipes Stimpson, 1858 (Anomura, Coenobitidae) on Iriomote Island, Japan

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2018 — WHEA7956F0450

Land hermit crabs Coenobita cavipes on Iriomote Island exhibit semi-lunar larval release rhythms, peaking 1–3 hours after sunset during new and full moons. Unlike their congeneric relative C. violascens, which releases larvae at high tide in mangrove roots, C. cavipes releases larvae in the swash zone of lowland riverbanks without tidal synchronization. The study observed this behavior between June and September 2012, noting a shift in peak timing—30 minutes earlier in August than July—while ruling out tidal influence. Ovigerous females migrate from residual forests to release larvae near water edges, suggesting an adaptive strategy distinct from coastal mangrove-dwelling congeners.

Late Holocene Climate Change in Central Mexico and the Decline of Teotihuacan

Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan — 2018 — WHEFD18F43D77

Prolonged droughts in the 7th century, linked to intensified El Niño events and reduced solar output, likely contributed to the decline of Teotihuacan. These climate shifts, which caused a dry Medieval Climate Anomaly (900–1550 CE) followed by a wet early Little Ice Age, were identified using δ18O records from central Mexico. The study suggests that these droughts may have also triggered migration from the western regions into the Basin of Mexico. By analyzing climate mechanisms in late Holocene central Mexico, researchers provide new evidence supporting the drought hypothesis as a factor in Teotihuacan's collapse.

Late Holocene wetland transgression and 500 years of vegetation and fire variability in the semi-arid Amboseli landscape, southern Kenya

Kilimanjaro National Park — 2018 — WHEF61964B2A5

A 5000-year environmental history of Esambu Swamp, adjacent to Amboseli National Park, reveals significant shifts in ecosystem composition driven by climatic changes, fire activity, and human influence. The study highlights a wetland transgression occurring between 3800 and 500 years ago, with notable transformations in the last five centuries linked to increased biomass burning coinciding with the arrival of Maa-speaking pastoralists and the intensification of the ivory trade. Pollen data suggest a persistent semi-arid savanna ecosystem prior to 3800 cal year BP, while palustrine peaty sediments accumulated since 400 cal year BP reflect changes in regional moisture budgets. The research provides critical insights into Amboseli's ecosystem history, emphasizing the interplay between natural and anthropogenic drivers of change, which are essential for developing sustainable management practices in this important conservation landscape.

Late Palaeolithic cave art and permafrost in the Southern Ural

Rock Paintings of Shulgan-Tash Cave — 2018 — WHE29F9798E2C

Shulgan-Tash Cave, located on the western slope of the Ural Mountains and recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, hosts some of the easternmost late Palaeolithic cave art in Europe. A groundbreaking study reveals that these paintings were created during a 21.9 ka-long hiatus in calcite deposition, attributed to regional permafrost conditions and sub-zero temperatures inside the cave during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. To determine the age of the art, researchers employed detailed 230Th-U dating of calcite flowstone underlying and overgrowing the paintings at 22 sites across three halls of the cave. The youngest age for the underlying calcite suggests a maximum age of 36.4 ± 0.1 ka, while the oldest overlying calcite constrains the minimum age to 14.5 ± 0.04 ka. Additionally, samples of cryogenic cave calcite documented seven episodes of freezing and thawing of permafrost associated with stadials and interstadials of MIS 3, providing further evidence for the cold conditions during which the paintings were made.

Late Pleistocene Deer in the Region of the National Park “Serra da Capivara” (Piauí, Brazil)

Serra da Capivara National Park — 2018 — WHEB005D0C534

A groundbreaking discovery in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Serra da Capivara National Park, Piauí, Brazil, reveals the presence of two deer species during the Late Pleistocene epoch. Fossil analysis from the Lagoa dos Porcos deposit identified a small deer (genus Mazama) and a larger, previously unrecorded species in the region, Morenelaphus sp. This marks the first documentation of Morenelaphus in Piauí State, significantly expanding its known paleogeographic distribution. The study also highlights ecological distinctions between cervid fauna in the park's karstic areas and the alluvial plain of Lagoa dos Porcos, offering new insights into Pleistocene biodiversity patterns in northeastern Brazil.

Lava lake activity at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano in 2016

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2018 — WHE0A5F8398BF

In 2016, Kīlauea Volcano's summit eruption featured continuous lava lake activity within the Overlook crater, offering unprecedented opportunities to study persistent basaltic eruptions. The lava lake, measuring 250 × 190 meters, exhibited dynamic surface behavior with north-to-south motion disrupted by spattering and frequent collapses of crater walls, which occasionally triggered small explosive events. Gas emissions averaged 1,000–8,000 metric tons per day of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), contributing to volcanic air pollution (vog) that affected the Island of Hawai'i. The study leveraged a robust geophysical monitoring network and direct observations to document these processes, enhancing understanding of lava lake behavior and its geophysical signals. Rising lake levels also improved visibility from public viewing areas in Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, enriching visitor experiences.

Le Goût du vin. Créativité institutionnelle, appellations et culture du vin en Suisse et en Nouvelle-Zélande

Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces — 2018 — WHE3F1BFB33B2

A comparative analysis of vineyard terraces in Lavaux, Switzerland, and regions in New Zealand reveals that the success of wine appellations hinges on strategic local action, institutional creativity, and the interplay of economic, cultural, symbolic, and sensory values. The study highlights how actors in Féchy, Fully, Chamoson (Switzerland), Marlborough, and Central Otago leverage political choices and power dynamics to shape their appellation's identity and value. By integrating novel conceptual tools that balance taste, symbolism, and economics, the research identifies key elements fostering collective action, offering actionable insights for Swiss wine stakeholders.

Le Succès d’Harpocrate à Nea Paphos

Paphos — 2018 — WHEF4A5C26B4E

Amulet discovery in Nea Paphos sheds light on widespread yet understudied cult of Harpocrates. Analysis reveals his significant presence in Cyprus, particularly at Nea Paphos, contrasting with scarce representations elsewhere (e.g., Amathontes, Salamine). The study interprets the amulet's significance and examines the god's societal reach across material classes through terracotta, glass, bronze, silver, and gold artifacts. Methodology includes epigraphic analysis and artifact examination, highlighting Harpocrates' cultural importance during the Graeco-Roman period.

Learning from Urban Heritage Conservation in Yazd: Achievements and Warnings

Historic City of Yazd — 2018 — WHE64E394D3BD

Yazd's urban heritage conservation offers valuable lessons for preserving Iranian cities, highlighting the significance of open public spaces as catalysts for historic city recovery. The study identifies key challenges and achievements, including the high costs and uncertain outcomes of private interventions, community involvement, transportation systems, and the underutilized potential of religious endowments. By analyzing local authorities' roles, development plans, conservation methods in public and private spaces, and social engagement, the research provides insights into effective strategies for urban heritage preservation. It underscores the transition from generic objectives to specialized planning, emphasizing the importance of balancing central functions and soft mobility solutions.

Lebanon and tourism: coastal encroachment: case of Byblos beaches

Byblos — 2018 — WHE6740B5D0FC

Coastal encroachment by touristic property owners in Lebanon, particularly in Byblos, is linked to the country's centralized governance structure, lack of tourism planning, and corruption. The study identifies these factors as major contributors to the degradation of coastal areas, which are vital for Lebanon's tourism industry. Through fieldwork and data analysis, the research highlights the need for improved coastal tourism management, empowerment of municipalities, and adherence to governance principles to address these issues effectively.

Lefkoşa Tarihi Kent Dokusunda “Selimiye Meydanı” / “Selimiye Square” Within the Historical City Texture of Nicosia

Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex — 2018 — WHE5724FA73DF

Selimiye Square, located within the walled city of Nicosia, Cyprus, stands as a significant historical and cultural center shaped by the architectural heritage of multiple civilizations. The square's evolution began in the 13th century with the construction of St. Sophia Cathedral during the Lusignan Period, evolving into a religious hub with the addition of St. Nicholas Church and the Archbishopric. Subsequent periods, including the Venetian, Ottoman, British, and modern Cyprus Turkish Administration, contributed distinct architectural styles and functions, such as the transformation of St. Sophia into a mosque with minarets, the establishment of educational institutions like Sultan Mahmut Library and medreses, and the preservation of its social and commercial identity. A 2001 pedestrianization project revitalized Selimiye Square, transforming it into a vibrant center for tourism, social activities, and cultural engagement, including a mosque, cultural center, museum, and restaurants, while retaining its historical texture.

Les activités du «Centre Lenain de Tillemont pour l'étude de l'antiquité tardive» (1994-1996)

Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius — 2018 — WHE51B832F2DD

A significant advancement in the understanding of late antiquity's archaeological and historical landscape, particularly in the Balkans, was achieved through the collaborative efforts of the Centre Lenain de Tillemont. The center's research, spanning from 1994 to 1996, focused on key sites such as Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Caricin Grad, Sirmium, and Salona, providing detailed insights into their archaeological significance. Despite political challenges in the region, the team successfully resumed excavations at Caricin Grad's Acropolis and advanced the publication of findings from Sirmium, including a volume on Christian basilicas and inscriptions. Additionally, they completed catalogues for architectural sculptures and Christian inscriptions at Salona, contributing significantly to the field's knowledge base. The center's interdisciplinary approach, combining archaeology with historical and linguistic studies, has enriched the understanding of late antique culture and Christianity in these regions.

Les cendres de Charlemagne

Aachen Cathedral — 2018 — WHEDC565A3D1D

Charlemagne's legacy continues to shape historical research, particularly regarding his canonization and the political symbolism surrounding his remains. The study highlights that Charlemagne's reign is uniquely well-documented compared to other medieval periods, with no significant new sources likely to emerge. However, it suggests revisiting some aspects of his rule from fresh perspectives due to its complexity. Key historical events, such as Frederick I Barbarossa's canonization efforts and Napoleon's appropriation of Charlemagne's legacy for political legitimacy, are central to this exploration. The research also notes the annual celebrations in Aachen Cathedral, marking significant dates like the Translatio Karoli imperatoris (27th July) and the anniversary of his death (28th January).

Lessons from Białowieża Forest on the history of protection and the world's first reintroduction of a large carnivore

Białowieża Forest — 2018 — WHEB6562CF5F1

Białowieża Forest's brown bear (Ursus arctos) reintroduction in 1937 marked the world's first large carnivore reintroduction driven by conservation goals, offering critical lessons for modern wildlife conservation. The study reveals that bears were once revered and protected as noble game until the 18th century, but persecution due to hunting and bounties led to their extirpation in 1879. The reintroduction project demonstrated success with soft release of cubs born in captivity, achieving wild reproduction for eight years and bear presence for 13. However, challenges included the release of human-habituated bears, reliance on feeding, and lack of local community involvement. This historical analysis underscores the importance of integrating scientific game management, humane treatment, and community engagement to ensure the long-term survival of large carnivores in ecosystems.

Liberated waste: heritage and materiality at Robben Island and Constitution Hill, South Africa

Robben Island — 2018 — WHEA930EDF065

Post-apartheid South Africa's use of heritage as a tool for reconciliation and nation-building has been critiqued through the contrasting fates of material remains from two apartheid-era incarceration sites: Robben Island and Constitution Hill. The study reveals that while the fence from Robben Island was rebranded into an artistic commodity, generating commercial profit, the building materials from the Old Fort Prison were demolished and recycled to construct the Constitutional Court, symbolizing constitutional justice. Both cases demonstrate how heritage significance is shaped by engaged interpretation and circulated in diverse economies of cultural, political, and economic value, ultimately questioning the inclusive potential of a reconciliatory heritage framing.

Life goes on: Archaeobotanical investigations of diet and ritual at Angkor Thom, Cambodia (14th–15th centuries CE)

Angkor — 2018 — WHEA40B282B8A

Archaeobotanical analysis of Angkor Thom, Cambodia, reveals that despite the city's decline in the 14th and 15th centuries CE, its inhabitants maintained their daily lives centered around rice cultivation and consumption, supplemented by non-indigenous pulses. The study, the first of its kind in Cambodia using macroremains—both charred and desiccated—provides evidence of ritual use of economic crops, supported by inscriptions, texts, and historical ethnography. This demonstrates the resilience of Angkor’s population during a period of significant change.