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The blue paradox: Preemptive overfishing in marine reserves

Phoenix Islands Protected Area — 2018 — WHEE99C445457

Announcing marine reserves can inadvertently trigger preemptive overfishing, undermining conservation efforts before policies take effect. A study of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area (PIPA), one of the world's largest marine reserves, revealed that fishers more than doubled their fishing activity once the area was designated for protection. This surge in effort depleted fish stocks to levels equivalent to 1.5 years of banned fishing, setting PIPA back before it even began. Using satellite data tracking fishing activity, researchers demonstrated that anticipation of conservation measures can lead to a 'race-to-fish,' potentially increasing global overexploitation by up to 7%. These findings highlight the unintended consequences of preemptive resource extraction and challenge conventional approaches to monitoring policy efficacy in marine conservation.

The Border Difference: The Anishinaabeg, Benevolence, and State Indigenous Policy in the Nineteenth-Century Great Lakes Basin

Colonies of Benevolence — 2018 — WHE4D8DA2313E

Post-War of 1812, British and American authorities sought to segregate the Anishinaabeg—comprising Ojibwes (Chippewas), Odawas (Ottawas), and Potawatomis—across the Canada-US border through distinct Indigenous policies. While the U.S. pursued land cessions and removals west of the Mississippi, British authorities in Upper Canada (Ontario) aimed to concentrate Anishinaabeg on Manitoulin Island and smaller Lake Huron islands, significantly impacting the Odawas whose homeland was divided by the border. This study highlights subtle but critical differences in Indigenous resistance strategies and alliances between Canada and the U.S., exemplified by the careers of two Odawa cousins who led cross-border colonies under missionary and government support. Their trajectories reveal divergent languages of resistance and networks of white allies, offering insights into the nuanced interactions between state policies and Indigenous agency during this period.

The Cathedral of Amiens

Amiens Cathedral — 2018 — WHE3D1C525329

Amiens Cathedral stands as a pivotal example of Gothic architecture, representing both the culmination of High Gothic refinements from earlier designs like Chartres and a catalyst for a new architectural style that emerged in Paris by the 1230s–40s. Unlike typical cathedral construction, which prioritized the choir, Amiens was built westward due to the existing church of Saint Firmin, used for services during its construction. The cathedral's history is marked by resilience, surviving multiple disasters, including Norman destruction in the late ninth or early tenth century and fires in 1137 and 1218, before its current structure was consecrated in 1250.

The Cathedral of Bourges

Bourges Cathedral — 2018 — WHE03DAA22DFD

Bourges Cathedral stands out as a pivotal example of High Gothic architecture, with its influence second only to Chartres and visible across numerous cathedrals in northwestern France and Spain. The cathedral's architectural evolution is marked by three distinct phases, beginning with the adoption of Paris Cathedral's plan—evident in its double aisles and choir design—and progressing to innovations such as exterior aisle construction in the nave around 1225. A later phase saw significant structural changes, including thicker nave walls and the removal of metal reinforcements previously used in the choir. These developments highlight Bourges' unique role in shaping Gothic architectural trends.

The Cathedral of Chartres

Chartres Cathedral — 2018 — WHE4C4C53F4D7

Chartres Cathedral, rebuilt following a devastating fire in 1194, stands as a testament to the rapid and multifaceted creativity of medieval life. The cathedral's construction was driven by religious energy, particularly the cult of the Virgin Mary, which is linked to ancient pagan traditions and a sacred spring. While the religious motivations behind its rebuilding are clear, the study highlights the speed and efficiency with which this monumental achievement was accomplished, drawing from both spiritual and secular aspects of medieval society.

The Change Mechanism of Human-Environment Interactions from the Perspective of Contextualization: A Case Study of the Honghe Hani Rice Terraces as a World Cultural Heritage Site

Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces — 2018 — WHE1CEB7C9A88

A new framework rooted in event ecology reveals that the drying of terraces at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces, often blamed on tourism-driven water overuse, is actually driven by reduced precipitation and deforestation. Local residents exaggerated tourism’s role due to social conflicts stemming from unequal access to tourism benefits. The study underscores the need for context-sensitive analysis—incorporating political, economic, and social factors—to objectively assess human-environment interactions and promote sustainable heritage management.

The character of Mehmed-paša Sokolović in Ivo Andrić’s works

Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad — 2018 — WHED6F4949EFC

Ivo Andrić's portrayal of Mehmed-paša Sokolović, the 16th-century Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, in his novel 'The Bridge on the Drina' reveals a profound humanist approach to historical narration. Andrić prioritized oral and folkloric traditions over historical facts, creating a 'literary history' that deepens the legend of Sokolović and the Višegrad bridge. This approach reflects his belief that true human history can be gleaned from stories and legends, transcending factual accuracy. The novel serves as a unique literary legacy, widening and enriching the mythos surrounding Sokolović, rather than adhering strictly to historical data.

The Children of Sans Souci, Dessalines/Toussaint, and Pétion

National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers — 2018 — WHE6813230E8A

A new synthesis reveals how Haiti's nation-state emerged from the interplay of three distinct social groups: descendants of African slaves, Creole blacks, and mulatto elites. The study identifies two dominant systems shaping Haitian society—Catholic/Protestant capitalism driven by Creole and mulatto elites, and Vodou communitarianism sustained through the lakou system among African descendants. These opposing yet complementary ethos formed the foundation of Haiti's political and social structure. The research employs historical analysis to trace recursive patterns of integration, offering a framework for understanding Haiti's enduring cultural and economic divides.

The Chincha lines

Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa — 2018 — WHE01FEBF6794

A newly documented set of linear geoglyphs and structures, dubbed the 'Chincha lines,' has been identified in Carmen Pampa within the upper Chincha valley of southern Peru. These geoglyphs, similar to those found in nearby Nasca and Palpa valleys, date back to the Paracas period (400–200 BCE) with potential use extending into AD 100. The complex comprises linear geoglyphs, small mounded structures, and larger platform mounds, offering significant insights into ancient Peruvian cultural practices and regional interactions. This discovery expands our understanding of pre-Columbian art and architecture in the region.

The Chronicle of Jōe – A Translation of the Second Part of the History of the Fujiwara House

Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara — 2018 — WHE8FEDD50EF6

A translation of the second part of The Chronicle of Jōe, a historical record of the Fujiwara House, reveals new insights into the political and social dynamics of the Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara during Japan's Heian period. The study provides a detailed linguistic analysis of the text, offering fresh perspectives on the Fujiwara clan's influence and governance. By examining the chronicle's structure, language, and historical context, researchers uncover nuanced relationships between power, lineage, and cultural heritage, contributing to our understanding of this UNESCO World Heritage Site's significance in Japanese history.

The chronology, craft production and economy of the Butua capital of Khami, southwestern Zimbabwe

Khami Ruins National Monument — 2018 — WHE7393A023D8

New radiocarbon dating reveals Khami, the precolonial capital of the Butua kingdom in southwestern Zimbabwe, emerged as a significant political and economic power by the late 14th century—earlier than previously thought. Analysis of material culture from both walled and non-walled areas indicates household-based craft production was widespread, with pottery making, metalworking, ivory working, agriculture, and animal husbandry forming key economic pillars. The presence of local and exotic objects suggests Khami's integration into regional trade networks, reinforcing its role as a major center during the late medieval period.

The Church in the Late Medieval and Tudor Periods

Durham Castle and Cathedral — 2018 — WHE2254FE5109

The bishop of Durham's role was multifaceted, balancing ecclesiastical and secular lordship amid complex jurisdictional challenges. While his diocese extended across Northumberland and Durham, including Newcastle upon Tyne, his authority was fragmented by external liberties such as Hexhamshire (held by archbishops of York) and Tynedale/Redesdale (within the diocese but outside the palatinate). His secular control encompassed most of modern County Durham, along with enclaves in North Yorkshire and Northumberland. This study reveals that his influence was not uniform but rather a patchwork of overlapping jurisdictions, complicating his position as both a spiritual leader and temporal ruler.

The Circular Economy Approach for the Regeneration of Torre Annunziata Port Area

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2018 — WHEAA9BAE43B1

A circular economy approach can effectively regenerate historic urban landscapes, enhancing both tangible and intangible values of built heritage while reducing the costs of urban renewal. This study demonstrates its potential through the regeneration of Torre Annunziata port area in Southern Italy, a city rich in cultural and landscape heritage. The research combines theoretical models with an applicative case study, aligning with UNESCO's Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL). By focusing on sustainable practices, this approach offers a cost-efficient alternative to traditional urban renewal methods, promoting long-term preservation and economic viability.

The City Lament: Jerusalem across the Medieval Mediterranean

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls — 2018 — WHE6C9ABB08F3

A groundbreaking analysis reveals shared poetic and rhetorical modes across Latin Christendom, Islamic caliphates/sultanates, and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia through medieval Jerusalem city laments. Contrasting with traditional antagonistic models, this study demonstrates rich cross-cultural exchanges in elegies mourning Jerusalem's loss, whether to Muslim or Christian forces. By examining texts in English, French, Latin, Arabic, and Armenian from 1095–1191, the research challenges Orientalist narratives, exposing literary intersections that reframe our understanding of medieval Mediterranean literature and Crusades historiography.

The commons and emergent land in Kvarken Archipelago, Finland: governing an expanding recreational resource

High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago — 2018 — WHE800D62AAF8

Emergent land in the Kvarken Archipelago presents unique governance challenges due to its dynamic formation from shore displacement. This study reveals that collectively owned emergent land, comprising 14% of the archipelago's second homes, is less commercialized and modernized compared to privately owned plots. The research highlights distinct logics in recreational resource management within these commons, where access is restricted to part-owners, thereby shaping power dynamics and sustainable use practices. Interviews with stakeholders—including municipality planners, local communities, and land survey authorities—shed light on the values and governance structures underpinning this expanding recreational resource.

The Comparative Study on Architectural Typo-Morphology of Borobudur-Prambanan Temple and Angkor Wat, Case Study on Mass Order, Floor Plan, Figure and Ornaments

Borobudur Temple Compounds — 2018 — WHEF135ECAB71

A comparative analysis of Borobudur, Prambanan, and Angkor Wat temples reveals that Angkor Wat incorporates architectural elements from Javanese temples, particularly those from the Java Middle Classic period. The study found that while Angkor Wat shares similarities in mass order, floor plans, figures, and ornaments with Borobudur-Prambanan, it also exhibits further development in ornamentation, suggesting an eclectic synthesis rather than direct replication. Prambanan's elements, such as indoor temples and tower temples, were more strongly represented in Angkor Wat compared to Borobudur. The research used a quantitative-semi-qualitative approach, focusing on main temple buildings through purposive sampling. This insight challenges the notion of strict chronological influence, highlighting instead a dynamic architectural evolution influenced by cultural exchange.

The conservation value of germplasm stored at the Millennium Seed Bank, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — 2018 — WHE45AEDCFB72

The Millennium Seed Bank (MSB) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, houses one of the world's largest ex situ conservation programs for orthodox seed-bearing wild plants, encompassing 39,669 taxa from 189 countries and all nine biogeographic regions. A comprehensive analysis reveals that 74% of these collections possess significant natural capital or population value, including economic, ecological, social, cultural, or scientific importance. Additionally, over 20% are endemic to their respective regions. Since its inception in 2000, the MSB has distributed more than 11,182 seed samples globally for conservation, research, education, and display. The study identifies gaps in geographic representativeness, taxonomic diversity within large angiosperm families, and coverage of threatened taxa, underscoring the need for further analysis to optimize future collection efforts.

The coral-killing sponge Chalinula nematifera as a common substrate generalist in Komodo National Park, Indonesia

Komodo National Park — 2018 — WHE93352B66E7

A coral-killing sponge, Chalinula nematifera, has been identified as a common substrate generalist in Komodo National Park, Indonesia. This sponge, originally from the Marshall Islands, is raising concerns due to its rapid range expansion and ability to overgrow various coral species. Observed at six out of ten sites in October 2016, it was found interacting with living corals belonging to 13 species, some of which are new host records. Additionally, it colonized dead coral colonies previously covered by algae or sediment, as well as encrusting coralline algae, showing no clear preference for specific hosts or depth ranges. The study highlights the sponge's adaptability and potential impact on coral ecosystems.

The Cultural Landscape "Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria": a Paradigmatic Proposal within UNESCO "Astronomy and World Heritage" Initiative

Risco Caido and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria Cultural Landscape — 2018 — WHE7CD4B6FB4A

Recent research highlights Risco Caído and the Sacred Mountains of Gran Canaria as a paradigmatic cultural landscape, deeply intertwined with astronomical observations. The study reveals that high-mountain sanctuaries on the island, particularly within the Caldera de Tejeda, were likely used for solar and lunar rituals, supported by fieldwork evidence. These sites offer exceptional natural monuments like Roques Bentayga and Nublo, which served as reference landmarks, facilitating close interaction between land- and skyscapes. The discovery of unique light and shadow effects at Risco Caído further underscores its significance. This research positions Gran Canaria as a prime candidate for the UNESCO 'Astronomy and World Heritage' initiative, illustrating the profound cultural relationship with celestial phenomena in this region.

The Cyclops in the Vale: Mythological and Fantastic Representations of Industry

Ironbridge Gorge — 2018 — WHE0939ADBDD6

Industrial landscapes, particularly the Ironbridge Gorge in the Western Midlands, were perceived and represented through mythological and fantastical lenses during the late 18th century. Visitors and industrialists like Jabez Maude Fisher and Richard Reynolds framed these sites using classical mythology and natural history, blending awe with scientific observation. The study reveals how the rhetoric of industry seamlessly integrated with mythological narratives, reflecting both the grandeur of industrial progress and its darker, more chaotic aspects. This fusion was not limited to rhetoric but extended to scientific practice, as seen in Erasmus Darwin's writings, which combined technical descriptions with quasi-mythological imagery. The research approach involved analyzing contemporary accounts, letters, and industrial practices, highlighting the cultural and intellectual context of the period.