Publications
Erasmus Students’ Engagement with UNESCO Heritage Sites and Consumption of PDO/PGI Products: a Comparative Study of Poland and Slovenia
Erasmus students show strong engagement with UNESCO World Heritage Sites and local PDO/PGI products, driven by curiosity and academic mobility. A comparative study of Poland (Malbork Castle, Wieliczka Salt Mine) and Slovenia (Škocjan Caves, Ljubljana) revealed shared patterns in cultural tourism preferences while highlighting unique regional influences. Survey data from the University of Gdańsk and the University of Primorska, combined with field studies at key sites, demonstrated students' motivation to explore heritage landscapes and support local gastronomy. The findings suggest opportunities for heritage management and tourism marketing to enhance international student experiences, reinforcing education's role in cross-cultural connections.
Natural and anthropogenic impact on the microclimate and particulate matter in the UNESCO show cave
A study on the UNESCO-listed Škocjan Caves reveals that tourist visits significantly impact particulate matter (PM) concentrations and microclimate, with effects normalizing relatively quickly. The research found seasonal, diurnal, and spatial variations in PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 levels, as well as air temperature and CO₂, with summer showing greater influence due to higher visitor numbers. Natural factors, such as the re-suspension of cave sediments caused by strong air currents from tourist activities, and anthropogenic sources like maintenance work, electronic devices, and external emissions (e.g., from the Reka River, industry, traffic, and gypsum waste) were identified as key contributors to PM levels. The study proposes regular monitoring of PM and its sources, alongside microclimate and biological factors, to enhance sustainable tourism in this protected site.
Tourism development of Vilenica and Škocjan caves according to reports by alpine societies and guides in the second half of the 19th century
A notable shift in the tourism development of Škocjan Caves and Vilenica occurred in the late 19th century, driven by the efforts of alpine societies. By the 1880s, these caves transitioned under the administration of specialized cave sections—Vilenica under the Italian section and Škocjan under the German-Austrian section—marking a pivotal moment in their tourist promotion. This study highlights how these societies, through systematic research activities and strategic initiatives, positioned the caves as significant tourist attractions during this period.
Forest vegetation in the Reka gorge between the villages Škoflje and Škocjan (Škocjan Caves Regional Park) / Gozdna vegetacija v soteski Reke med Škofljami in Škocjanom (Regijski park Škocjanske jame)
A comprehensive phytosociological study of the Škocjan Caves Regional Park identifies six distinct forest and shrub communities along the Reka River gorge, including three newly described subassociations of the Lamio orvalae-Alnetum glutinosae association. This research provides a validated description of the previously provisionally characterized Corydalido ochroleucae-Ostryetum carpinifoliae, enriching the understanding of riverine forest syntaxonomy in southwestern Slovenia. The study also highlights marginal sites with unique ecological characteristics, contributing to the broader knowledge of Natura 2000 habitats.
Geological structure of karst stratigraphical windows at Škocjan Caves, Slovenia
Research at Škocjan Caves, Slovenia, introduces the concept of 'karst stratigraphical windows' to describe surface exposures of older carbonate strata due to karst processes and collapse dolines. This discovery highlights how detailed geological mapping in karst areas can uncover hidden stratigraphic boundaries, providing deeper insights into subsurface structures. Unlike tectonic windows, these features arise from karst erosion and doline formation, offering a new perspective on understanding geological layers in regions with limited outcrops. The study emphasizes the importance of examining collapse dolines during surface mapping to enhance the comprehensiveness of geological data.
Transcriptomic analysis of cave, surface, and hybrid samples of the isopod Asellus aquaticus and identification of chromosomal location of candidate genes for cave phenotype evolution
Researchers have identified candidate genes linked to the evolution of cave-specific traits in the isopod Asellus aquaticus, including reduced pigmentation and eye size, by analyzing transcriptomes from surface-dwelling and cave populations. Using a combination of Illumina short-read sequencing and PacBio long-read Iso-seq, they mapped differential gene expression during embryonic development and in hybrid offspring. Key findings include genes involved in phototransduction and ommochrome synthesis being downregulated in cave samples, while allele-specific expression analysis revealed genes with bias toward either surface or cave phenotypes. The study also pinpointed the chromosomal locations of these candidate genes, providing a roadmap for future functional analyses to unravel the genetic basis of cave adaptation.
Along the hidden Timavo. 90° Congresso della Società Geologica Italiana - Trieste, 14-16 settembre 2021. Pre congress Field Trip T2
Researchers continue to investigate the Reka/Timavo cross-border aquifer, a complex underground network of drainage paths developed below sea level, to protect its groundwater resources. This ongoing study, supported by European projects, employs quantitative and qualitative monitoring to understand the aquifer's dynamics. The Classical Karst Region, home to this network, features thousands of dolines and over 5,000 explored caves, with less than a dozen reaching the water base level (Timavo caves). A field trip guidebook accompanies visitors along the underground path of the Reka/Timavo River, starting at Škocjan Caves (a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1986), and includes stops at Grotta Gigante cave, a surface dissolution laboratory, Doberdò Lake, and Timavo Springs. The study highlights the importance of water in shaping hypogean features through chemical dissolution and physical erosion processes.
Microplastic pollution in vulnerable karst environments: case study from the Slovenian classical karst region
Alarming levels of microplastic (MP) pollution, reaching up to 60,000 particles per cubic meter, have been detected in the Škocjan Caves–Kačna Cave System, far exceeding previously documented concentrations in other karst environments. This study, analyzing samples from rainwater, wastewater discharges, and landfill leachate, reveals that MP pollution in karst springs—some serving as drinking water sources—is significantly higher than in non-karst regions. Polymer analysis using FTIR-ATR identified polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyethylene (PE) as dominant pollutants in Škocjan, while Postojna samples primarily contained PET, polyurethane (PU), and polyamide (PA). The rapid transport of MP through the karst aquifer was evident from higher particle concentrations in water compared to sediment. This research underscores the vulnerability of karst ecosystems to microplastic contamination, posing potential risks to both environmental integrity and human health.
Slovene Classical karst: Kras Plateau and the Recharge Area of Ljubljanica River / Klasični kras: planota Kras in kraško zaledje izvirov Ljubljanice
Recent advancements in karst hydrology have shed new light on the complex groundwater dynamics of the Classical Karst region, particularly in the Kras Plateau and the Ljubljanica River recharge area. Continuous autonomous monitoring over the past decade has revealed key mechanisms governing water flow variability, including the high recharge fluctuations of allogenic inflow from the Reka River and localized restrictions that trigger regional backflooding events in cave systems. Additionally, the cascading series of poljes in intermediate cave systems have been found to play a critical role in hydrogeological connectivity within this UNESCO World Heritage Site. These findings build upon over a century of hydrological research but provide unprecedented insights into the functioning of one of Europe's most studied karst landscapes.
The Transboundary Approach to Landscape Geointerpretation: Challenges in Interpretive Planning and Geoconservation
A transboundary approach to landscape geointerpretation has been successfully applied to the NW Dinaric Karst, demonstrating its potential for geoconservation and geotourism. This method focuses on unique karst features such as the 'duality' of surface and underground landscapes, geodiversity, and exploration history. By involving local stakeholders through participatory workshops, researchers developed an interpretive master plan and four exhibition plans, which were used to establish off-site interpretive centers and on-site polygons. The approach leverages Freeman Tilden's principles of interpretation and provides a foundation for future geoconservation projects and geopark designation. Its transferability and broader applications in geotourism are also highlighted.
Gravity as a tool to improve the hydrologic mass budget in karstic areas
Gravimetry emerges as a powerful tool for refining water mass budget estimates in complex karstic systems, offering unprecedented precision when integrated with traditional hydrologic measurements. A study on the Škocjan Caves (Slovenia) demonstrates that gravity data can significantly enhance hydrodynamic modeling by capturing the temporary storage of large water volumes in epiphreatic voids—a challenge for conventional methods due to the system's hidden and dynamic nature. By combining gravimetric observations with hydrologic data, researchers improved mass budget accuracy, showcasing the potential of this approach for other karst regions. The study also evaluates the detectability of water storage variations using spring and superconducting gravimeters, highlighting technical considerations for broader applications.
Impact of visits on the microclimates of caves, Experimental evidence from Škocjan Caves
Visits to caves, particularly in closed smaller ones, can disrupt their natural microclimates if disturbances do not quickly revert. Research at Škocjan Caves reveals that while temperature recovers within 3-6 hours post-visit due to efficient exchanges with cave walls, CO2 concentration disturbances persist longer, influenced more by draughts than direct emissions. In contrast, the impact of visits is negligible in wide-open caves like Murmuring Cave, where external changes dominate. The study used continuous monitoring data from 2013-2016 to assess temperature and CO2 dynamics, providing experimental evidence for theoretical models on microclimate recovery.
3D laser scanning of the natural caves: example of Škocjanske jame
Martel’s Chamber within the Škocjan Caves is confirmed as the 11th largest cave chamber globally, with a volume of 2.55 million cubic meters. This finding was achieved through an innovative 3D laser scanning approach, involving terrestrial laser scanning from 370 stations and aerial photogrammetry using unmanned vehicles. The method captured 8.3 billion points and 2,600 high-resolution photos, which were processed into a detailed point cloud model and surface model using advanced software like Reigl’s RiSCAN Pro and Hexagon’s 3D Reshaper. This high-resolution model enables precise volume calculations and the detection of geological and speleogenetic features, offering new insights into cave structures and their formation processes.
Spatial planning of tourism in protected nature areas in Slovenia and the tourism carrying capacity of Škocjan Caves Regional Park
Sustainable tourism in protected nature areas, such as Slovenia's Škocjan Caves Regional Park, hinges on integrated spatial planning and collaboration between management bodies and local communities. Research reveals that effective regulation requires regional spatial plans, particularly for areas spanning multiple municipalities. This approach ensures balanced development while preserving ecological integrity, as demonstrated by analyzing adopted spatial acts in Slovenian protected areas.
Speleotourism in Slovenia: balancing between mass tourism and geoheritage protection
Slovenia, recognized as the birthplace of karst geotourism, has over 12,000 caves, with 22 designated as tourist sites. A study using the M-GAM model assessed 10 of these caves to inform future management strategies. Key findings reveal that visitors prioritize natural values and prefer caves with minimal infrastructure, emphasizing protection status. The research highlights the pivotal role of Postojna Cave and Škocjan Caves in geotourism, with Škocjan's regional park management serving as a model for balancing mass tourism and geoheritage preservation.
Škocjan Caves, Slovenia: an integrative approach to the management of a World Heritage Site
Škocjan Caves, Slovenia, recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, exemplify the integration of natural conservation with sustainable tourism. The site's unique underground canyon, archaeological significance, and biodiversity necessitate a multifaceted management approach to preserve its outstanding universal value. This study highlights the effectiveness of combining international guidelines, national legislation (e.g., the Škocjan Caves Regional Park Act), and localized management plans to protect the caves' microclimate, water quality, and habitats. Key strategies include monitoring radon levels for safety, tracking tourism impacts on cave environments, and implementing educational initiatives. The research underscores the importance of balancing ecological preservation with responsible visitation, ensuring long-term sustainability for both the site's natural features and its cultural heritage.
Spacio-Temporal Distribution and Tourist Impact on Airborne Bacteria in a Cave (Škocjan Caves, Slovenia)
A strong positive correlation exists between tourist numbers and the concentration of airborne bacteria in the Škocjan Caves, with bacterial levels rising significantly during periods of high river discharge. The study, conducted using MALDI-TOF MS to identify cultivable airborne bacteria, found a mix of human-associated and natural habitat bacteria, including some from Risk Group 2. Despite dynamic cave climate conditions, large chambers did not show enhanced bacterial concentrations. This research highlights the impact of tourism on cave microbiota and underscores the complexity of microbial dynamics in visited caves.
Medical Survey of the Staff Working in Škocjan Caves
A five-year study at Škocjan Caves, Slovenia, reveals that prolonged exposure to radon radiation and other microclimatic factors—such as temperature, humidity, and air flow—can induce physiological changes in cave workers. The research, conducted by the Institute for Occupational Safety, Ljubljana, combines continuous radon monitoring with precise tracking of staff time spent underground, enabling accurate estimation of annual radiation doses. To mitigate health risks, the study implements regular medical surveys, including blood tests, as mandated by national regulations. These measures aim to prevent potential health issues while providing insights into the broader impacts of cave microclimates on human physiology.
Gnezdilke Parka Škocjanske jame (Kras, JZ Slovenija)/ The breeding birds of Škocjan Caves Park (Kras, SW Slovenia)
A comprehensive survey of breeding birds in Škocjan Caves Park, conducted between 2011 and 2012, identified 49 breeding species within the park's boundaries, including several of conservation significance. The study highlighted the presence of key species such as the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), Robin (Erithacus rubecula), and Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris), with population estimates ranging from 200 to 320 breeding pairs for the most abundant species. Notably, the park hosts one of the largest colonies of Alpine Swifts (Apus melba) in Slovenia, a rare and localized species. Additionally, species such as the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), and Scops Owl (Otus scops) were identified as qualifying for the Special Protected Area (SPA) Kras. The study used territory mapping for common species and species-specific methods, including observation, playback, and line transect techniques, to survey rare or nocturnally active birds.
New Approaches to Understanding the World Natural and Cultural Heritage by Using 3D Technology: UNESCO's Škocjan Caves, Slovenia
Škocjan Caves exemplify the interconnectedness of natural and cultural heritage through their karstic landscape. This study demonstrates that caves are integral to the broader surface landscape, challenging traditional isolation in documentation. By employing 3D technology, researchers integrated cave records with surface data, revealing how anthropogenic processes have shaped the landscape over time. The approach offers a novel methodology for understanding complex heritage systems, where natural and human activities coexist dynamically.
Living World Heritage: Škocjan Caves, Slovenia
Škocjan Caves, a unique karst underground system in Slovenia, stands out globally for its intricate limestone formations and the interplay between natural and cultural heritage. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1986, this region's conservation is meticulously managed through legal frameworks established by the Government of the Republic of Slovenia, including the Škocjan Caves Regional Park Act and the appointment of the Škocjan Caves Park Public Service Agency. These measures ensure the preservation of both surface and underground ecosystems while imposing restrictions on human activities to safeguard its ecological integrity.
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