World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 555

New species of reed frog from the Congo basin with discussion of paraphyly in Cinnamon-belly reed frogs

Salonga National Park — 2010 — WHE087D805F21

Researchers have identified a new species of reed frog, Hyperolius, within the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This discovery challenges the taxonomic classification of the Cinnamon-belly reed frog (H. cinnamomeoventris), revealing it to be paraphyletic—a group that does not include all descendants of a common ancestor. The new species, characterized by its bright yellow dorsolateral line and light heel spot, was distinguished through mitochondrial DNA analysis, which placed it within a non-sister clade alongside other morphologically distinct taxa. This study highlights the genetic diversity within reed frogs and underscores the need for taxonomic revisions to accurately reflect evolutionary relationships.

New Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Isolated from Free-Range Chickens from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Unexpected Findings

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2010 — WHE7B3E2A6417

Researchers identified six unique genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii, including four new chicken-specific genotypes (#59–#62), from free-range chickens on Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Unlike other Brazilian isolates, none were pathogenic to mice, and Type II—rare in Brazil—was present alongside clonal Type III, common in Europe and North America. The study used the modified agglutination test (MAT) to screen 50 chickens for antibodies and bioassayed seropositive hearts in mice to isolate T. gondii. Genotyping via restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) revealed unexpected genetic diversity, suggesting Fernando de Noronha harbors both unique and globally distributed T. gondii strains.

Ngapakaldia bonythoni (Marsupialia, Diprotodontidae): new material from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and a reassessment of the genus Bematherium

Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte) — 2010 — WHE72F328EB4D

New fossil material of the extinct marsupial Ngapakaldia bonythoni from Riversleigh, Queensland, extends its known temporal and geographic range into multiple Oligo-Miocene deposits. The exceptional preservation of these fossils allowed for a detailed description of previously unknown cranial and dental features, supporting the reassessment that Bematherium angulum is a junior synonym of N. bonythoni. While N. bonythoni shares morphological similarities with its smaller congener N. tedfordi, their distinct distributions—N. tedfordi absent at Riversleigh—reinforce their separation as two species. The shared presence of N. bonythoni across multiple Faunal Zone A deposits and the Ngapakaldi Local Fauna further supports a late Oligocene age for these sites.

Nitrogen content and respiration rate in leaves of the Wrangel Island plants

Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve — 2010 — WHE6085AEE9A4

A study on Wrangel Island (71° N) reveals that the protein nitrogen content and respiration rates of 22 herbaceous species exceed those of temperate zone plants by 1.3- and 2.4-fold, respectively, at 10°C. Unlike temperate plants, no significant correlation was found between protein nitrogen content and respiration rate (r² = 0.137), suggesting that protein content does not directly determine respiration in Arctic plants. The findings challenge the use of indirect metrics like nitrogen content for modeling carbon cycles in northern ecosystems and underscore the importance of direct respiration measurements in natural habitats.

Non destructive testing in situ, of works of art by stimulated infra-red thermography

Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe — 2010 — WHE88402D38FA

Stimulated infra-red thermography emerges as a powerful, non-destructive tool for detecting hidden defects in historic mural paintings. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in identifying separations and air voids in renowned works of art, including the UNESCO-listed Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe, the Louvre’s Saint Christopher, and Jean Cocteau’s frescoes in Villefranche-sur-Mer. The technique relies on thermal imaging to reveal subsurface anomalies without physical intervention, offering invaluable insights for conservation efforts. By analyzing temperature variations induced by infrared stimulation, researchers can pinpoint areas of delamination or deterioration, enabling targeted restoration interventions while preserving cultural heritage.

Non-Invasive Genetic Identification of the Red FoxVulpes vulpesin the Shiretoko National Park, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Shiretoko — 2010 — WHE18455BA270

A groundbreaking study in Shiretoko National Park, Japan, demonstrates that non-invasive genetic analysis of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) feces can effectively estimate population numbers with high accuracy. Using microsatellite analysis on 59 fecal samples, researchers identified a minimum of 22 individual foxes, with a cumulative probability of sibling misidentification (P(ID)sibs) below 0.01. The study highlights the potential of fecal genetic sampling for wildlife monitoring but also underscores challenges such as low genotyping success rates (23.3–69.8%) and reproducibility (53.5–88.4%). To improve efficiency, the research suggests selecting marker sets with smaller allele sizes, which significantly enhances both success rates and reproducibility. This approach offers a valuable tool for conservation efforts in remote or inaccessible areas like Shiretoko.

Notes on some plant-inhabiting fungi collected from the Nansei Islands (3)

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2010 — WHE18FC2EF3AB

A new fungal species, Capnodiastrum sawadae, was identified from Tokunoshima Island, Japan, following the reclassification of Phaeodiscula tremae due to duplicate nomenclature. Additionally, three other plant-inhabiting fungi—Pestalotiopsis fici on Ardisia quinquegona and Nyssopsora formosana on Koelreuteria formosana from Okinawa Main Island, and Pseudocercospora acaciaeconfusae on Acacia confusa from Okinoerabu Island—were newly recorded in Japan. The study contributes to the documentation of fungal biodiversity in the Nansei Islands, highlighting taxonomic revisions and range expansions for these species.

Notes on the Status and Ecology ofAnaea troglodyta floridalis(Nymphalidae) in Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park — 2010 — WHE1782DA4A80

A decade-long survey in Everglades National Park revealed that the butterfly Anaea troglodyta floridalis thrives in disturbed habitats, particularly after prescribed fires and hurricanes. The species showed resilience, with populations rebounding quickly post-fire and post-storm, suggesting adaptability to environmental perturbations. While most active from late fall to early spring, its abundance fluctuated annually within Long Pine Key's pine rocklands. This study highlights the ecological flexibility of A. t. floridalis, offering insights into its survival strategies in dynamic ecosystems.

Notes on the Status and Ecology ofStrymon acis bartrami(Lycaenidae) in Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park — 2010 — WHE8BAC2C8265

A decade-long survey of Strymon acis bartrami, a butterfly species native to the pine rocklands of Everglades National Park, revealed that its populations are generally uncommon but resilient. The study found that while the species is slow to recolonize areas after prescribed fires, cyclic burning patterns and proximity to host plant refugia may facilitate post-burn recovery. Additionally, S. a. bartrami appears to recover quickly following hurricane events in the Everglades. The research, conducted by Salvato and Salvato (2010), tracked 77 adult specimens primarily during spring months, providing insights into its phenology, natural history, and response to environmental disturbances.

Nouvelles faunes de rongeurs (Mammalia, Rodentia) d'âge miocène moyen en Languedoc-Roussillon (Sud de la France) ; biostratigraphie et corrélations

Historic Site of Lyon — 2010 — WHE06EFA12146

Newly discovered Middle Miocene rodent fossils from two sites in southern France, Blanquatère 3 and Puisserguier, provide critical insights for biostratigraphic correlations. These findings refine the chronological framework of the region, positioning Blanquatère 3 as slightly older than Vieux-Collonges and both older than La Grive. Additionally, the presence of the genus Cricetodon in these sites allows for revisited correlations with well-known localities from the Lyon area. The study leverages detailed analysis of fossil-bearing levels interstratified within marine to brackish-lake deposits, dating Blanquatère 3 to approximately 15.5 million years ago and Puisserguier to around 14 million years ago. These age estimates align with the Serravallian stage, enhancing our understanding of the Miocene chronostratigraphy in this region.

Nouvelles Inscriptions Arameennes Du Temple De Nannay a Hatra

Hatra — 2010 — WHE13E3AAEB0D

New Aramaic inscriptions from the Temple of Nannay at Hatra, discovered during 1992 excavations by the Iraq Antiquities Service, reveal significant insights into the religious and architectural practices of ancient Hatra. The inscriptions, published and translated by Dr. Jabir Kh. Ibrahim, are part of a broader corpus of Hatra's inscriptions and continue its established numbering system. The building, featuring two broad rooms with three entrances each and a square stone cellar, is structurally similar to the third sanctuary in Hatra's eastern part, suggesting it may be the fourteenth sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Nannay. This discovery enhances our understanding of Hatra's religious landscape and its architectural coherence.

Nuevos género y especie de la familia Lethaxonidae (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de la isla de Coiba (Panamá)

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2010 — WHE0C0EC1BB04

A new genus and species, Transitia carlosi, from the Lethaxonidae family of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) has been discovered in the intersticial environment of a small river on Coiba Island, Panama. This finding expands the known biodiversity of the region with its unique morphological traits, including an elongated body shape, three linearly arranged pairs of acetabula, and distinct male gonopore positioning relative to genital acetabula. The study also highlights slight sexual dimorphism in male leg structure. The research involved a morphological review of adult specimens, providing new insights into the taxonomy and diversity of Lethaxonidae mites in Central America's freshwater ecosystems.

Nuevos registros y extensiones de distribución de mamíferos para Guanajuato, México

Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines — 2010 — WHEF30A5BE31A

A new study expands the known mammal biodiversity of Guanajuato, Mexico, by documenting 11 previously unrecorded species and extending the distribution ranges of 14 others. The research, conducted between 2003 and 2006 in the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve, identified 25 mammal species—including three endemic Mexican rodents (Peromyscus difficilis, P. levipes, and P. melanophrys) and the first record of the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) for the state. The findings, based on 364 specimens from five families, update the region's mammal inventory to 98 species. Notably, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae was flagged as a protected species. This work strengthens baseline data for conservation efforts in one of Mexico's UNESCO-listed sites.

Nuovi scavi nella necropoli ipogeica di Sa Figu (Ittiri-Sassari): La Tomba IV

Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas — 2010 — WHE2E8F7CA437

New excavations at the Bronze Age necropolis of Sa Figu (Ittiri, Sardinia) reveal that Tomba IV, an architecturally designed hypogeum, mirrors the characteristics of Nuragic 'tombs of the giant,' confirming their shared origin in the Early Middle Bronze Age (Sa Turricula phase). The study also documents reuse during the late Iron Age, shedding light on funerary practices of this period. Additionally, it demonstrates that these hypogeic tombs derive from a tradition of imitating megalithic 'tombs of the giant,' tracing back to Neolithic 'domus de janas' structures.

Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n. sp., a new canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the middle Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia

Lower Valley of the Awash — 2010 — WHE762FAC45C8

Paleontologists have identified Nyctereutes lockwoodi, a new species of canid, from middle Pliocene sediments in Dikika, Ethiopia. This discovery, based on fossil remains recovered by the Dikika Research Project, provides critical insights into the evolutionary history of carnivores during this period. The study employed detailed morphological analysis to distinguish N. lockwoodi from other known canid species, revealing unique cranial and dental features that suggest it occupied a distinct ecological niche. This finding contributes to our understanding of mammalian diversification in Africa during the Pliocene, a time marked by significant climatic and environmental changes.

Obscuring the Inequalities of Slavery: Identifying Differential Access to Ceramics at Monticello

Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville — 2010 — WHE964D4154E0

Differential access to expensive ceramic vessels among enslaved individuals at Monticello during Thomas Jefferson's residency (1770s–1790s) was linked to their proximity to his mansion. This study reveals that enslaved people closer to the mansion had greater access to costly ceramics, suggesting Jefferson distributed such items to obscure the brutal inequalities of slavery from his view and visitors. Using historical documents, archaeological materials, and the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery (DAACS) database, researchers analyzed ceramic assemblages from Mulberry Row and the Elizabeth Hemings site, building on prior scholarship by Diana Crader, William Adams, and Sarah Boling.

Occurrence of leaf rust of canna in Singapore caused by Puccinia thaliae

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2010 — WHE6BB8C17E1E

A first recorded occurrence of leaf rust disease on canna plants in Singapore, caused by the fungus Puccinia thaliae, has been documented. The study identified distinct orange lesions on infected leaves, which release spores and lead to plant decline. Morphological analysis confirmed the pathogen as P. thaliae, with urediniospores measuring 36.63 ± 1.63 μm × 26.88 ± 0.88 μm, characterized by thick, echinulate walls. Koch’s postulates were satisfied through controlled inoculation, confirming the pathogen's role in disease development. The rust has previously been reported from Hawaii, India, and South Africa but was undocumented in Singapore until this study. The research highlights the potential impact of P. thaliae on ornamental canna plants, which are widely used in landscaping.

Occurrence of the Phoronid Phoronopsis albomaculata in Cocos Island, Costa Rica

Cocos Island National Park — 2010 — WHEBE31771C09

A rare discovery of the phoronid Phoronopsis albomaculata in Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, marks the first recorded presence of a phoronid species in Costa Rican waters and the second locality in the eastern Pacific. This finding, derived from a subtidal benthic survey (28–35 m depth) in Bahía Chatham, provides critical taxonomic insights into the species' morphological traits, such as its epidermal collar, lophophore coiling, and nephridia structure. The study also compares depth and abundance patterns with previous records, contributing to our understanding of this widespread yet poorly documented marine organism. Cocos Island offers unique ecological significance due to its remote and pristine environment.

Oceanic rafting by a coastal community

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2010 — WHE7A478F2B6B

This study provides the first direct evidence that oceanic rafting on macroalgae can transport diverse intertidal organisms across hundreds of kilometers, facilitating trans-oceanic dispersal and landfall. Researchers documented the rafting of 10 epifaunal invertebrate species attached to six large bull kelp specimens, traveling from the subantarctic Auckland or Snares Islands to mainland New Zealand's Otago coast—a journey spanning 400–600 km. Using phylogeographic and ecological data, the study demonstrates that passive rafting can simultaneously enable long-distance transport and successful colonization of multiple coastal taxa, challenging previous assumptions about the viability of such dispersal mechanisms in isolated ecosystems.

Ocorrência de flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) em focos de leishmanioses, em área de ecoturismo do entorno do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, Brasil

Lençóis Maranhenses National Park — 2010 — WHE3C7A6FE3FE

A study around Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil, identified Lutzomyia whitmani as the dominant sand fly species (46.6% of 6,658 specimens), alongside L. longipalpis (29.9%) and other vectors linked to leishmaniasis transmission. This high prevalence correlates with elevated rates of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Barreirinhas municipality between 2000–2005, suggesting active transmission dynamics. Researchers used field captures spanning multiple years (2004–2008) to assess species distribution and abundance, revealing critical insights for public health monitoring in ecotourism areas adjacent to the park.

Of Gardens: Selected Essays

Palace and Park of Versailles — 2010 — WHEEF12C8B1E6

Of Gardens: Selected Essays by Peter Deitz offers a comprehensive exploration of the evolution and influence of landscape design, with a particular focus on notable figures and their contributions to garden aesthetics. The work delves into the lives and works of prominent landscape architects such as Beatrix Farrand, Russell Page, and Dan Kiley, highlighting their innovative approaches and the cultural significance of their designs. It also examines historical gardens, including those at Versailles, and their enduring impact on urban planning and public spaces. Through a blend of scholarly analysis and narrative storytelling, Deitz provides insights into the intersection of art, history, and nature, emphasizing how these elements shape our understanding of garden design.

Of the manner in which the city of Cuzco is built, of the four royal roads which lead from it, of the grand edifices it contained, and who was its founder

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHECA4123B9B4

The city of Cuzco was strategically built in a rugged mountainous terrain surrounded by two streams and valleys, with its layout reflecting ancient Incan urban planning. The site's division into Hanan-Cuzco (upper) and Hurin-Cuzco (lower) sections housed noble families, while the hill of Carmenca featured solar observation towers, indicating advanced astronomical knowledge. The city's fortified structures, such as those on the northern mountain, showcased impressive engineering, though many remain in ruins today. This 16th-century account by Pedro de Cieza de León provides a detailed ethnographic and architectural description, offering insights into Incan civilization's spatial organization, regional divisions (Antisuyu, Chincha-suyu, Collao, Cunti-suyu), and environmental adaptation.

Of the river of Apurimac, of the valley of Xaquixaguana, of the causeway which passes over it, and of what else there is to relate until the city of Cuzco is reached

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHEFD15CF359A

A 16th-century account describes the formidable engineering challenges and risks of traversing the Apurimac River, a significant waterway between Abancay and Caxamarca. The text highlights the construction of a precarious bridge secured by two massive stone pillars, which was destroyed during conflict, forcing soldiers to cross in sacks suspended by ropes—a testament to the river's treacherous nature. The narrative also references ancient Inca structures and an oracle near the riverbank, where sacrifices were performed, suggesting cultural and historical significance. This primary source provides insight into the region's geomorphology, infrastructure resilience, and Indigenous beliefs during the early colonial period.

Of the road from Cuzco to the city of La Paz; and of the villages, until the Indians called Canches are passed

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHE90C0EA54DD

A historical account reveals the significant architectural and cultural heritage along the ancient royal road from Cuzco to La Paz, spanning approximately 80 leagues. The route, paved with stones and crossing a large swamp via a causeway, was adorned with grand edifices in Mohina, now in ruins, which contained vast amounts of gold, silver, and precious artifacts during the time of Spanish conquest. Evidence suggests the presence of monolithic structures with religious significance, possibly used for worship or ceremonial purposes. Additionally, the road features an impressive wall, likely part of an advanced irrigation system, showcasing the ingenuity and engineering prowess of the indigenous Canches people.

Of the sixth king who reigned in Cuzco, and of what happened in his time; and of the fable or history they relate touching the river that passes through the midst of the city of Cuzco

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHE7C3B69DC90

A historical account reveals that during the reign of Inca Eocca, a significant event occurred involving the city's first river. The narrative describes how the king, upon being injured during his coronation, retreated to a high hill where he summoned his sister and wife. This period marked a pivotal moment in Cuzco's history, as it was the time when a river began to flow through the city, addressing a longstanding need for water sources. The text blends historical records with cultural practices, such as the tradition of ear-plate wearing among the Orejones, providing insight into Inca societal norms and rituals during this era.

On Modern Architecture and Synthesis of the Arts: Dilemmas, Approaches, Vicissitudes

Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas — 2010 — WHE540DC48956

The concept of 'synthesis of the arts' emerged as a transformative principle in modern architecture during the 1940s, aiming to integrate painting and sculpture into architectural design to bridge the gap between art and society. This approach sought to renew and improve modern architecture by fostering collaboration among artists and ensuring a unified artistic experience that balanced aesthetic value with social content. Key examples of this integration can be seen in university cities such as Mexico City and Caracas, as well as in the landscapes designed by Roberto Burle Marx. However, the study reveals a significant dilemma: while the concept aimed to extend its influence to urban planning and city design, it paradoxically faced a crisis when applied at larger scales, highlighting the challenges of maintaining artistic coherence and social relevance in complex urban environments.

On Structural Features of the Old City of Sana'a, Yemen

Old City of Sana'a — 2010 — WHE23A5ADDD6E

The Old City of Sana'a exhibits distinct structural features within its traditional neighborhood units known as harat. Comprising 56 harat, each contains key elements such as mosques, maqushama (green fields), houses, streets, and sharhat (small open squares). This study reveals how modernization, including the installation of water supply and sewerage systems, has significantly altered these traditional units politically, socially, and physically. The research highlights the impact of such changes on Sana'a's historic environment, emphasizing the need to preserve its unique urban fabric while adapting to contemporary demands.

On the Materia Medica of Dioscorides and a Report About a Copy of It in Tehran

Golestan Palace — 2010 — WHEAD328B1E96

A previously undocumented Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides' Materia Medica, one of the foundational pharmacology texts of the Islamic era, has been identified and reported for the first time. This manuscript, housed in the Golestan Palace library in Tehran, is noted for its exceptional quality and significance. The study highlights its historical value, emphasizing its role as a rare and unrecorded treasure in bibliographic literature. The research focuses on the manuscript's attributes, its translation lineage, and its contribution to understanding Islamic pharmacological traditions.

On the Modular Design of Mughal Riverfront Funerary Gardens

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi — 2010 — WHEECD351F48B

A groundbreaking analysis reveals that the modular designs of two iconic Mughal funerary gardens—Humayun's Tomb and the Taj Mahal—were meticulously based on ancient units from the Arthasastra, a 4th-century BCE Indian text. By measuring dimensions in dhanus (D) and vitastis (V), researchers confirmed a low error rate between predicted and actual measurements, providing the first empirical evidence of this architectural canon's influence. This discovery introduces a novel mathematical framework for studying Mughal architecture, bridging ancient textual traditions with tangible structural precision.

Orders & Contracts

Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata — 2010 — WHE03A00E084A

Diagenetic processes significantly alter bone geochemistry, complicating dietary reconstructions from archaeological remains. A study of four Neolithic skeletons from the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Dhar Oualata (Mauritania) and Daounas (Mali) revealed that local taphonomic conditions—such as drainage and flooding—differentially affected bone preservation. Bones from highly drained, periodically flooded environments showed substantial bacterial damage, low apatite crystallinity, and secondary mineral formation, leading to greater diagenetic alteration of trace elements and stable isotopes compared to bones from drier sites. By analyzing intra-skeletal variability and comparing bone and tooth geochemistry, researchers approximated ante-mortem compositions, highlighting the importance of selecting the best-preserved samples for accurate dietary reconstructions.

Ordovician–Silurian Lilliput crinoids during the end-Ordovician biotic crisis

Anticosti — 2010 — WHE1156A9E470

A rapid reduction in body size, known as the 'Lilliput Effect,' was observed in crinoids from Anticosti Island during the end-Ordovician biotic crisis. This significant decrease in size affected both dominant Ordovician and Silurian clades equally, with the post-extinction fauna consisting largely of new taxa. The miniaturization occurred rapidly but recovery took up to 7 million years, highlighting a macroevolutionary asymmetry that underscores the importance of preserving current biodiversity.

Origen de los Changos: Análisis de ADNmt antiguo sugiere descendencia de pescadores de la cultura Chinchorro (7.900 - 4.000 A.P.)

Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region — 2010 — WHE54F791132C

Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals that the Chango people, fishermen from Paposo Cove near Taltal, are genetically linked to prehistoric Chinchorro culture populations (7900–4000 BCE), supporting long-standing hypotheses about their biological descent. The study employed advanced molecular genetics techniques to compare antique haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA sequences from the Chinchorro culture with contemporary populations, providing a chronological framework for understanding genetic continuity in Northern Chile and Southern Peru. This research contributes to the broader knowledge of Chilean population genetics by offering scientific evidence for ancestral connections between these ancient fishing communities.

Origin and SEM analysis of aerosols in the high mountain of Tenerife (Canary Islands)

Teide National Park — 2010 — WHECC1E7E68AF

A significant increase in African dust events reaching the Canary Islands, including Teide National Park, was identified, with 79% of air masses originating from Africa. This study highlights the complex mixture of respirable particles, such as quartz microcrystals and freshwater diatom tests, which pose potential respiratory health risks, particularly in high-altitude regions like Tenerife's highlands. Researchers used backward trajectory analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize aerosol composition during dust intrusions from March 2004, revealing dominant mineral and biological components with implications for airway pathology.

Origin of large-volume pseudotachylite in terrestrial impact structures

Vredefort Dome — 2010 — WHE7E34D9DE63

Large-volume pseudotachylite bodies, which consist of angular and rounded wall-rock fragments enveloped by a microcrystalline or glassy matrix, are not formed through a single fragmentation and melt generation process. Instead, these centimeter- to kilometer-scale structures form as fragment- and melt-filled tension fractures due to differential rotation of target rock during cratering. This discovery, based on observations from Sudbury (Canada) and Vredefort (South Africa), challenges existing hypotheses and suggests that pseudotachylite characteristics arise from the drainage of initially superheated impact melt into these fractures. The study provides a unified process to explain highly variable pseudotachylite features, advancing our understanding of complex crater formation mechanics.

Origin, Diversification, and Classification of the Australasian Genus Dracophyllum (Richeeae, Ericaceae) 1

Lord Howe Island Group — 2010 — WHE76F8BACDB6

A study of the Australasian genus Dracophyllum (Ericaceae) reveals that its species richness and diversity peak in New Zealand, with evolutionary roots tracing back to the Eocene. Phylogenetic analyses using chloroplast genes matK and rbcL showed that tribe Richeeae diverged at least 33.3 million years ago, with a crown radiation during the Early Miocene (16.5 Ma). This period aligns with Australia's aridification, leading to two distinct lineages: one isolated in southern Western Australia (Sphenotoma) and another spanning eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, New Caledonia, and New Zealand (Dracophyllum and Richea). The study also documents two independent long-distance dispersal events from Australia to New Caledonia and New Zealand during the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene, with rapid species radiation occurring within the last 3–6 million years. Additionally, it suggests that Dracophyllum is paraphyletic and Richea polyphyletic, necessitating taxonomic revision.

Origins, influences, and early mastery

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2010 — WHE1812755A88

Lübeck's historical significance as the capital of the Hanseatic League and its subsequent decline shaped Thomas Mann's early life and literary influences. The study reveals that despite Lübeck's diminished status by the 19th century, its lingering cultural and architectural legacy—including the St. Mary Cathedral where Mann was baptized—left a lasting imprint on his works. Research examines how Mann's exposure to Low German dialect, the maritime environment of a harbor town, and Lübeck's cosmopolitan ties to northern Europe influenced his narrative style and themes. The analysis also highlights the contrast between Mann's narrow provincial upbringing and his later global experiences, suggesting that both contributed to his literary mastery.

Orthopteroids in Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India

Kaziranga National Park — 2010 — WHE3FCC337EA8

A survey of Orthopteroids (insects belonging to the order Orthoptera) in Kaziranga National Park, Assam, India, identified 14 species, including one potentially new to science. The study highlights the park's biodiversity, particularly its grasshopper and cricket diversity, which may serve as indicators for ecosystem health. Researchers conducted field surveys across different habitats within the park, collecting specimens and documenting their distribution. This work contributes to the understanding of Orthopteroids in a UNESCO World Heritage Site, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to protect these often-overlooked but ecologically significant insects.

Our Prefatory Work at thebes

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2010 — WHEC1AF094327

A groundbreaking discovery in the necropolis of Ancient Thebes, particularly in the Valley of the Kings, challenged long-held beliefs about the exhaustion of significant tomb sites. The excavation, led by a team including Lord Carnarvon and under the guidance of an antiquities inspector, uncovered the tomb of Amenhetep I in 1914, debunking claims that no more major tombs remained to be found. This finding followed seven years of exploration in other parts of the Theban necropolis, where the team had already published notable results from their initial five years of work. The study employed systematic excavation techniques and leveraged previous insights, such as those from Theodore Davis's earlier expeditions, which had focused on less explored areas like the north valley and surrounding mounds near the Temple of Medinet Habu.

Out of the Wilderness: A Fourteenth-Century English Drawing of John the Baptist

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church — 2010 — WHEBC90A53175

A previously unnoticed, exceptional fourteenth-century English drawing of St. John the Baptist, housed in London's British Library (MS Royal 10 B XIV), has been identified as a significant addition to early to mid-fourteenth-century English art. The drawing, dated circa 1335–40 and likely executed in southeast England or East Anglia, features rare iconographic motifs, including a figure of Salome beneath the saint's feet and a monumental Gothic arch composed of living oak trees framing the saint. This unique imagery suggests the drawing was created as a focus of devotion for John of Lingfield, an Oxford scholar-monk and first recorded owner of the manuscript. The study explores the physical nature, bibliographical context, and artistic associations of the drawing, highlighting its role in the acquisition of manuscript illumination at St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, during the early fourteenth century.

Pagus, castellum et civitas

Dougga / Thugga — 2010 — WHE3F0629C591

The transformation of rural settlements ('pagus', 'castellum') into autonomous cities ('civitas') under Roman rule was found to be a complex, politically driven process. Unlike previously assumed, this promotion was not merely about achieving legal immunity but rather about gaining concrete social dignity and autonomy. The study analyzed inscriptions from Dougga (Thugga), revealing that such advancements required diplomatic petitions to the Emperor, who could grant or revoke city status based on merit. This process mirrored the struggle for freedom ('libertas') and social standing, with mother cities resisting independence to retain financial and political control. The research highlights the nuanced interplay between local aspirations and imperial authority in shaping urban development.

Palestine in Late Antiquity (review)

Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev — 2010 — WHE5D8C72BCC0

A comprehensive review of Palestine's Late Antiquity (4th–7th centuries) reveals a complex landscape marked by fluid cultural and religious diversity, political conflict, and shifting power dynamics. Hagith Sivan's work challenges traditional monolithic narratives by integrating literary evidence from diverse communities with archaeological findings, highlighting the multifaceted nature of regional identity and conflict. The study emphasizes 'conflict' as a unifying theme—both within local populations and in broader international relations—illustrated through urban development, desert transformations, and rival claims to sacred spaces like Jerusalem's Temple Mount. Sivan's approach combines topographical analysis with social theory, offering a nuanced perspective on the period's political flashpoints, such as Samaritan-Christian tensions and imperial interventions (e.g., Constantine’s Holy Sepulcher dedication). The review underscores the importance of centering marginalized voices, like those of the Samaritans, to reconstruct a more accurate historical tapestry.

PANGEA: pipeline for analysis of next generation amplicons

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2010 — WHEC0DE9ACBA1

PANGEA offers a streamlined, efficient pipeline for analyzing high-throughput DNA sequencing data, enabling rapid identification and comparison of microbial communities. This Perl-based tool processes sequences from next-generation sequencers into formats compatible with BLAST and other databases, facilitating quick assessments on personal computers. Demonstrated using 16S rRNA sequences from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park soils and rat stool samples, PANGEA simplifies complex bioinformatics workflows—from pre-processing to classification—across Mac OSX, Windows, or Linux platforms. Its modular design allows users to customize databases or run the entire pipeline as a single script, 'backbone,' excluding only the chi² step. This innovation accelerates environmental and clinical microbial studies by reducing computational barriers.

Participatory Planning: Using SWOT-AHP Analysis in Buffer Zone Management Planning

Nyungwe National Park — 2010 — WHE6A8934A5C0

A collaborative approach using SWOT-AHP analysis effectively engages diverse stakeholders to prioritize needs and perceptions for buffer zone management in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. This methodology combines strength, weakness, opportunity, threat (SWOT) analysis with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), providing a transparent framework to balance conservation and development objectives, particularly agricultural interests. The study demonstrates that integrating stakeholder preferences into land-use decisions can lead to more informed and negotiable management plans, offering valuable insights for agroforestry and agricultural land-use managers.

Particulate nutrient fluxes over a fringing coral reef: relevant scales of phytoplankton production and mechanisms of supply

Ningaloo Coast — 2010 — WHED3FE232AB7

Research at Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia, reveals that particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and carbon (POC) fluxes play a crucial role in reef nutrient budgets, with wave action and regional currents significantly influencing phytoplankton supply. Phytoplankton uptake rates were found to be near physical limits, with PON flux (2–5 mmol N m⁻² d⁻¹) comparable to dissolved nitrogen uptake, suggesting particle feeding may address reef nitrogen deficits. POC flux (14–27 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹) matched net community metabolism, indicating its importance in reef metabolism. The study highlights the variability of phytoplankton supply over daily-to-seasonal scales due to dynamics in the Leeuwin Current (LC), which may deliver as much phytoplankton as sporadic upwelling events linked to the Ningaloo Current (NC). Introducing the 'ocean catchment' concept, the research suggests reefs depend on remotely sourced productivity, increasing vulnerability to human or climatic changes affecting offshore currents and plankton communities.

Partitioning the impact of abiotic factors and spatial patterns on species richness and community structure of ground ant assemblages in four Bornean rainforests

Gunung Mulu National Park — 2010 — WHE4CA2227BB7

A study in Gunung Mulu National Park, Borneo, reveals that environmental factors such as soil volume, tree density, and leaf litter significantly shape the species richness of ground-foraging ant communities, explaining 44% of the variance. While these abiotic parameters influence community composition only moderately (14%), spatial patterns also play a role but account for less variance in species distribution. The research suggests that environmental conditions determine the number of niches available to ants, while other factors like competition and neutral processes govern which species occupy those niches. This finding challenges purely spatial or neutral theories of community structure, highlighting the complex interplay between environmental and biotic forces in tropical ecosystems.

Pathology of the Katholikon of Hosios Loukas Monastery and Preliminary Structural Analysis

Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios — 2010 — WHEEC13C66BF2

A preliminary structural analysis of the Katholikon of Hosios Loukas Monastery reveals that damage sustained during the 1981 Boeotia earthquake has persisted, with slight deterioration observed since. The study focuses on the monument's load-bearing structure and its historical pathology, providing insights into the long-term effects of seismic events on Byzantine architecture. By examining the building's structural behavior, researchers aim to interpret the observed damage patterns and contribute to the preservation efforts of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Patrimonio edificado de propiedad privada: relación compleja y contradictoria entre lo público y lo privado en el Centro Histórico de Morelia

Historic Centre of Morelia — 2010 — WHE52461A05A9

A complex and contradictory relationship between public and private interests underpins the preservation of privately owned heritage properties, even as they function within the broader real estate market. This study highlights how such buildings, despite their private ownership, are also considered public goods due to their role in shaping identity and social cohesion. Public policies aimed at protecting these properties often face challenges, reflecting broader urban issues related to heritage conservation in Mexico's historic centers. The research examines the effects of these policies on privately owned heritage in Morelia's historic center, contributing new insights into the tensions between private property rights and public preservation efforts.

Patterns in the recent 2007–2008 activity of Mount Etna volcano investigated by integrated geophysical and geochemical observations

Mount Etna — 2010 — WHEE03B4DBCFA

A study on Mount Etna's 2007–2008 activity reveals distinct patterns linking seismic, deformation, and geochemical observations to eruptive episodes at the Southeast Crater (SEC). Each eruption was preceded by a cyclic increase and decrease in CO₂/SO₂ ratios in the volcanic gas plume and summit inflation, indicating persistent supply of CO₂-rich gas bubbles and primitive magmas to a shallow magma storage zone. Overpressuring in this zone triggers magma ascent, captured as increased tremor amplitude, upward and eastward migration of seismic tremor sources, and rapid summit contraction. Declining CO₂/SO₂ ratios also anticipated resumed SEC activity, suggesting magma degassing diversion toward the crater. The research integrates seismic (volcanic tremor, long-period seismicity), deformation (GPS), and geochemical measurements to interpret Etna's dynamics, offering insights for volcanic risk assessment.

Patterns of conifer establishment and vigor on montane river floodplains in Olympic National Park, Washington, USA

Olympic National Park — 2010 — WHEEE52E1383D

A study of conifer establishment on montane river floodplains in Olympic National Park reveals that Douglas-fir thrives on drier, elevated sites with less competition from hardwood species like red alder and willow, while Sitka spruce is more prevalent on wetter sites. The research surveyed 10- to 50-year-old floodplain surfaces across six rivers, quantifying conifer distribution and analyzing relationships between their presence and environmental variables. Douglas-fir's tolerance for drier conditions allows it to outcompete moisture-demanding species, whereas Sitka spruce establishment appears influenced by factors beyond those measured in the study. This work provides insights into natural conifer dynamics on floodplains, which could inform riparian restoration efforts.

Patterns of daily activity of Meyer's Parrot ( Poicephalus meyeri ) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Okavango Delta — 2010 — WHE8203279326

Meyer's Parrots (Poicephalus meyeri) in the Okavango Delta exhibit weak bimodal daily activity patterns, with obligate feeding between 0830 and 1100 hours and seasonally required feeding between 1600 and 1830 hours to meet protein needs. This pattern is influenced by physiological constraints like crop-size limitations and climatic factors such as temperature fluctuations. Flight activity shows a bimodal pattern due to communal roosting and foraging behavior, while population estimates are highest during late morning counts (0830–1100 hours). The study highlights how environmental conditions and nutritional requirements shape the daily rhythms of these parrots, offering insights into their ecological adaptability.