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A Systematic Revision of the Land Snails of the Western Ghats of India

Western Ghats — 2014 — WHE95EBC90FCB

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the land snails of the Western Ghats, India, identifies 337 taxa (299 species and 38 varieties), with 277 species and 29 varieties endemic to the region. This study updates nomenclature, clarifies taxonomy, designates lectotypes and neotypes, and provides the first color images and specimen data of type material for all Western Ghats taxa. It also includes a geo-referenced index of localities, addressing long-standing gaps in species identification and taxonomic understanding since the 1908–1921 Fauna of British India series.

A Systems Approach to Local Territory as a Driver for Creative Tourism Development on the Amalfi Coast

Costiera Amalfitana — 2014 — WHEEFE835966B

Creative tourism, when rooted in local cultural and geographical contexts, can significantly drive economic growth and sustainable development. A study on the Amalfi Coast (Italy) demonstrates that successful implementation of creative tourism requires a systems approach, leveraging existing local creativity rather than imposing external models. The research highlights the importance of a 'creative humus'—a foundation of local traditions, social dynamics, and cultural assets—that must be nurtured for such initiatives to thrive. While creative tourism offers potential benefits, its effectiveness hinges on aligning strategies with pre-existing creative potentials; otherwise, it risks inefficiency and resource waste. The study underscores that territorial creativity, rather than generic interventions, is key to sustainable tourism development.

A Tale of Five Bridges; the use of GNSS for Monitoring the Deflections of Bridges

The Forth Bridge — 2014 — WHE3AE19C9C03

GNSS technology has proven highly effective for monitoring the dynamic deflections of iconic bridges, including the Forth Road Bridge. Research demonstrates that even small-scale movements can be accurately measured and analyzed for frequency, offering valuable insights that align with existing bridge movement models. The study employed survey-grade GNSS receivers, capturing data at frequencies up to 100 Hz, to track deflections on five notable bridges—Humber Bridge, Millennium Bridge, Forth Road Bridge, Severn Suspension Bridge, and Avonmouth Viaduct. Findings highlight the importance of frequency analysis alongside magnitude measurements in understanding bridge behavior, while also showcasing the potential of single-frequency GNSS receivers for precise monitoring applications.

A Taste of Singapore: Singapore Food Writing and Culinary Tourism

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2014 — WHEE941F7374C

Singapore's culinary tourism, despite its reliance on imported food, stands out globally for its integration of food writing and participatory experiences. This study reveals that Singapore actively promotes its cuisine through a multifaceted approach, including food festivals, cookery classes, and information-rich campaigns like 'Singapore Seasons' and 'Singapore Takeout.' Food writing in English plays a pivotal role, guiding both locals and tourists to unique Singaporean flavors, with resources such as guidebooks, mobile apps, and museum exhibits enhancing the culinary experience. The research highlights how taste is central to Singapore's cultural identity, with institutions like the National Museum of Singapore and Chinatown Heritage Centre using food to educate about heritage and diversity. This approach not only attracts tourists but also fosters pride among Singaporeans, positioning them as ambassadors of their cuisine.

A trip to Riviera Maya, Tulum, Sankan Researve Forest, Quinta Roo and Chichenitza, Yucanta: Regions of Mega Biodiversity and Antique Maya culture

Sian Ka'an — 2014 — WHE3C7EEDC531

A recent expedition to the Riviera Maya, Tulum, Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, and Chichen Itza in southern Mexico highlighted the region's remarkable biodiversity and its deep connection to ancient Maya culture. The study, conducted from June 26 to July 6, 2014, documented a rich tapestry of tropical rainforest flora and fauna, showcasing the area's ecological significance while reflecting the enduring legacy of the Maya civilization. The research approach involved a detailed observational journey through diverse ecosystems, including tropical forests, using a tourist van for mobility. This expedition underscored the importance of preserving such regions, which are not only biodiversity hotspots but also cultural treasures of global importance.

A view of the judgement and interpretation of the international court of justice in the temple of Preah Vihear case

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2014 — WHE3DCB4C699E

In November 2013, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued a judgment interpreting its previous ruling from 1962 regarding the Temple of Preah Vihear, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and long-standing border dispute between Cambodia and Thailand. The study provides a detailed legal analysis of both judgments, focusing on the ICJ's reasoning process and its implications for territorial delimitation along natural borders. It also examines how this case contributes to broader principles of international law, particularly in disputes involving sacred or culturally significant sites. By dissecting the Court's jurisprudence, the research clarifies key legal standards while offering insights into the resolution of complex boundary conflicts.

A világ természetvédelmének története 1976 és 1980 között (védett területek alapítása)

Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park — 2014 — WHEE39CA8112D

Between 1976 and 1980, the global number of protected areas increased significantly to 4,871, with 38.65% falling under IUCN Category IV (managed areas for conservation of biological diversity or landscapes). Ukraine led in new designations, establishing 915 areas during this period. The study highlights key historical milestones, including the creation of Ranthambore National Park in India and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in Australia, both recognized for their ecological and cultural significance. Additionally, Hungary contributed 36 protected areas, including Bükki National Park and 10 landscape protection zones. This analysis underscores a growing trend in both the quantity and diversity of national categories for protected areas worldwide.

A. C. S. Peacock and Sara Nur Yıldız, editors. The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East.

Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği — 2014 — WHE00ED3CC01E

A pioneering study on the Seljuks of Anatolia reveals that the Rūm Seljuk principality, unlike its Great Seljuk counterpart, lacked substantial Muslim scholarly and literary output, relying instead on non-Muslim sources such as Byzantine Greek and Armenian materials, epigraphy, architecture, and numismatics. The research distinguishes between the two entities, emphasizing the importance of para-historical evidence due to the scarcity of traditional Islamic sources. Key findings include the late survival of ancient Turkic titles among the Mengüjek branch in Divriği and the inflation of Seljuk titulature as Byzantine territories were absorbed. The study also highlights the role of Christian wives in Seljuk court life, the influence of Sufi orders in legitimizing royal power, and the unique phenomenon of futuwwa in Armenian communities. This work sets a benchmark for future research on this understudied region.

Abandoned Railways, Renewed Pathways: Opportunities for Accessing Landscapes

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2014 — WHE5251F7390D

Abandoned railway lines and station buildings, often overlooked in Italy, hold significant potential for sustainable development. This study demonstrates that repurposing disused railways as new pathways and abandoned stations as spaces for new activities can enhance accessibility to cultural, historical, and environmental resources. The research proposes an integrated methodological approach to valorize these elements, illustrated through the case of the Cancello-Torre Annunziata railway in southern Italy. A planning test during the 'Green Boulevard - Parkways of the 3rd millennium' competition successfully validated this approach, underscoring its potential for regeneration and local development.

Abbas qui et scriptor? The Handwriting of Robert of Torigni and His Scribal Activity as Abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (1154–1186)

Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay — 2014 — WHEAFC6BB9C1F

A comprehensive paleographical analysis reveals that the handwriting of Robert of Torigni, renowned Anglo-Norman historian and abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (1154–1186), was distinct from previously assumed characteristics. The study identifies his script in a group of manuscripts linked to the abbey, marked by corrections and interlinear glosses, challenging long-standing scholarly interpretations. By integrating paleographical examination with historical context, the research provides new insights into Robert's role as both a monastic leader and a historian deeply involved in manuscript production during his abbacy. Notably, it concludes that despite his intellectual contributions, Robert exhibited minimal formal training in book scripture, as evidenced by his handwriting.

Abbas qui et scriptor?: The Handwriting of Robert of Torigni and His Scribal Activity as Abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (1154–1186)

Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay — 2014 — WHE438B8656E8

A reassessment of Robert of Torigni's handwriting challenges long-held assumptions about his scribal activity as abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (1154–86). Through a comprehensive paleographical analysis, this study identifies his distinctive hand in previously overlooked manuscripts, revealing his limited training as a scribe despite his role in producing influential historical works. By examining corrections and interlinear glosses across multiple codices, the research sheds new light on Robert's involvement in manuscript production at Mont-Saint-Michel, offering insights into his methods as a monastic historian and his leadership within the community.

Abiotic Determinants of the Historical Buildings Biodeterioration in the Former Auschwitz II – Birkenau Concentration and Extermination Camp

Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) — 2014 — WHE170165F4DB

Excessive dampness and high relative air humidity (above 70%) are the primary abiotic determinants driving biodeterioration in Auschwitz-Birkenau's historical buildings, leading to structural damage such as plaster degradation and wood fiber splitting. A study at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum identified that moisture insulation inefficiencies, rather than temperature or light, were most influential in fostering biological corrosion by bryophytes, lichens, algae, molds, and fungi. While internal mold and bacterial activity was limited, external surfaces, particularly on northern building sides near the ground, showed significant colonization. Temperature and light primarily affected microbial composition but were less critical than humidity in driving deterioration.

About the new Excavation of several Koguryo Stone Chamber Tombs Located in Hunan Lane, Sanshi Districtin Pyongyong City

Complex of Koguryo Tombs — 2014 — WHE59B6DA636A

A recent excavation of three Koguryo stone chamber tombs in Hunan Lane, Sanshi District, Pyongyang City, North Korea, has uncovered significant architectural and structural details that shed new light on the diversity of Koguryo burial practices. The tombs, dated to the 5th or 6th century, include unique features such as a horizontal coffin support structure in Tomb 20, which is rare in Koguryo stone chamber tombs. This discovery suggests a greater variety in tomb structures than previously recognized. Additionally, the excavation revealed iron coffin lids and other artifacts that provide insights into burial customs during this period. The study, conducted by researchers from the Academy of Social Sciences Archaeological Research Institute with participation from Chinese scholars, employed systematic excavation methods to analyze these tombs.

Aboveground net primary production and stand dynamics of mangroves along a river on Iriomote Island, southwestern Japan

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHEA5366CF13B

Mangrove forests along the Nakara River on Iriomote Island, Japan, exhibit distinct species distribution patterns and productivity influenced by typhoon disturbances. While Bruguiera gymnorrhiza dominates overall, Rhizophora stylosa co-dominates downstream, with Kandelia obovata restricted to river edges. The study found that aboveground biomass and productivity vary by species, driven by population dynamics such as growth, recruitment, and mortality. Typhoons significantly impact forest structure and dynamics, suggesting their role in shaping mangrove ecosystems. This research highlights the vulnerability of these ecosystems to extreme weather events.

Absolute Chronology for the Beaker Culture Site of Coval Simó (Mallorca, Balearic Islands)

Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana — 2014 — WHEA78E3C435E

Radiocarbon dating of Coval Simó, a rockshelter in Mallorca's Serra de Tramuntana, reveals early human occupation linked to the Bell Beaker culture and undecorated pottery users between 2300–1900 cal BC. This site, preserved by a rockslide, offers an exceptional record of short-lived sedimentary layers, providing direct evidence of early island metallurgy through smelting slags from local copper minerals. The study used taxonomically identified bone fragments for dating, cross-referencing results from two laboratories to establish a precise chronological horizon. This research advances understanding of Neolithic-to-Bronze Age transitions in the Balearic Islands, particularly in metalworking practices and cultural dynamics.

Abu Mina, Egypt

Abu Mena — 2014 — WHE00114A250A

Abu Mena, Egypt, emerged as a significant religious and healing site in the third century A.D., with no prior archaeological evidence of occupation. Its prominence surged due to the veneration of St. Menas, whose relics are interred there, and the sacred springs renowned for their miraculous healing properties. The site became a focal point for Christian pilgrimage from the Middle East and medieval Europe, drawing believers seeking blessings and miracles. Monks continue to inhabit the area, maintaining its role as a spiritual destination for hundreds of pilgrims annually.

Ácaros oribátidos (Acari: Oribatei) del Parque Nacional de la isla de Coiba, Panamá

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2014 — WHEB22370DD49

A groundbreaking inventory of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatei) from Coiba National Park, Panama, reveals 134 species, including eight new records for the Neotropical Region and multiple first records for Panama. This study, part of a broader flora and fauna survey, identified 1053 individuals from soil samples collected in July 1998, significantly expanding our understanding of this biodiversity hotspot within UNESCO's World Heritage Site. Notably, two new taxa were described: Aeroppia mariehammerae n. nom. for Aeroppia sp., and a proposed new combination, Protoribates antillensis (Mahunka, 1985) n. comb. The findings highlight Coiba's ecological significance while contributing critical data for conservation efforts in this marine-protected area.

Accumulation of nitrogen and organic matter during primary succession of Leymus arenarius dunes on the volcanic island Surtsey, Iceland

Surtsey — 2014 — WHECB5E083485

Research on Surtsey, Iceland, reveals that Leymus arenarius dunes accumulate nitrogen (N) and soil organic matter (SOM) at rates significantly exceeding atmospheric deposition, suggesting an efficient retention mechanism. Over 37 years, these dunes accumulated 6.6 kg N per hectare annually, 3.5 times more than atmospheric input, with root biomass playing a crucial role in this process. The study found that SOM accumulation was more strongly linked to soil nitrogen levels than time alone, indicating that areas with higher N concentrations may serve as hotspots for further ecological succession on the volcanic island. This insight challenges traditional views of nutrient limitation in primary succession and highlights the importance of root systems in nutrient retention during early ecosystem development.

Acetoclastic methane formation fromEucalyptusdetritus in pristine hydrocarbon-rich river sediments byMethanosarcinales

Greater Blue Mountains Area — 2014 — WHE7E79CADBDA

Researchers have identified acetoclastic methanogenesis as the primary process driving methane production in pristine hydrocarbon-rich river sediments within Australia's Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. The study, using quantitative PCR and 454 pyrosequencing, revealed that members of the Methanosarcinales order mediate this process, with the highest methane production rates (10.8 ± 0.5 μg g(-1) wet weight day(-1)) observed at a 40 cm sediment depth. Stable isotopic analysis confirmed an acetoclastic origin for the methane, while long-term enrichment cultures further supported the role of Methanosarcinales in this process. The study also highlighted the potential involvement of unclassified hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from groups like Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi and Firmicutes in fueling acetoclastic methanogenesis.

Açıksaray “Open Palace”: a Byzantine rock-cut settlement in Cappadocia

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia — 2014 — WHEA5EF2D1012

Açıksaray, a Byzantine rock-cut settlement in Cappadocia, stands out for its elaborate courtyard complexes carved entirely from volcanic rock. Unlike other regional structures, these complexes feature monumental façades and utilitarian spaces like stables, offering new insights into medieval life in Cappadocia. This study analyzes Açıksaray's architectural design and occupation stages through survey results, revealing its secular and elite character. It contributes to the understanding of Byzantine domestic architecture by providing detailed evidence that is scarce in existing research.