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Preexisting fractures and the formation of an iconic American landscape: Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, USA

Yosemite National Park — 2014 — WHE7E8C1263CC

A study of Tuolumne Meadows, Yosemite National Park, reveals that preexisting fractures in bedrock play a crucial role in shaping the iconic landscape. The research finds that tabular fracture clusters, which are highly susceptible to glacial erosion, led to the formation of meadows and valleys, while sparsely fractured areas resulted in vertical rock walls. This suggests that the degree of fracturing is more influential than the host lithology in controlling landscape evolution. The study combines field observations with an analysis of fracture orientation and spacing relative to ice flow, providing insights into the geomorphological processes that have sculpted this unique sub-alpine environment.

Preliminary studies on traditional timber roof structures in Gjirokastra, Albania

Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra — 2014 — WHE59C98EDB72

A critical gap in the understanding of traditional timber roof structures, particularly those found in Gjirokastra, Albania, has been identified. The study highlights the absence of a classification system based on structural behavior for post and beam roofs, which is essential for preserving these heritage sites sustainably. By employing an in-depth technological analysis, the research aims to address this gap, providing valuable insights into the structural characteristics of these traditional roofing systems. This work contributes significantly to the broader field of vernacular architecture, offering a foundation for future studies on sustainable preservation techniques.

Presence of sandfly-borne phleboviruses of two antigenic complexes (Sandfly fever Naples virus and Sandfly fever Sicilian virus) in two different bio-geographical regions of Tunisia demonstrated by a microneutralisation-based seroprevalence study in dogs

Kairouan — 2014 — WHE24D476DC8F

A seroprevalence study in Tunisia reveals that sandfly-borne phleboviruses, including Toscana virus, Punique virus, and Sicilian virus, are present in the governorate of Kairouan, with seroprevalence rates of 7.5%, 43.5%, and 38.1% respectively. The study demonstrates that dogs can serve as sentinels for these viruses, similar to their role in detecting leishmaniasis. While data from Bizerte was limited due to hemolysis and cytotoxicity issues, the validated results aligned with those from Kairouan. This suggests a significant presence of sandfly-borne phleboviruses in Tunisia, warranting further investigation into both animal and human populations.

Presencia de la rata invasora Rattus rattus (Rodentia: Muridae) en el Parque Nacional Sangay, Ecuador

Sangay National Park — 2014 — WHEB9E3739F99

A rare record of the invasive black rat, Rattus rattus, was documented in Sangay National Park (SNP), Ecuadorduring a small mammal survey. The discovery, made in April 2012 at Sardinayacu within SNP, marks the first confirmed presence of this highly destructive species in Ecuador's pristine rainforests. Sampling involved six expeditions across four sites, deploying 1,800 traps over nine nights per season (rainy and dry) to capture terrestrial mammals. The study suggests that R. rattus, typically associated with human-disturbed environments, may be encroaching into undisturbed ecosystems via tourist and ranger trails originating from nearby communities. This intrusion poses potential threats to native fauna, highlighting the need for monitoring in protected areas.

Preserving the Medieval City of Ani

Archaeological Site of Ani — 2014 — WHE1690A0172B

Cultural heritage can serve as a catalyst for reconciliation, even in post-conflict societies with contentious histories. This study highlights the case of Ani, a medieval Armenian capital in eastern Turkey, which has long been neglected due to its non-Muslim identity and the state's reluctance to acknowledge painful episodes of Turkish history. By analyzing recent developments in heritage management—particularly involving international organizations and civil society debates—the research demonstrates that Ani’s preservation efforts, despite significant challenges, offer a pathway for acknowledging and reconciling with suppressed historical narratives. The approach combines archival analysis, interviews, and policy reviews to explore the tensions between tourism-driven economic opportunities and the need for historical acknowledgment.

Prioritizing islands for the eradication of invasive vertebrates in the United Kingdom overseas territories

Henderson Island — 2014 — WHE1667F87156

A prioritization framework for eradicating invasive vertebrates from islands in the U.K. overseas territories identifies 25 high-priority islands, including two UNESCO World Heritage Sites—Gough (South Atlantic) and Henderson (South Pacific)—that would benefit 155 native species, 45 of which are globally threatened. The approach evaluates eradication feasibility and distinguishes between potential and realistic conservation value, considering the impact of removing all invasive species or only those with current eradication techniques. This study provides a strategic tool for allocating limited resources to maximize biodiversity conservation benefits, with the framework adaptable to future advancements in eradication methods.

Prioritizing protection measures through ecosystem services valuation for the Napahai Wetland, Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province, China

Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas — 2014 — WHED07703D7E9

A comprehensive valuation of ecosystem services for the Napahai Wetland, part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, reveals its significant economic and ecological contributions. The study estimated a total value of 237.96 million Yuan (approximately $35 million USD) for nine key ecosystem services, with tourism accounting for 43.7% of this value, followed by habitat (13.5%), nutrient conservation (9.7%), scientific research (8.1%), and flood control (7.2%). Product supply contributed the least at 9.7%, highlighting the wetland's greater role in sociocultural and life-support systems rather than direct economic output. Researchers used multiple valuation methods, including market pricing and contingent valuation, to assess these services. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted protection measures to safeguard this critical plateau wetland from degradation caused by natural factors and human disturbances.

Procuring Necessities in the Missions

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) — 2014 — WHE3E9EA02FB1

Mission reforms following the Jesuit period led to increased inequality and economic decline among the Guaraní, with communal support dwindling and many resorting to direct commerce—a practice unheard of during Jesuit rule. While Guaraní leaders gained more influence in mission management, they could not reverse the missions' downward trajectory. The study compares living standards using mission account records, revealing that most Guaraní did not benefit from reforms and faced reduced access to communal goods.

Production de litière de la mangrove du Parc National du Delta du Saloum (Sénégal)

Saloum Delta — 2014 — WHE19EEABD4F9

Mangrove litter production varies significantly among Rhizophora species, with R. racemosa/harisonnii contributing more to ecosystem enrichment due to higher floral litter output and lower flower abortion rates compared to R. mangle. The study quantified daily litterfall at the Saloum Delta (Sénégal), revealing mean leaf production of 4.6 g/m²/day for R. racemosa/harisonnii and 4.07 g/m²/day for R. mangle, while floral litter was notably higher in R. racemosa/harisonnii (4.09 g/m²/day) than in R. mangle (0.194 g/m²/day). This suggests species-specific roles in nutrient cycling and food web dynamics within mangrove ecosystems.

Projection of Nutrient Discharge by Using MRI-AGCM3.1S in Shiretok

Shiretoko — 2014 — WHE0B6EC9CE0F

A new study projects future nutrient discharge from the Shiretoko Peninsula, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site, using the MRI-AGCM3.1S climate model with two bias correction techniques. The research finds that the cumulative distribution function (cdf) correction technique more accurately reproduces nutrient flux compared to the normal distribution method. This insight is crucial as climate change-altered precipitation patterns threaten the ecological balance of Shiretoko, where nutrient circulation between inland and ocean plays a pivotal role in its unique ecosystem. By focusing on precipitation—a key driver of nutrient supply—the study aims to inform conservation efforts and mitigate potential disruptions to this fragile heritage site.

Projects That Never Happened: Ecological Insights from Darien, Panama

Darien National Park — 2014 — WHE990EB5071F

Early ecological research on Darien, Panama, demonstrated the critical importance of thorough and rapid data collection to evaluate large-scale environmental impacts. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Frank Golley and colleagues provided essential insights into the structure and biodiversity of the Darien tropical rainforest, which significantly influenced the abandonment of two major development projects: Project Plowshare (a proposed sea-level canal using nuclear explosions) and the Pan American Highway. These findings highlighted the ecological, economic, and cultural costs of such projects, leading to the establishment of Alto Darién Protection Forest in 1972 and later, Darién National Park. The research underscored the need for timely ecological data to prevent irreversible environmental damage and informed the conservation efforts that protected one of Central America's most biodiverse rainforests.

Prolonging the Collapse

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) — 2014 — WHEBF1D1106E3

The communal structures of the Jesuit missions, characterized by collective labor and shared ownership, persisted for over three decades following the expulsion of the Jesuits. This longevity was maintained through adaptations and compromises among Spanish administrators, native leaders, and the Guaraní population, though at the cost of disinvestment in productive assets. The study reveals that as these assets were depleted or sold without replacement, the missions increasingly relied on external sources for trade goods and necessities, a practice that became unsustainable due to rising costs and competition.

Promoting Arts-based Activities for Local Sustainability: Danube Delta Case Study

Danube Delta — 2014 — WHE8D4DC2947D

Arts-based activities can serve as a catalyst for sustainable economic development and community resilience in multiethnic, protected areas. This study highlights how integrating arts into local tourism and village life in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve strengthens sense of place and community identity, while addressing social and economic inequities. By examining existing arts initiatives in small island villages, researchers identify opportunities to empower local residents through collaboration with authorities, NGOs, and policymakers. The findings suggest that such approaches can maintain tourism sustainability and foster long-term engagement, offering a model for balancing conservation with community-driven growth.

Propriétés hydrodynamiques du mascaret et de son influence sur la dynamique sédimentaire. Une approche couplée en canal et in situ (estuaire de la Sée, Baie du Mont-Saint-Michel)

Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay — 2014 — WHE0865A2052B

A novel model of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) evolution, featuring a previously undocumented peak below the tidal bore front and a zone of maximum turbidity, was developed through coupled in situ and flume-based studies. This breakthrough addresses long-standing challenges in measuring turbulent, highly concentrated flows by introducing innovative sampling tools. The research confirms the significant transport capacity of the Mont-Saint-Michel Bay's tidal bore, capable of moving fine sands, while also elucidating sedimentary deposit processes such as liquefaction and settlement. These findings advance understanding of hydrodynamic influences on sediment dynamics in estuaries affected by tidal bores.

Protecting a Moveable and Immoveable Feast: Legal Safeguards for Yemen’s Cultural Heritage

Historic Town of Zabid — 2014 — WHEC2B82CC86A

Yemen's cultural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Historic Town of Zabid and the Old City of Sana’a, faces significant threats from political instability, economic crises, and security challenges. A recent legal framework aims to address these issues through a new law protecting historic cities, but ongoing problems such as smuggling persist. The study highlights the urgent need for stronger legal safeguards to combat neglect and criminal activity, ensuring the preservation of Yemen's rich heritage. It underscores that effective legal measures are essential not only for maintaining Zabid’s UNESCO status but also for broader conservation efforts across the country.

Protecting the historic centre of Venice. A coordinated analysis of the physical and perceived wear processes to define mitigating actions

Venice and its Lagoon — 2014 — WHE9B31302C20

A coordinated analysis of the historic center of Venice reveals critical physical and perceptual wear factors, particularly those exacerbated by tourism, threatening its conservation. The study identifies 'macro-emergencies'—key drivers of degradation—and proposes measurable indicators for monitoring and mitigating these risks. By integrating systemic analysis with the UNESCO Management Plan for Venice and its Lagoon, the research offers actionable strategies to safeguard this World Heritage Site against anthropogenic pressures, emphasizing both tangible damage and perceptual impacts on heritage perception.

Protection for Resettled Island Populations

Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site — 2014 — WHE0B2F087C13

Bikini Atoll's resettlement of islanders due to nuclear testing serves as a critical case study on the long-term consequences of forced environmental migration. The research highlights profound cultural, material, and spiritual losses endured by the Bikinians, stemming from inadequate preparation, flawed compensation, and disregard for their deep attachment to their homeland. It underscores that sustainable resettlement requires robust international and national legal frameworks to protect indigenous peoples' rights over land, culture, and resources. The study emphasizes minimizing or avoiding material and cultural losses in future environmental and climate change-induced migrations, drawing timeless lessons from Bikini's experience.

Provisional maps of thermal areas in Yellowstone National Park, based on satellite thermal infrared imaging and field observations

Yellowstone National Park — 2014 — WHE75F482A5E2

Satellite-based thermal infrared imaging provides an effective tool for mapping and monitoring the dynamic thermal areas of Yellowstone National Park, offering valuable insights into geothermal activity. This study utilized data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) to generate provisional maps of thermal areas, which were validated against field observations and high-resolution aerial photos. By minimizing solar heating contributions through winter night imaging, researchers quantified radiative heat flux and identified spatial extents of active thermal zones. These maps serve as a baseline for detecting future hydrothermal or volcanic anomalies, supporting infrastructure development, resource preservation, and visitor safety in the park.

Puangthong R. Pawakapan. State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2013, xiv+125p.; bibliography, index. Charnvit Kasetsiri, Pou Sothirak, and Pavin Chachavalpongpun. Preah Vihear: A Guide to the Thai-Cambodian Conflict and Its Solutions. Bangkok: White Lotus, 2013, xiv+104p.; bibliography, no index.

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2014 — WHEAB70A6483D

Two distinct publications offer critical perspectives on the Thai-Cambodian conflict over the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Temple of Preah Vihear. Puangthong R. Pawakapan's State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear (2013) examines how civil society and state dynamics in Thailand have been shaped by this prolonged dispute, highlighting the intersection of national identity, politics, and international relations. The study employs qualitative analysis, including historical and political frameworks, to dissect the societal and governmental responses to the conflict. Meanwhile, Preah Vihear: A Guide to the Thai-Cambodian Conflict and Its Solutions (2013) by Charnvit Kasetsiri, Pou Sothirak, and Pavin Chachavalpongpun provides a comprehensive overview of the conflict's origins, key issues, and potential resolutions. This guide combines legal, historical, and diplomatic perspectives to offer actionable insights for stakeholders. Together, these works bridge academic rigor with practical solutions, offering a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in preserving this significant heritage site.

Public-private partnerships as a management option for protected areas

Virunga National Park — 2014 — WHEC8597A0DE3

A growing trend of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in sub-Saharan Africa shows promise for improving the management effectiveness of protected areas, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Virunga National Park. Over 6 million hectares across nine countries have been managed under such agreements since 2003, with motivations ranging from addressing weak government capacity to balancing financial responsibility. PPPs vary in structure—direct delegation to NGOs, establishment of independent non-profit entities, or co-management arrangements—and often involve third-party investments in ecotourism for sustainability. However, critical challenges remain, particularly regarding law enforcement, legal frameworks, and ethical considerations. While PPPs aim to enhance conservation outcomes, systematic studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness in the short term and long-term implications for national management capacity. The approach could also benefit local communities by improving rule of law and reducing insecurity.