Publications
Dois jesuítas no chaco
Two Jesuit missionaries, Florian Paucke and Martin Dobrizhoffer, left distinct yet parallel accounts of their experiences in the Chaco region during the 18th century. Their works—'Hacia allá y para acá' by Paucke and 'Historia de los Abipones' by Dobrizhoffer—offer divergent representations of Amerindian life, daily mission activities, and the natural environment, as well as differing perspectives on their forced exile following the 1767 Pragmatic Sanction. This study analyzes these narratives to uncover contrasting views on cultural encounters, missionary life, and the impact of political upheaval on both missionaries and indigenous communities.
Las Misiones Jesuisticas
A comprehensive visual documentation of the Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis reveals the architectural and cultural heritage preserved over 340 years. The publication 'Las Misiones Jesuisticas' captures the essence of San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto, Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), and the Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) through vivid color photography by Maximilien Bruggmann. This work, part of the broader project 'Los heraldos negros,' combines historical text by Padre José Marx with striking imagery to illuminate the significance of these missions as symbols of Guaraní-Jesuit collaboration and cultural exchange during the colonial era.
Enigmas of the Ancient Jesuit Guaraní Missions
This study sheds light on the enduring cultural and historical significance of the Jesuit Guaraní Missions through an artistic and autobiographical lens. It explores the (re)signification of visualities at the site of São Miguel Arcanjo, capturing the nuances of genuine discovery during photographic expeditions. The research highlights the unique hybrid culture that flourished in the missions during the 16th to 18th centuries, combining European and Indigenous elements, and the subsequent disruption caused by colonial policies. It also delves into the symbolic significance of natural elements, such as the burrowing owl and the Guarani Aquifer, and their connection to the site's history and cultural heritage.
Uses and Meanings of the Jesuit Missions of Paraguay
The Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis in Argentina and Brazil, recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, serve as a focal point for examining the complex interplay between cultural heritage preservation, local communities, and institutional agendas. This study reveals that the restoration and reappraisal of these missions—including their buildings, ruins, and colonial-era artworks—are not neutral processes but are shaped by competing values and objectives from key stakeholders: local populations, the Catholic Church, and national tourism bodies. The research highlights how these actors influence the meanings and uses of the heritage, often reflecting their distinct cultural and political priorities. By synthesizing the restoration efforts since the 1970s, primarily led by the German Catholic Church, the study underscores the underlying tensions and cultural narratives that define the missions' legacy today.
"Enemies of the State": the detention in Spain of missionaries from the northern Frontier of México after the Jesuit Expulsión.
A prosopographic analysis reveals that Jesuit missionaries from the northern frontier of Mexico, detained as 'enemies of the state' after Spain's 1767 expulsion order, were perceived as a security threat due to their knowledge of frontier dynamics. Unlike their counterparts in South America, these missionaries were not deemed a threat upon arrival in Europe and were exiled in Italy. The study contrasts this group with Jesuits stationed among the Guaraní missions, highlighting differences in their treatment and fate post-expulsion.
La Compañía de Jesús y el poder de seguridad
Research reveals that Jesuit missions, particularly the Guarani missions before their expulsion in 1767, functioned as 'disciplinary islands' within a broader sovereign context. These missions acted as institutions that manufactured secure and productive boundaries, linking populations under biopolitical and political control. The study frames the Society of Jesus as an exercise of power that established normative statistics, delineated borders against perceived enemies, and anchored governance in physical territories. By analyzing the missions through the lens of 'power of security,' the research demonstrates how they served as mechanisms for disciplinary control, shaping both social structures and spatial boundaries.
Uncommoning the Guarani World
Colonialism in South America, particularly in Paraguay, was driven by 'uncommoning'—a process of land and resource appropriation that underpinned conquest, nation-building, and development. This study critically examines the origins and impacts of uncommoning pressures from early Spanish invasion to colonial consolidation, focusing on the Jesuit missions network. It reveals how European expansion relied on technological, religious, military, and economic advances, eroding indigenous commons and imposing individual property ownership while disregarding long-standing indigenous land rights. The analysis highlights the genocidal and exploitative consequences of this mentality, which justified colonization as a path to 'superior' morality and religion.
Vínculos Territoriales en las Misiones Jesuíticas-Guaraníes de Paraguay, Argentina y Brasil: un Enfoque de Análisis de Redes.
This study reveals the spatial interactions and territorial dynamics of the Jesuit-Guarani missions, a renowned tourist route spanning Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. By integrating qualitative and quantitative techniques with network analysis software (Gephi) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), researchers mapped the relationships between these historical sites, highlighting how tourism flows shape their interconnectedness. The concept of 'friction of space' was employed to elucidate the complexities of these territorial links, offering new insights into the spatial organization and heritage significance of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A Comparative User Study of Two Virtual Tour Strategies at the Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
A comparative user study found no significant difference in engagement or knowledge retention between guided and self-guided virtual tours at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Ruins of São Miguel das Missões. Despite this, participants overwhelmingly preferred the self-guided approach, suggesting that autonomy in exploration may enhance user experience without compromising learning outcomes. The study highlights the potential of virtual tours to democratize access to cultural heritage, particularly for those unable to visit physically due to financial or logistical constraints.
From the Global to the Local: Staffing the Jesuit Colegios in Puebla (Nueva España)
A majority of Jesuits stationed at Puebla's five colegios in 1767 were American-born, with most originating from Mexico. However, Jesuit leaders exhibited a preference for European-born members on frontier missions, including those among the Guaraní in South America and northern Mexico. This study analyzes staffing profiles during the Society of Jesus' global educational and missionary activities, revealing regional disparities in leadership origins. The research examines the expulsion of Jesuits from Spanish territories under King Carlos III's order, highlighting the complex dynamics of their exile to Italy or imprisonment in Spain.
Geographic information systems, remote sensing, and spatial data infrastructure
Geotechnologies, particularly geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial data infrastructures (SDI), have proven invaluable in environmental history for visualizing the dynamic interplay between society and the environment over time. This study demonstrates their application in analyzing historical cartography and toponymy within the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis, spanning Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. By leveraging these advanced tools, researchers can process diverse environmental data, providing standardized and flexible access to temporal and geographical studies. The approach highlights the potential of SDI in making complex historical landscapes accessible for comprehensive analysis.
La dimensión patrimonial de las reducciones jesuítico-guaraníes en Brasil : del despertar de una valoración al reconocimiento como un patrimonio nacional
The Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis, established in South America during the 17th and 18th centuries, represent a significant cultural and architectural heritage. This study reveals how these missions, once thriving with nearly 150,000 inhabitants, faced decline due to political events like the Treaty of Madrid (1750) and the expulsion of Jesuits in 1768, leading to their gradual abandonment in the 19th century. Seven of these missions, now part of Brazil, were recognized as national heritage in the 20th century through key declarations in 1938, 1970, and 1984. The research systematically analyzes 19th-century traveler accounts to document architectural transformations and societal perceptions during this period. It also examines how these ruins were legally protected as historic and artistic national heritage under the 1937 Decree-ley n. 25, involving notable figures like architect Lucio Costa. This thesis contributes a comprehensive trajectory of the missions' architectural remains from their decline to their recognition as Brazil's cultural patrimony.
Murphy’s Law at Work: Climate Anomalies, Famine, and Mortality Crises on the Jesuit Missions among the Guaraní, 1733–40
A devastating mortality crisis among the Guaraní, with over ninety thousand deaths between 1733 and 1740, was driven by a confluence of climate anomalies, food shortages, and military mobilization. Poor agricultural yields due to weather disruptions led to widespread famine, while royal officials' conscription of mission militiamen exacerbated conditions. The crisis also facilitated the spread of contagion, further devastating the population. Jesuit narrative reports, or 'cartas anuas,' provide unique insights into these events, detailing food shortages and the Jesuits' responses, as well as the inner workings of the missions during this turbulent period.
New World of Gain: Europeans, Guaraní, and the Global Origins of Modern Economy
Brian P. Owensby's 'New World of Gain' reveals that the Guaraní people, through their mission societies in colonial Paraguay (1537–1810), sustained a social philosophy rooted in reciprocity and mutuality, contrasting sharply with the emerging European economy driven by gain. Using innovative analysis of Guaraní-language sources from the database 'Langues Générales d'Amérique du Sud,' Owensby demonstrates how the Guaraní's values of gift-giving and communal solidarity resisted European economic paradigms, even as they engaged with Atlantic markets. The study highlights the erosion of substantive mutuality in both European thought and Paraguayan society, while also exploring individual and communal resistance to transactional exchanges during the Bourbon reforms. Owensby's work challenges conventional narratives by centering Guaraní perspectives, offering a nuanced critique of Enlightenment perceptions of Indigenous societies.
New World of Gain: Europeans, Guaraní, and the Global Origins of Modern Economy by Brian P. Owensby
European economic models were not inevitable; societies could be organized differently for greater well-being. Brian P. Owensby's analysis of the Jesuit missions among the Guaraní (1640s–1767) reveals a system of 'substantive mutuality'—based on indigenous consent and reciprocal exchange—that contrasted sharply with European mercantilism. The study, rooted in philosophical texts from Aristotle to 18th-century Spanish treatises, shows how the Guaraní initially integrated the Spanish as allies but later resisted exploitation, leading to the missions' rise as autonomous economic entities. Owensby traces their decline under Bourbon reforms and Jesuit expulsion (1767), arguing that the missions were misrepresented by European intellectuals as a counterexample to emerging capitalist ideals. This work challenges narratives of colonialism's inevitability while offering insights into alternative economic paradigms.
Riots in the governorate of the Río de la Plata in 1750-1754. Transmigration of the seven missions according to the Jesuit sources
A detailed analysis of the 1750–1754 transfer of seven Jesuit missions from Spain to Portugal reveals that Guarani indigenous peoples maintained and strengthened their cultural identity during colonial rule, demonstrating resilience against both Jesuit authorities and metropolitan forces. This challenges long-standing myths about the Jesuits' influence on the Guarani, as evidenced by primary sources. The study examines archival records and historical accounts to reconstruct events leading to the Guarani War, providing new insights into the complex dynamics of power, resistance, and cultural survival during this pivotal period in Latin American history.
The Effects of Resettlement and the Development of the Urban Plan on Mission Demographic Patterns
A strong relationship exists between the spatial organization of mission communities and demographic patterns, particularly in terms of disease spread and population recovery. The study analyzed historic diagrams of urban plans alongside fertility and mortality data from censuses and registers of baptisms and burials at Jesuit missions among the Guaraní (Argentina/Brazil) and California. While the Guaraní populations experienced periodic epidemics like smallpox, leading to significant but recoverable losses due to their compact living arrangements, the California mission populations suffered chronic ailments such as syphilis and parasites from poor sanitation, with no population recovery observed.
Un sevillano en las Indias Occidentales. Trayectoria episcopal de fray Francisco de san Buenaventura Martínez de Tejada Diez de Velasco: espacios, gestiones y ámbitos de acción, 1729-1760
A study reveals how the mobility of Franciscan bishop Fray Francisco de San Buenaventura Martínez de Tejada Diez de Velasco, from Seville, reflected Spain's Bourbon monarchy's territorialization policies in the Americas. His trajectory across distant yet interconnected spaces—including Jesuit missions like San Ignacio Mini and São Miguel das Missões—sheds light on colonial governance and ecclesiastical administration during 1729–1760. The research leverages archival records from the Archivo General de Indias (Seville) and the Convento de Nuestra Señora de Loreto, providing a nuanced account of his episcopal influence and administrative roles.
Variation on a Theme: Demographic Patterns of Nuestra Señora de los Reyes Yapeyú Mission (Corrientes, Argentina)
A study of the Yapeyú Jesuit mission among the Guaraní challenges long-held assumptions about indigenous demographic recovery post-1492. Contrary to the model suggesting population resilience through immunity, Yapeyú experienced catastrophic mortality—exceeding 50% in some cases—centuries after initial contact, with epidemics recurring every generation due to a susceptible birth cohort. This pattern contrasts sharply with neighboring missions, which avoided such devastation for decades. The research leverages historical records to analyze demographic fluctuations, revealing significant variation in epidemic impact across mission communities.
Ad maiorem Dei gloriam: Numeracy levels in the Guarani Jesuit missions
Exceptional numeracy levels were found among the Guarani people in the Jesuit missions during the 18th century, surpassing those in other regions with different institutional frameworks or religious orders. This conclusion is drawn from an analysis of over 3600 observations using age heaping methodology, which revealed a unique proficiency in numerical skills. The study attributes this achievement to the missions' model of productive self-sufficiency, egalitarian social organization, and cultural adaptation, including the adoption of the Guarani worldview and language. These factors facilitated successful educational performance and sustained intergenerational transmission of human capital, even after the missions were dissolved in 1767.
Cartographies of Guarani translocations: The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
A detailed analysis of Guarani translocations during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries challenges long-standing assumptions about their motivations, distinguishing between migrations toward mythical lands and other forms of movement such as war expeditions, raids, and responses to colonization. The study, based on a thorough review of ethnological works and documentary sources, reveals that while the Guarani shared some migration patterns with broader Tupi-Guarani groups, their specific motives and objectives differed significantly. By examining historical records from the Jesuit missions in Argentina and Brazil, including San Ignacio Mini and Sao Miguel das Missoes, the research provides a nuanced understanding of Guarani mobility during this period.
Colonial Kinship: Guaraní, Spaniards, and Africans in Paraguay by Shawn Michael Austin
A groundbreaking analysis reveals how Guaraní kinship structures shaped colonial Paraguayan society, challenging traditional narratives of Spanish-Guarani relations. Shawn Michael Austin's work demonstrates that ethnic soldiering emerged with early Spanish expeditions into the Chaco region, predating Jesuit-led efforts to combat Indian slavery. By leveraging 350 underutilized judicial records and archival documents—including rare testimonies from the Guaraní—Austin illustrates how the term 'mborayhu' (loving) encapsulated reciprocal benefits between Native peoples and their encomenderos, fostering a sense of community. The study also highlights the significant role of African slaves in colonial society, with Africans comprising 15% of Asunción’s population by 1682, though it notes gaps in church records that could have further illuminated interethnic ties.
Fashioning the Soul in Colonial Río de la Plata: Religious Education in the Guaraní Missions, 1609–1768
A 1705 Guaraní translation of Juan Eusebio Nieremberg’s On the Difference between the Temporal and Eternal reveals advanced Jesuit spiritual formation techniques in the Río de la Plata missions, targeting both elite Indigenous readers and illiterate populations. The text, accompanied by engravings, demonstrates how Jesuits adapted Ignatian spiritual exercises to foster Guaraní-Christian subjectivity while integrating Indigenous concepts of the soul, language, dreams, and song into their educational framework. This rare linguistic and cultural adaptation provides evidence of sophisticated religious pedagogy in colonial missions, bridging Jesuit doctrine with Guaraní cosmological traditions.
Traducción del mundo animal: El caso del Vocabulario de lengua guarani de Blas Pretovio
A bilingual Spanish-Guarani dictionary from the 18th century, compiled by Jesuit Blas Pretovio, reveals significant insights into lexicographic practices and cultural exchanges during the Jesuit missions. The study focuses on animal names in the dictionary, demonstrating how translation mechanisms reflect differences in extralinguistic reality. This analysis not only sheds light on the state of Spanish language at the time but also provides a window into the linguistic and cultural dynamics within the Guarani missions. The research contributes to the understudied field of Hispanic-Amerindian lexicography, offering a deeper understanding of missionary linguistics.
Bourbon-Era Mission Reform
Bourbon-Era Mission Reform reveals that the Spanish colonial strategy of congregating indigenous populations into European-style mission communities led to significant demographic collapse due to resistance and disease. The study examines the implementation of a new mission model in the Sierra Gorda, Baja California, among the Guarani in South America, and with the Chumash in California, focusing on the grid-based urban planning, congregation processes, and their consequences. This approach, aimed at rapid integration into colonial society, proved detrimental to indigenous populations, highlighting the unintended impacts of colonial policies.
Caminhadas indígenas, quilombolas e afro-diaspóricas: mobilizando as políticas culturais e a produção do conhecimento por narrativas plurais da História (1988-2020)
Cultural policies and knowledge production serve as powerful tools for decolonization, enabling marginalized Indigenous and Afro-diasporic communities to reclaim their narratives, demand rights, and challenge historical silencing. This study demonstrates that such strategies can transform heritage discourse, as seen in the recognition of Tava (Guarani) and Quilombola agricultural systems in Brazil. By analyzing institutional interactions and knowledge systems, it reveals how these processes intersect with broader heritage policies, including UNESCO-listed sites like the Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis. The research highlights the potential for plural narratives to reshape cultural production, offering a model for overcoming colonial legacies.
Cultural Worlds of the Jesuits in Colonial Latin America
The Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis, including sites in Argentina and Brazil, represent a complex interplay of European and Indigenous cultures. A key insight from recent research is that these missions were not solely focused on conversion but also involved significant cultural exchange, including language development, technological introduction, artistic innovation, scientific study, and musical education. The study highlights the transculturation process where Indigenous artistic traditions, such as rock painting and tattooing, blended with European decorative styles in mission churches. Additionally, it explores how Jesuit activities, like the drug trade and mule breeding, facilitated transatlantic circulation of goods and ideas, contributing to both local and global economies. The research also underscores the importance of Indigenous-language sources, which reveal a 'Euro-Amerindian legal and political space' where Guaraní voices were articulated. This holistic approach challenges traditional narratives centered on spiritual dialogues, offering a more nuanced understanding of Jesuit-Indigenous encounters in colonial Latin America.
Diego de Torres Bollo SJ y el culto de Nuestra Señora de Loreto en el Paraguay con atención en el poblado guaraní de Santa Rosa
A single surviving Jesuit mission chapel, located in the ancient Guaraní settlement of Santa Rosa (Paraguay), stands as a rare testament to the widespread devotion to Our Lady of Loreto among the Jesuits. This study reveals that Father Diego de Torres Bollo, the first provincial of the Paraguay province, played a pivotal role in popularizing this cult by mandating the construction of replica chapels across indigenous settlements and Jesuit colleges, accompanied by relics and architectural plans. The research critically analyzes the motivations behind these decisions and examines the chapel's surviving artworks, including paintings depicting key moments in Jesus' life, providing insight into the cultural and religious syncretism of the era.
Worlding a Mbya-Guarani heritage: from dissonant heritage to ontological conflicts
Ontological conflicts arise when the Mbya-Guarani's indigenous narrative of the Jesuit missions clashes with modern heritage frameworks, revealing deep-seated discrepancies in worldviews. The study highlights how the recognition of 'Tava, Place of Reference for the Guarani People' as intangible cultural heritage reflects a dissonant but strategic appropriation of modernity’s tools by the Mbya-Guarani to counter discrimination and affirm their identity. However, this process overlooks the Guaranis' alternative ontology, which prioritizes relational care—building beautiful bodies and social bonds through land-based wandering guided by divine precepts. The research advocates for heritage policies that transcend hierarchical ontologies, emphasizing care not just for objects or practices but for the people and worlds they signify.
'Allá está de balde y aquí me serviría'. La circulación capilar de libros en guaraní en el Paraguay, el Río de la Plata y el espacio atlántico (siglo XVIII)
Books in the Guarani language circulated extensively across Paraguay, the Río de la Plata region, and even Europe during the 18th century, despite being produced primarily by Jesuit missions along the Parana and Uruguay rivers. This capillary distribution was driven by the educational networks of the missions and the Jesuits' linguistic proficiency in indigenous languages. The study, based on inventories from Jesuit libraries compiled during their expulsion (1767–1768), reveals that Guarani functioned as a widespread colonial language, facilitating the dissemination of these materials across significant urban and mission centers.
"Ingeniero como vos": An analysis of the Mbyá-Guaraní Practices Associated with Engineering Design
Indigenous engineering practices of the Mbyá-Guaraní communities, rooted in subsistence activities such as agriculture, hunting, and craftsmanship, offer a non-Western perspective that challenges traditional engineering discourse. This study identifies how these communities' cultural knowledge—accumulated over centuries—serves as a foundation for indigenous engineering, which is often overlooked in formal education. By analyzing their practices, the research highlights the potential to integrate emic (insider) perspectives into engineering curricula, fostering inclusive community engagement and addressing power dynamics in collaborative projects.
Art and devotion in the Missions of Paraná and Uruguay: The painting of the Virgin of the Mission of Acaray
A rare surviving painting of the Virgin from the early Jesuit missions in the Province of Paraguay offers new insights into Guarani missionary art, which has largely been lost or misrepresented. The study, based on an analysis of the "Annual" Letters—a primary historical source—reveals that while these letters primarily focused on missionary progress and conversions, they occasionally provide fleeting descriptions of religious imagery. This scarcity of detailed accounts, combined with the anonymous nature of most works (created Ad Maiorem Dei Gloriam), complicates efforts to accurately reconstruct the art history of the missions. The research highlights the challenges in distinguishing authentic Guarani artistic contributions from later influences or errors, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation of fragmentary evidence.
Blacks of the Land: Indian Slavery, Settler Society, and the Portuguese Colonial Enterprise in South America
A groundbreaking analysis reveals that Native slavery was more pervasive and central to Portuguese colonialism in Brazil than previously understood, fundamentally shaping settler society in São Paulo from the 16th to 18th centuries. The study traces how enslavement of Indigenous peoples, driven by Portuguese settlers and bandeirantes (frontiersmen), fueled economic expansion, particularly wheat production, while disrupting precolonial social structures and justifying further conquest. Unlike other regions where Native captive-taking was integrated into existing practices, the Tupi and Guarani peoples in Brazil either killed or assimilated war prisoners, making Portuguese raids a primary source of enslaved labor. The research highlights the role of Jesuit missions, which, while intending to protect and Christianize Natives, inadvertently destabilized Indigenous societies, leading to rebellion and further enslavement. Legal ambiguities and paternalistic discourse allowed slaveholders to maintain control over Native labor, blending economic exploitation with claims of social advancement.
Border integration and sociabilities in the Jesuit-Guaranis Missions in the Silver: A new governance botton Up from international agendas and Binational Committees
International cooperation and binational governance are reshaping cultural and educational landscapes along the Argentina-Brazil border, particularly around the historic Jesuit-Guaraní Missions. This study highlights how agreements like the IPHAN cooperation convention and the 1st Border Integration Committee for San Borja (Brazil)/Santo Tomé (Argentina) foster collaborative networks among universities and institutions. These initiatives promote innovative planning models that address cross-border challenges, demonstrating a bottom-up governance approach driven by international agendas. The research underscores the potential of such frameworks to strengthen heritage preservation, education, and regional integration in strategic areas like the Río de la Plata.
Projecting Possession
Imperial territorial claims over the Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis were more about discursive manipulation than enforceable control, revealing the tension between juridical battles and local interethnic relations. The study demonstrates that Spain and Portugal used mapmaking as a strategic tool to circumvent Native actors in border demarcations, leading to prescriptive rather than practical territorial control. This approach highlights how imperial administrators employed 'discursive gymnastics' to claim vassalage while evading responsibility, ultimately resulting in unenforceable borders that did not reflect the region's actual power dynamics.
Regional Conflict and Demographic Patterns on the Jesuit Missions among the Guaraní in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Rio de la Plata region during the 17th and 18th centuries had significant demographic impacts on the Jesuit missions among the Guaraní, including the spread of contagious diseases due to military mobilization. The study reveals that these missions served as both a source of manpower for campaigns and supplies, while also experiencing population decline and health challenges as a result of regional conflicts. By analyzing historical records, the research documents the militarization of the missions and its consequences on mission populations, providing insights into the complex interplay between colonial conflict and demographic patterns in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Revisiting Cultivated Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Daily Life in the Guaraní Missions
A critical reassessment of Jesuit mission records and economic data reveals that the Guaraní missions, despite efforts to Europeanize their inhabitants through agriculture and animal husbandry, failed to fully implement the rigid work schedules associated with these practices. This challenges the traditional narrative that the Jesuits successfully transitioned the Guaranís from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled, domesticated economies.
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