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Tourism and the politics of the global land grab in Tanzania: markets, appropriation and recognition

Ngorongoro Conservation Area — 2012 — WHE2500B87782

In Loliondo, Tanzania, the Maasai community's perception of land rights and resource access has shifted towards favoring market-based relationships with ecotourism investors over state claims, despite the significant role foreign investors play in appropriating resources. This study reveals that while the Maasai face increasing pressure to commoditize their landscape, they retain faith in market dynamics as a means to legitimize land rights and secure resources. The research analyzes two tourism arrangements: ecotourism joint ventures between expatriate-owned companies and Maasai villages, and a hunting concession leased by the Tanzanian government to a UAE investor. Through qualitative analysis, it demonstrates how different articulations of market–state–community relationships become both materially and symbolically meaningful in this UNESCO World Heritage-adjacent region, highlighting the complexities of neoliberalism, landscape politics, and land rights in northern Tanzania.

Tourism Impacts and Support for Tourism Development in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam: An Examination of Residents’ Perceptions

Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago — 2012 — WHE8C5800F749

Local residents of Ha Long Bay, Vietnam’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site (recognized in 1994), overwhelmingly support tourism development, viewing it positively for its economic and socio-cultural benefits. While they generally favor tourism, they exhibit slight ambivalence toward its environmental impacts. The study, based on a questionnaire survey of 417 respondents, reveals that the majority are young, ethnically Kinh, married, and long-term residents (over 20 years). This research contributes to sustainable tourism development by highlighting local perceptions and attitudes in a developing country context, offering policy recommendations for balancing tourism growth with environmental preservation.

Tourism, livelihoods and biodiversity conservation : an assessment of tourism related policy interventions at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (BINP), Uganda

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park — 2012 — WHE0A7FC1AE7F

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, demonstrates that community-based tourism enterprises (CBTEs) can effectively balance biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods when governance structures are strong. The Buhoma-Mukono CBTE model stands out due to its high governance capacity, strategic congruence with international policies, and widespread community support, unlike the Tourism Revenue Sharing Program or the Clouds Mountain Lodge Private-Community Partnership. This study used a four-dimensional policy arrangement approach—analyzing actors, rules, resources, and discourses—to evaluate these interventions. Findings reveal that strong governance, mutual trust, and alignment with broader development programs are critical for success. While tourism has significantly reduced conservation threats (e.g., illegal activities, improved park-community relations) and enhanced livelihoods, challenges persist in power imbalances and technical implementation barriers. The research underscores the need for integrated policies to maximize tourism’s developmental potential in developing nations.

Tourism, Persistence, and Change: Sherpa Spirituality and Place in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

Sagarmatha National Park — 2012 — WHED0F49AFE6A

Tourism in Sagarmatha National Park, home to Mount Everest, has significantly influenced the spiritual values of the Khumbu Sherpa people. The study found that while principles of kindness and compassion towards animals remained stable, market integration through tourism led to a decline in ecological knowledge among more integrated individuals and younger generations. Additionally, knowledge of mountain protector deities was reinforced but also remade by tourism. The research used stratified random sampling of 100 individuals and 12 monks, employing both quantitative and qualitative ethnographic methods to assess place-based spiritual values across demographics. These findings highlight the complex interplay between tourism, spirituality, and ecological understanding in indigenous communities.

Tourist attractiveness of Felix Romuliana archaeological site

Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius — 2012 — WHE2AB03FEEE5

Felix Romuliana, a late Roman palace complex inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007, holds significant potential for cultural tourism development. A study applying the Hilari du Cros model revealed that strategic promotion of its historical and artistic value could enhance tourist attractiveness, both domestically and internationally. The research highlights the site's unique geological location, rich history, and ongoing archaeological advancements, while also identifying key weaknesses and opportunities in its current valorization efforts. By focusing on cultural tourism, this approach suggests a sustainable path for the Gamzigrad-Romuliana complex to become a leading destination, leveraging its heritage significance to drive regional tourism growth.

Tourist literature and the ideological grammar of landscape in the Austrian Danube Valley, ca. 1870–1945

Wachau Cultural Landscape — 2012 — WHEBF9AB41795

Tourist literature from the Austrian Danube Valley, particularly focusing on the Wachau region, reveals how narratives and myths have shaped the landscape's ideological grammar between 1870 and 1945. The study demonstrates that guidebooks and other tourist materials embedded the river landscape with powerful symbolic meanings, reflecting contested claims to region, nation, and homeland during the decline of the Habsburg Monarchy and up to World War II. These narratives often invoked lures of Germanic nationalism, Austrianness, or a borderless Europe, illustrating how the Danube's metaphorical flow through space and time facilitated the scripting of history and spatial ordering of landscape for both tourists and local publics.

Tourist valorization of roman imperial city Felix Romuliana

Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius — 2012 — WHE26142AEDF6

Felix Romuliana, the palace of Roman Emperor Galerius and a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2007, stands as one of the best-preserved examples of Roman palatial architecture. This study highlights its potential for cultural tourism, emphasizing its historical significance and unique attractiveness. By analyzing the site's characteristics, the research identifies strategies to promote it as a key destination in Serbia's tourist offerings. The approach involves extracting the most compelling aspects of Felix Romuliana—such as its archaeological richness, architectural grandeur, and imperial history—to enhance its appeal for both academic and general audiences. This valorization aims to bolster Serbia's position in European cultural tourism while leveraging its diverse natural and historical resources.

Tourists' Intention of Returning to a Visited Destination: Cruise Ship Passengers in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia

Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena — 2012 — WHE0C34D6FE93

About half of cruise ship passengers visiting Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, express a strong intention to return as stayover tourists. This likelihood is significantly influenced by their geographic residence, satisfaction with the experience, time spent ashore, and whether they typically travel on cruises. The study, based on surveys conducted in 2009, reveals that potential repeat visitors are predominantly male, highly educated, young, often on their first cruise, and tend to engage in self-organized visits. They also report high satisfaction with services and security during their port stay.

Towards an Architectural History of Performance: Auxiliarity, Performance and Provision in Historical Persian Architectures

The Persian Qanat — 2012 — WHE23B274C4EC

Historical Persian architecture demonstrated remarkable adaptability and innovation in water management, soil fertilization, and passive environmental modulation, effectively addressing the challenges posed by arid or semi-arid climates with distinct seasonal variations. Structures such as qanats (water canals), water cisterns, ice houses, pigeon houses, Khaju Bridge in Isfahan, and Boroujerdi's House in Kashan were analyzed for their performance and auxiliary functions, revealing sophisticated strategies that supported a centralized empire while remaining finely attuned to local contexts. The study highlights the advanced engineering and architectural solutions employed before the 19th century, offering insights into the resilience and ingenuity of Persian architectural practices.

Traces of the throne of grand zupan Stefan Nemanjic and the fresco decoration of the main church of the monastery of Studenica

Studenica Monastery — 2012 — WHE2275FA3B0D

Research on the Studenica Monastery reveals traces of the throne of Grand Zupan Stefan Nemanjic, preserved in the floor and pilaster of its main church. The study identifies these bearings as part of a loggia-like structure, supported by their position and historical accounts describing the ruler's stance during liturgy. Analysis suggests this installation predated the fresco decoration but was added afterward, influencing the neighboring fresco-ornament concept. Written sources from the 13th and 14th centuries indicate that the fresco painter's vision emphasized the role of asceticism in medieval depictions of ideal monarchs.

Trade in Andean Condor Vulture gryphus feathers and body parts in the city of Cusco and the Sacred Valley, Cusco region, Peru

City of Cuzco — 2012 — WHE0A193D2A8E

An open and illegal trade of Andean Condor (Vulture gryphus) feathers and body parts thrives in the tourist markets of Cusco and the Sacred Valley, Peru. Researchers documented 26 establishments selling condor feathers, priced from 5 to 160 soles, with handicrafts featuring up to six feathers sold for as much as 650 soles. A whole condor was even offered for 2,500 soles. The trade, driven by demand for alternative healing, shamanic ceremonies, and souvenirs, is fueled by hunters in the Cordillera Vilcabamba and Vilcanota, with Calca serving as a hub for handicraft production. Despite existing legislation, enforcement is absent, exacerbating threats to an already endangered species. Urgent action from Peruvian authorities is needed to halt this activity under international conventions.

Tradycyjna ceramika uzbecka i tadżycka ze zbiorów Muzeum Azji i Pacyfiku w Warszawie

Kunya-Urgench — 2012 — WHEEAE7B4F123

A significant collection of traditional Uzbek and Tajik ceramics, housed at the Asia and Pacific Museum in Warsaw, offers a rare insight into the craftsmanship and artistic traditions of Central Asia. The collection, amassed between 1985 and 1990 by Grigoriy Derwiz and Andrzej Strumiłło, comprises nearly 250 objects, primarily decorative polychrome and enamel utensils such as badia bowls, lagan plates, kosa bowls, and kosacha goblets. Notably, it includes earthenware toys like ocarinas khushtak in the form of fantastic animals, crafted by renowned masters Hamro Rahimova and Gafur Khalilov. The ceramics are divided into two main groups based on glaze color and style: blue and white ceramics from Khorezm and Ferghana Valley, characterized by their vibrant colors and symmetrical ornaments, and brown, green, and yellowish ceramics with engraved graphite decoration from Samarkand, Bukhara, and Tashkent. This collection highlights the rich diversity of ceramic traditions in Central Asia, showcasing the works of notable artisans such as R. Matchanov, S. Atajanov, Y. Sapayev, and others.

Transboundary Conservation across Scales: A World–Regional Inventory and a Local Case Study from the United States–Mexico Border

Waterton Glacier International Peace Park — 2012 — WHEE3849A583B

Transboundary conservation, which involves protecting ecosystems that span international borders, has expanded significantly over the past half-century. A global inventory reveals 227 transboundary protected areas (TBPAs) covering over 4.6 million square kilometers, with notable examples including the Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (30,975 km²), straddling the U.S.-Canada border since 1932. However, the term 'transboundary' encompasses a range of configurations, from contiguous reserves to clusters of separate areas, often lacking clear definitions. The study examines regional disparities in TBPAs and explores challenges in cross-border coordination, using the U.S.-Mexico border as a local case study. It highlights the need for improved clarity in terminology and strategic planning to enhance effective conservation across borders.

Transferring maps and data from pre-digital era theses to Google Earth: A case study from the Vredefort Dome, South Africa

Vredefort Dome — 2012 — WHEF2B21C9075

Geoscientific legacy data from pre-digital-era theses, often containing maps, cross sections, and field notes, can be effectively digitized and integrated into modern visualization tools like Google Earth. This study demonstrates how a 1970s thesis on the Vredefort Rim Synclinorium in South Africa was converted to digital format using KML for mapping and COLLADA models for stereographic projections and virtual specimens. The process not only preserved historical research but also corrected geo-location errors from pre-GPS methods, enhancing accuracy and accessibility. This approach offers a template for digitizing and leveraging archival geoscience data in contemporary research and education.

Translational Art: The Bauhaus

Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau — 2012 — WHE6933D6C4DB

The Bauhaus, a German design school active in the first half of the 20th century, exemplifies the transformative potential of art in reshaping societal norms and fostering cohesion. Emerging post-World War I, it challenged traditional hierarchies between 'high art' and applied art, aligning with broader cultural movements like Dadaism and Constructivism that sought to integrate art into everyday life. The Bauhaus's innovative approach, rooted in realism and functional design, reflected the New Objectivity movement and the liberal cultural policies of the Weimar Republic (1919). Its legacy underscores how artistic institutions can serve as models for creativity beyond the art world, bridging social renewal and aesthetic evolution.

Transport of airborne Picea schrenkiana pollen on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains (Xinjiang, China) and its implication for paleoenvironmental reconstruction

Xinjiang Tianshan — 2012 — WHE66ED902EF6

A five-year study on the northern slope of China's Tianshan Mountains reveals that Picea schrenkiana (spruce) pollen disperses extensively and transports widely, even in extreme arid regions. The research found that pollen dispersal peaks between mid-May and July, with sudden increases in desert areas likely due to wind re-suspending deposited grains. This phenomenon complicates paleoenvironmental reconstructions by introducing pollen concentration spikes unrelated to natural deposition processes. Additionally, the study links earlier pollen seasons and longer durations to climate change, noting a positive correlation between May-June temperatures and pollen production. The findings underscore the importance of accounting for wind-induced pollen resuspension in interpreting fossil records from arid regions.

Trauma Site Museums and Politics of Memory

Cambodian Memorial Sites: From centres of repression to places of peace and reflection — 2012 — WHE6DC8899A5D

Trauma site museums serve as unique observatories for understanding post-conflict societies' politics of memory. These sites, material testimonies of past violence, offer indexical links to traumatic events, producing distinct meaning effects that challenge traditional representation. A comparative analysis of three trauma sites—Tuol Sleng Museum in Cambodia, Villa Grimaldi in Chile, and the Ustica Memorial Museum in Italy—reveals divergent approaches to memorialization: from 'frozen past' immersion at Tuol Sleng to attenuation in Villa Grimaldi and artistic reinterpretation at Ustica. These variations illuminate how societies preserve, transform, or creatively reinterpret traumatic histories, providing critical insights into the interplay between memory and history in post-conflict contexts.

Traumatic Natures of the Swamp: Concepts of Nature in the Romanian Danube Delta

Danube Delta — 2012 — WHEBF3FF5D40A

A history of conflicts over land and resource use shapes local concepts of nature, posing significant challenges to participatory governance. The study reveals that these concepts emerge from institutional contexts and historical struggles, with legacies of disempowerment influencing how inhabitants perceive their environment. By developing a theory of 'traumatic nature,' the research highlights the complex interplay between governance processes and local narratives in the Romanian Danube Delta.

Tree-ring investigations into changing climatic responses of yellow-cedar, Glacier Bay, Alaska

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2012 — WHEE187CBD8CE

Yellow-cedar trees in Glacier Bay, Alaska, have shown a significant shift in their growth response to climate change. Originally thriving under warmer January-July temperatures at the end of the Little Ice Age (1832–1876), these trees now exhibit a strong negative correlation with warming since 1950, suggesting increased susceptibility to decline. The study, which analyzed tree-ring data from Excursion Ridge and Pleasant Island alongside regional climate records, also found a positive relationship between yellow-cedar growth and March-April precipitation, reinforcing the hypothesis that reduced snowpack due to warming is a key factor in their decline. This research highlights the vulnerability of this species to changing climatic conditions.

Trends and process of Kithul tapping as an aspect of forest utilization (A case study on the village Warukandeniya situated within Sinharaja)

Sinharaja Forest Reserve — 2012 — WHEC7862AE67F

Kithul tapping, a traditional practice within Sinharaja Forest Reserve, persists as both an economic and cultural activity despite the decline of its primary income role due to the 1970s tea plantation boom. The study reveals that while modern technology has been integrated into kithul grove management, the process has deviated from traditional methods, leading to variations in associated cultural and social aspects. Ownership of kithul groves is often inherited, passed down through generations, highlighting its deep-rooted significance. The research employed participatory observation, interviews, questionnaires, and case studies to analyze these trends and their impact on the forest reserve.