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Enlightening the World: The Creation of the Statue of Liberty

Statue of Liberty — 2011 — WHE523394CAF5

A dual-track analysis reveals the Statue of Liberty's creation as both a product of cosmopolitan elites and a symbol of American political modernity. The study reconciles social history with intellectual history, highlighting key figures—including Emma Lazarus—and the statue's ideological significance: constitutional government, participatory politics, individual liberty, and enlightenment. This approach merges personal narratives with national symbolism, tracing the 21-year journey from conception to unveiling in October 1886 on Liberty Island.

Enslavement and Everyday Life: Living with Slave Raiding in the North-Eastern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon

Diy-Gid-Biy Cultural Landscape of the Mandara Mountains — 2011 — WHE23CD562E07

For over five centuries, the northern Mandara Mountains of Cameroon have been a focal point for slave raiding, with captives either enslaved locally or exported to broader regions. A study integrating ethnohistorical and archaeological data reveals that this practice was deeply embedded in daily life, shaping social structures and landscapes. Enslavement persisted as a relevant economic and political process until at least the mid-1980s, particularly among Wandala and Fulbe communities. The research highlights how these practices were intertwined with notions of sociality, proximity, and violence, leaving a lasting impact on the region's domesticated landscape.

Environmental changes and ecosystem effects: two historical examples

Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun — 2011 — WHEEF190F6373

Historical mining operations, particularly those involving copper extraction, have significantly impacted local ecosystems through sulfur dioxide emissions and heavy metal accumulation. These processes led to soil acidification and vegetation damage, with long-lasting effects on terrestrial and aquatic environments. The study highlights the close link between ecosystem ecology and environmental problems, drawing from two historical examples: the large-scale effects of fossil fuel combustion and the small-scale impacts of mining, such as those observed in Falun, Sweden, where Linnaeus documented toxic effects on vegetation and nearby lakes. This research underscores the importance of understanding ecological processes to address environmental challenges.

Environmental constraints defining the distribution, composition, and evolution of chlorophototrophs in thermal features of Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2011 — WHE635F56FEB1

A combination of temperature, pH, and sulfide levels significantly influences the distribution, diversity, and evolution of chlorophototrophs—microorganisms that use chlorophyll to convert light into chemical energy—in Yellowstone National Park's thermal features. Research revealed that genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis are constrained to temperatures below ~70°C and thrive best under circumneutral to alkaline pH conditions. Acidic pH, often linked to sulfide oxidation, reduces bicarbonate availability, limiting chlorophototroph survival. Spring pH was the strongest predictor of phylogenetic diversity among these organisms, with chlorophyll a and bacteriochlorophyll a predominating, suggesting a dominance of Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexiales. The study analyzed geothermal gradients across Yellowstone, correlating environmental factors with genetic and pigment data to uncover these constraints.

Environmental Factors Controlling the Distribution of Symbiodinium Harboured by the Coral Acropora millepora on the Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef — 2011 — WHE08D730AAC0

A study on the Great Barrier Reef reveals that while seawater temperature is a key factor shaping Symbiodinium communities in corals at regional and temporal scales, local-scale water quality plays a significant role. Researchers analyzed 47 coral reefs across 1,400 km, finding that turbid inshore locations with higher background levels of Symbiodinium types were less influenced by sea surface temperature (SST) predictors. At broader scales, combinations of sediment composition and SST metrics explained over half the variation in dominant Symbiodinium communities. This suggests that while global stressors like climate change may drive changes in coral symbionts, local management of water quality is also crucial for maintaining these associations.

Environmental weathering of natural and artificial stones used in historical architecture: influence of microstructure and new restoration methods

Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena — 2011 — WHEE71BE2E557

A significant correlation was found between the vulnerability of natural and artificial stones to environmental weathering and their microstructure, specifically the product of carbonate content and specific surface area. This 'vulnerable specific surface area' offers a potential quantification for assessing stone resistance to environmental attack. The study exposed stone samples with varying microstructural features to slightly acidic aqueous solutions, simulating clean and acid rain, to test this hypothesis. Additionally, a novel consolidant using hydroxya-patite was developed, which significantly enhances the mechanical properties of weathered carbonate stones without blocking water exchange. This non-hazardous aqueous solution can penetrate deeply into the stone (> 2 cm) and provide strengthening within just two days.

Epiphytic bryophyte diversity on Madeira Island: Effects of tree species on bryophyte species richness and composition

Laurisilva of Madeira — 2011 — WHE85BCE398A7

Madeira's laurel forest (Laurisilva) is a biodiversity hotspot, particularly for epiphytic bryophytes. A study revealed that tree species significantly influence bryophyte diversity, with typical laurel forest trees like Clethra arborea, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens, and Persea indica hosting richer and more diverse bryophyte communities compared to non-native or less specialized species such as Erica spp. and Myrica faya. The research, conducted across 40 sites with 137 trees from seven species, identified 110 bryophyte taxa, including notable endemics absent on Erica and nearly absent on M. faya. Species density and composition varied distinctly along a gradient, underscoring the laurel forest's role as a refuge for specialized bryophytes shaped by host tree identity.

Epistemma neuerburgii (Apocynaceae, Periplocoideae): A new epiphytic species from Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, Africa

Nyungwe National Park — 2011 — WHE94F019B6AB

Researchers have identified and described Epistemma neuerburgii, a new epiphytic species belonging to the Apocynaceae family, discovered in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. This is the first record of an Epistemma species east of the Albertine Rift, with its closest relatives found over 2000 km away in western Africa. The species is distinguished by its large lanceolate leaves and striking reddish-purple flowers with white corolline corona lobes, which are densely hairy. The discovery was made during a field investigation focusing on epiphytes in montane rainforests, highlighting the biodiversity of Nyungwe National Park and its ecological significance.

Estimating demographics of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti) in the panhandle region of the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Okavango Delta — 2011 — WHE724D81F0D2

A total of 2570 Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) were estimated to inhabit the panhandle region of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, with 649.2 adults including 364 females. The study used mark-recapture and spotlight surveys over four years, revealing size-dependent increases in survival and wariness among juveniles. Young juveniles comprised 59.3% of captures and 75% of recaptures, indicating high vulnerability to commercial harvest. Researchers recommend halting the harvest of breeding animals until population recovery is established.

Estimating Monthly Tourist Population for Analysis of Green Tourism Potential in Village Level - A Case Study of Hahoe Village -

Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong — 2011 — WHE16FEBD9CA4

Researchers identified the optimal model for estimating monthly tourist populations in rural villages, using Hahoe Village (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) as a case study. The study found that a 6-year time series of data yields the most accurate predictions when applying the SARIMA(2,1,1)(1,1,2)12 model, which accounts for seasonal trends. By comparing predictions from different 6-year datasets (2000-2005, 2001-2006, and 2002-2007), the model demonstrated high accuracy with significant R² values. This approach provides a robust framework for assessing green tourism potential in village-level settings.

Estimating the Magnitude of Historical Earthquakes from Macroseismic Intensity Data: New Relationships for the Volcanic Region of Mount Etna (Italy)

Mount Etna — 2011 — WHE12CB9C63E6

Scientists have developed new relationships to estimate the magnitude of historical earthquakes using macroseismic intensity data, specifically for the volcanic region of Mount Etna, Italy. This breakthrough enhances our understanding of past seismic activity in one of Europe's most active volcanic areas. The study leverages a rich dataset of historical records dating back to the late 1600s, comparable in scope to that of Vesuvius. Researchers analyzed macroseismic data from 1832 to 1998, refining existing methodologies to improve accuracy and reliability. These findings provide valuable insights for seismic hazard assessment and risk management in volcanic regions.

Estimating the population structure of Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park using the mark- recapture method based on video and camera trap identification

Ujung Kulon National Park — 2011 — WHEFD0A7CB3E7

A population estimate of 32 Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus), ranging from 29 to 47 individuals, was derived for Ujung Kulon National Park using the mark-recapture method based on video and camera trap identifications. The study, conducted between April 2008 and September 2009, applied the CAPTURE software to select the best-fit estimator (M(th)), yielding a 95% confidence interval. Visual identification further revealed a male-biased sex ratio of approximately 3:2 (males to females) and indicated a slow annual population growth rate of about 1%. The findings highlight the park's role as a critical stronghold for this critically endangered species, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to address demographic imbalances and support sustainable growth.

Estimation du nombre total des oiseaux aquatiques hivernant en Tunisie : période 2001/2002 à 2006/2007

Ichkeul National Park — 2011 — WHE3E43ADEC4A

Tunisian wetlands, including Ichkeul National Park, host approximately 427,300 wintering waterbirds annually, playing a critical role in their conservation due to their large habitats and strategic geographical position. The study identified 106 species, with the most abundant—such as Calidris alpina (sanderling) and Phoenicopterus ruber (flamingo)—accounting for 90% of the total population. Three sites (Kneiss islands, Ichkeul National Park, and sebkhat Sejoumi) were deemed internationally important under Ramsar criteria, collectively hosting 45% of Tunisia's waterbird population. The research also highlighted 15 indicator species sensitive to habitat changes, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate human exploitation and natural factors threatening these ecosystems.

Estrategia para la defensa y ubicación de las fortificaciones de la plaza fuerte de cartagena de indias en el siglo xviii a partir de condiciones océano-atmósfera y variaciones morfológicas en la línea de costa

Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena — 2011 — WHEC0D891D58B

A multitemporal analysis reveals that the strategic placement of Cartagena de Indias' 18th-century fortifications, including the Bocagrande submarine wall built in 1773, was significantly influenced by ocean-atmosphere conditions and coastal morphologic changes. The study leveraged modern space data coupling techniques to assess how these factors shaped military defense infrastructure during British threats. By examining cartography from the 1960s to present, researchers demonstrated that the Spanish Crown's decisions on fortification locations were closely tied to geomorphological shifts along Cartagena’s coastline, underscoring the interplay between historical military strategy and natural coastal evolution.

Estudo da Amenidade Térmica Proporcionada Pela Reserva Ecológica de Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE (Study of Thermal Amenity Provided by the Ecological Reserve of Dois Irmãos, Recife - PE)

Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves — 2011 — WHE6E80C9C29E

Urbanization significantly impacts thermal comfort, with green spaces offering substantial climate regulation. A study of the Ecological Reserve of Dois Irmãos in Recife, Brazil, found a 5°C difference in temperature between urbanized areas and the forest reserve, alongside a 20% increase in humidity within the green space. The research compared microclimatic conditions—temperature, humidity, and wind speed—across urban, edge, and interior zones of the reserve using strategically positioned measurement points. Results underscored the critical role of urban forests in mitigating heat stress, improving air quality, and enhancing thermal comfort for city dwellers. Preservation of such green areas is highlighted as essential for both climate adaptation and public well-being.

Ethiopian Art

Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela — 2011 — WHE0C5EE6B266

Ethiopian art, particularly the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela, showcases a unique blend of architectural and artistic influences. These churches, carved from solid rock during the Zagwe dynasty (1137–1270), exhibit distinct features such as cruciform designs, arcades on pillars, and intricate sculptures like those in Golgotha church, depicting saints and evangelical symbols. The study highlights a transition in architectural styles and artistic influences over time, from Axumite structures to more complex forms with Syrian and Egyptian iconography. Additionally, it notes the emergence of Western influences by the 15th century and the prevalence of illustrated magic scrolls (asmat or talsam) adorned with protective prayers and geometric designs. The research underscores Lalibela's significance as a testament to Ethiopia's rich cultural and religious heritage.

Europa, França e Bahia: difusão e adaptação de modelos urbanos (Paris, Rio e Salvador)

Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia — 2011 — WHED5FDC60BF1

This study reveals how urban modernization in Salvador, Bahia, was significantly influenced by European models, particularly those from Paris and Rio de Janeiro. It highlights the adoption of Haussmann's urban reforms in 19th-century Paris and Pereira Passos' early 20th-century transformations in Rio de Janeiro as key inspirations for Salvador's urban development during Governor José Joaquim Seabra's tenure (1912–1916). The research approach involves a comparative analysis of these three cities, focusing on the diffusion and adaptation of European urban planning practices to the Brazilian context. This work contributes to understanding the complexities of urban modernization in Latin America and its enduring legacy.

Evaluating terrestrial-aquatic linkages in the Canadian Rocky Mountains: Eiffel Lake and Sentinel Lake, Banff National Park

Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks — 2011 — WHE06A8350F6C

A study on Eiffel Lake and Sentinel Lake in Banff National Park found no strong direct link between phosphorus-rich pollen input from advancing timberlines and lake productivity, though a delayed response was observed in Eiffel Lake. Researchers analyzed frozen and freeze-dried sediment samples to assess pollen preservation, discovering that storage methods did not significantly affect pollen grain integrity. While pollen ratios suggested recent timberline advance for Eiffel Lake, they were unreliable indicators for Sentinel Lake. The research highlights the need for further investigation into how pollen accumulation rates may influence lake productivity as climate-driven vegetation changes progress.

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Live Interactive Virtual Explorations Involving a Hard-to-Reach Native American Earth Lodge and a Pacific Island Volcanoes Site

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2011 — WHE83D53362CB

Live Interactive Virtual Explorations (LIVE) effectively bridge geographical and accessibility barriers, enabling inner-city youth to engage with remote UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study demonstrates that LIVE activities significantly enhance educational experiences by linking participants with experts at Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Utilizing high-performance wireless networks, the research highlights how real-time interactions—facilitated by computers with headsets and microphones—capture audience interest, deepen learning, and foster connections to cultural and natural heritage. The findings underscore the potential of LIVE as a transformative tool for education and public engagement in protected areas.

Evaluating Tourist Attractions: The Case of Luang Prabang, Laos

Town of Luang Prabang — 2011 — WHE224F19EFB2

A novel approach combining the categorization of attractions model (COA), tourism area life cycle model, and resort development model was found to effectively audit tourism destinations and support planning efforts. Applied to Luang Prabang Province in Laos, this method revealed that while the region is primarily in the development stage of tourism, it also exhibits characteristics of an international destination. The study identified potential misalignment between planned developments and national tourism strategy, as well as the emergence of 'associated attractions,' which arise from natural and cultural attractions but are unlikely to exist independently. This research provides critical insights into tourism development challenges in emerging markets, particularly for UNESCO World Heritage Sites with complex cultural and natural attributes.