Publications
Identification of Endoparasites in Javan Banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP)
A study on Javan banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) identified five endoparasite types with significant infection levels, including Ascarid (1,050 EPG), Strongyloides (1,600 EPG), Paramphistomum (50 EPG), and Eimeria (550 OPG). These findings highlight the prevalence of parasitic infections in this critically endangered species, with Strongyloides showing the highest infection intensity. The research used microscopic methods—flotation, sedimentation, native, and McMaster techniques—to analyze fecal samples at IPB University's Protozoology Laboratory. Such high infection levels may pose a threat to banteng health, warranting further investigation into their ecological and conservation implications.
The Effectiveness of Legal Protection for Sustainable Tourism in Ujung Kulon National Park
Legal protection in Ujung Kulon National Park effectively supports sustainable tourism by integrating conservation legislation, coordinated enforcement, and zoned management, though ecological restoration and equitable benefit distribution remain underdeveloped. This study advances conservation governance by applying Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness alongside the effectiveness and justice framework, revealing that legal success extends beyond enforcement to include socioeconomic equity and ecosystem recovery. Unlike prior research focusing solely on compliance or management, this work highlights the need for holistic evaluation in protected areas. It provides actionable insights for policymakers aiming to balance biodiversity conservation with tourism sustainability.
New Distribution Record of Tetrigona apicalis (Smith, 1857) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia
Researchers have documented the first occurrence of the stingless bee species Tetrigona apicalis (Apidae: Meliponini) within Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), a UNESCO-listed Natural World Heritage Site in western Java, Indonesia. This discovery expands the known distribution of the species on Java Island, contributing critical data for conservation efforts. The colony was found at 883 meters above sea level in Mount Honje's forest, with nests located in tree cavities of Tiliaceae, exhibiting irregular entrances measuring 3.2 cm (longitudinal) and 5.7 cm (vertical) in diameter. Locally known as 'teuwel meunyan,' the bees are associated with traditional incense rituals due to their aromatic scent. The study provides morphological and morphometric details of the species, offering insights for sustainable utilization and future research.
Species richness and nest entrance characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia
A study conducted in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesiareveals the species richness and nest entrance characteristics of stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). Researchers identified 163 colonies belonging to four species: Tetragonula laeviceps, Tetragonula fuscobalteata, Heterotrigona itama, and Lepidotrigona terminata. L. terminata was the most dominant (44%), while T. laeviceps followed closely at 41%. Nesting sites varied significantly, with T. laeviceps showing adaptability by using residential cavities, bamboo, tree holes, and abandoned ant nests, whereas T. fuscobalteata preferred rock holes and tree cavities. The study highlights the unique nest entrance characteristics of these species, contributing new distribution records for stingless bees in this protected area.
The Presence and Infection Rate of Strongyloides sp. in Banteng (Bos javanicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP)
Researchers have identified a moderate infection rate of Strongyloides sp. in banteng (Bos javanicus) within Ujung Kulon National Park, with egg counts reaching 1600 per gram of feces. This finding suggests an active parasite life cycle that could lead to mild to moderate physiological disturbances in the host. The study employed native, sedimentation, and flotation methods to analyze fecal samples, revealing oval-shaped eggs measuring approximately 54×41 µm. Environmental conditions, particularly high humidity, were noted as potential contributors to reinfection risks in wildlife habitats. The results underscore the need for continuous monitoring, environmental management, and parasite control measures in conservation areas like Ujung Kulon National Park.
A Collaborative Governance Perspective in Ecotourism Development in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten-Indonesia
Ecotourism development in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, demonstrates successful collaborative governance despite persistent challenges. The study highlights that consensus-building and active stakeholder participation—key elements of collaborative governance—have been effectively implemented, fostering cooperation among government agencies, local communities, NGOs, and private sector providers. However, obstacles such as knowledge inequality among community members, natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), and the COVID-19 pandemic have hindered progress. The Ujung Kulon National Park office plays a central role in facilitating these efforts, emphasizing the importance of interdependence and shared interests in sustainable ecotourism. This research employs qualitative methods, including case studies, in-depth interviews, literature reviews, and media tracking, to analyze collaborative governance dynamics across its dimensions: starting conditions, institutional design, leadership, and processes.
Diversity of Gastropods in The Mangrove Forest Area of Ujung Kulon National Park
A study on gastropod diversity in Ujung Kulon National Park's mangrove forests revealed 20 species from seven families, with medium diversity levels. Station 1 exhibited the highest diversity index (2.03), while Station 3 had the lowest (1.56). The average gastropod abundance was 273 individuals per square meter. Sampling employed line transect and purposive methods under low tide conditions across three stations, each with five 1x1 m² plots spaced 10 meters apart. Conducted in May-June 2021, the research analyzed diversity, dominance, evenness, and abundance indices to assess gastropod distribution and richness in this coastal ecosystem.
Potential Carbon Accumulation Rate in the Sediment Mangroves at Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia
A study on Ujung Kulon National Park's mangroves reveals that carbon accumulation rates (CAR) vary significantly across different sediment zones, with interior areas showing the highest CAR (31.94 ± 3.6 g C m−2 yr−1) despite having the lowest carbon stock. Conversely, mudflats exhibit the highest carbon stock (169.6 Mg C ha−1) but the lowest CAR (17.03 ± 5.21 g C m−2 yr−1). These findings suggest that sedimentation rates play a crucial role in shaping CAR variations, highlighting the complex dynamics of blue carbon storage in mangrove ecosystems. The research analyzed carbon stock and sediment accumulation rate across three zones—interior, fringe, and mudflat—to derive these insights.
Study of Plant Diversity in the Javan Rhino and Conservation Area (JRSCA), Ujung Kulon National Park
A comprehensive study of plant diversity in the Javan Rhino and Conservation Area (JRSCA) within Ujung Kulon National Park has identified 241 plant species in undeveloped areas, including three vulnerable and one endangered species according to IUCN standards. Additionally, 89 species were found to be potential food sources for the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros. The research used quadratic sampling methods and interviews to assess plant diversity across different growth stages—trees, poles, saplings, and seedlings/understoreys—revealing a high level of biodiversity with varying species diversity indices. In areas designated for JRSCA development, 141 plant species were documented, including one vulnerable species, alongside plans to fell 2,221 trees with an estimated volume of 3,528.14 m³. This study underscores the ecological importance of Ujung Kulon National Park and provides critical data for minimizing the impact of conservation efforts on native plant diversity.
Tracing Heavy Metal Dynamics in Mangrove Sediments: A Study from Ujung Kulon National Park
A study of Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) reveals that its mangrove sediments likely remain pristine, despite gradual increases in heavy metal concentrations over the past century. Researchers analyzed sediment cores from three intertidal zones—interior, fringe, and mudflat—and found that while levels of manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe) rose from 1900 to present in interior and fringe areas, they declined in the mudflat. Using Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geo Accumulation Index (Igeo) assessments, the study suggests minimal pollution risk, though it highlights the need for long-term monitoring to mitigate potential impacts on mangrove ecosystems. The findings underscore the importance of dated environmental archives in tracking historical trace metal pollution, particularly in regions with limited long-term data.
Ujung Kulon National Park Ecotourism as a Form of Public Conservation and Education Strategy for Endangered Animals: Literature Review
Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia's oldest national park and the last habitat for the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros, presents a critical opportunity to combine ecotourism with conservation efforts. A literature review highlights that strategic conservation actions—such as enhanced protection patrols, law enforcement, community engagement, and targeted educational programs—can mitigate habitat degradation and overexploitation, key drivers of endangered species decline. The study identifies ecotourism as a viable tool for public conservation and education, proposing initiatives like art books, Android-based educational games, and merchandise to raise awareness. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of research programs, including population surveys and potential rhino translocations, alongside habitat development efforts such as Mount Honje's restoration. These findings underscore the need for integrated strategies that balance ecological preservation with sustainable tourism to ensure the survival of endangered species.
Valuasi Ekonomi Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
A study on Ujung Kulon National Park estimated the economic value of marine tourism, revealing that visitors' willingness to pay amounts to Rp 512.898.500,00 annually. This value reflects the projected conservation benefits and tourism potential of the park's 1.619,68 Ha area, including both land and water zones. The research used a quantitative and qualitative survey method with purposive sampling to analyze factors such as travel cost, visit duration, and education level, which influence marine recreation demand. The findings highlight the park's significant economic potential for sustainable tourism development, aligning with central government goals and expected to drive broader regional progress.
Adventure Tourism Development Program for Premium Market in Ujung Kulon National Park
A new integrated program for developing adventure tourism in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) has been designed to cater specifically to the premium market, addressing the park's unique biodiversity and cultural richness. The study found that current adventure tourism offerings in TNUK align with key dimensions such as natural environment, physical activity, cultural immersion, risk & competence, operator quality, and sustainability. However, these products lack the exclusivity expected by high-end tourists, necessitating the adoption of a 'quality tourism' concept to meet premium market demands. The research employed descriptive methods and statistical analysis to assess TNUK's tourism landscape, providing actionable insights for enhancing its appeal to luxury travelers.
Analysis of Key Actors in the Sustainable Management of Marine Protected Areas in Ujung Kulon National Park
Sustainable management of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Ujung Kulon National Park hinges on collaboration among four key stakeholders: the Ujung Kulon National Park Center, Banten Provincial Bappeda, local fishing communities, and private-sector entrepreneurs. This collaborative model—governed by shared economic, social, and ecological objectives—emerges as the most effective framework for preserving the park's biodiversity while balancing human activities. The study, employing stakeholder analysis with Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) on responses from 12 experts, identifies these actors as critical to maintaining TNUK’s MPA status. Their interplay ensures that conservation efforts remain sustainable across ecological, economic, and social dimensions.
Economic Analysis for Sustainable Management of Marine Protected Areas in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP)
A comprehensive economic analysis reveals that Ujung Kulon National Park's Marine Conservation Area (MCA) holds significant economic potential, with a total value of IDR2.6 trillion from its mangrove and coral reef ecosystems. Financial and economic feasibility studies demonstrate strong viability, with Net Present Values exceeding zero, Net Benefit/Cost ratios above 19, and Internal Rates of Return surpassing the Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) by nearly 40%. These findings underscore the MCA's practicality in enhancing local economic well-being while supporting sustainable management practices. The study employed survey research, overall economic valuation, and financial/economic feasibility analysis to quantify these benefits.
High Heterogeneity LULC Classification in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia: A Study Testing 11 Indices, Random Forest, Sentinel-2 MSI, and GEE-based Cloud Computing
Research reveals that water bodies constitute the largest land use-land cover (LULC) class in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, covering 45.44% of the park's area, while primary forest accounts for approximately 19.53%. The study employed Sentinel-2 MSI imagery, classified using a Random Forest algorithm and tested against 11 spectral indices on Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud computing platform. Despite achieving 10 LULC classes, discrepancies in spatial data were noted, underscoring the need for further evaluation of index combinations, training data, and classification algorithms to refine mapping accuracy in high-heterogeneity landscapes like UKNT.
Inventory of Large Mammals in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten Province
Ujung Kulon National Park, located at the western tip of Java Island, harbors 10 large mammal species belonging to 7 families, with most being endemic and protected. The study identified two main groups: ungulate mammals (e.g., Javan rhinoceros, muntjac) and primate mammals (e.g., moluccan gibbon, pig-tailed macaque). Conducted in September 2022 using exploratory descriptive analysis, the research highlights the park's critical role in conserving biodiversity. Hoofed mammals were notably prevalent, underscoring the urgency of protecting this unique ecosystem to maintain its rich faunal diversity.
Modeling the Habitat Suitability of Javan Banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) Using Geographic Information System in Ujung Kulon National Park
Javan Banteng (Bos javanicus javanicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park exhibit strong habitat preferences, favoring low-altitude areas below 45 meters above sea level and avoiding higher elevations. A spatial model using Maximum Entropy modeling revealed that slope (37.6%), elevation (25.8%), land cover (25.3%), NDVI (6%), and rivers (5.3%) are critical environmental variables influencing their distribution. The study, leveraging remote sensing and geographic information systems, identified that Banteng population—currently below 500 individuals—shuns altitudes between 200–625 meters, highlighting critical conservation zones for this endangered species.
Study of Fauna Diversity in Ujung Kulon National Park Banten Indonesia
A recent study conducted in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, identified 59 species of fauna within the park's diverse ecosystems. These included nine large mammal species, seven herpetofauna (amphibian and reptile) species, 13 butterfly species, and 30 avifauna (bird) species. The research, carried out in September 2022 along a 9.7 km transect from Cilintang to Legon Pakis, aimed to document the park's fauna diversity while highlighting threats posed by climate change, poaching, and land transfers. This study contributes critical baseline data for conservation efforts in one of Indonesia's most biodiverse protected areas.
Bentuk Kelembagaan Dan Dampak Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Pemanenan Madu Hutan (Apis Dorsata) Di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
A partnership model between Ujung Kulon National Park and local communities has successfully balanced conservation goals with economic benefits for honey harvesters. The study, involving 17 respondents from the park's buffer zone, found that legal access to wild honey (Apis dorsata) harvesting, improved market access, and fair pricing significantly increased community income while fostering awareness of forest sustainability. Communities recognized that maintaining healthy forests directly enhances honey production and their livelihoods, demonstrating a viable solution to conservation-economy conflicts in protected areas.
Bentuk Kelembagaan dan Dampak Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Pemanenan Madu Hutan (Apis dorsata) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
A partnership model between Ujung Kulon National Park and local communities has successfully balanced conservation goals with economic benefits for honey harvesters. The study, involving 17 respondents from the park's buffer zone, found that community engagement through wild honey (Apis dorsata) harvesting provided legal access to forest areas, improved market access, and ensured fair prices. This model also fostered awareness among farmer groups about sustainable forest management, linking their livelihoods directly to conservation efforts. The findings suggest that such partnerships can mitigate conflicts between conservation and economic interests while promoting long-term sustainability.
Inventory of Amphibian Species (Order Anura) in Ujung Kulon National Park
A survey of amphibian species (Order Anura) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, identified 10 distinct species across five families, with the family Dicroglossidae being the most prevalent. The study, conducted between June and July 2021, used Visual Encounter Surveys combined with line transects at four key locations: Handeulum Island, Cigenter, Peucang Island, and Cidaon. Environmental factors such as temperature (25-30°C), soil moisture (62-69%), air humidity (80-89%), light intensity (832-1443 lux), and soil pH (6.5-6.7) were recorded, revealing significant variation in amphibian composition linked to habitat differences. Peucang Island and Cidaon stations showed the highest species diversity, highlighting the park's ecological complexity.
Journal of Large Mammal Species Diversity in Ujung Kulon National Park (A Preliminary Study of Development Research in Vertebrate Sub-Concept)
Ujung Kulon National Park harbors six large mammal species, including the endangered Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and the critically endangered Javan hawk-eagle (Spizaetus bartelsi), with moderate diversity and evenness indices. This preliminary study, conducted across four research stations in 2021 using line transects and variable circular-plot methods, provides foundational data for vertebrate sub-concept development. Species richness was low, suggesting limited large mammal populations or detection challenges. The findings highlight the park's biodiversity value while underscoring the need for targeted conservation efforts to support threatened species.
Mapping the invasive palm species Arenga obtusifolia using multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis (MESMA) and PRISMA hyperspectral data in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia
Researchers successfully mapped the distribution of the invasive palm species Arenga obtusifolia, or 'langkap,' within Ujung Kulon National Park using PRISMA hyperspectral imagery and Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (MESMA). The study demonstrated that MESMA, when optimized with algorithms like MUSIC and STABLE, achieved mapping accuracies ranging from 55.36% to 83.93%. This approach leverages hyperspectral data to identify invasive species with high precision, offering a potential tool for monitoring and managing ecological threats in protected areas.
Sustainability ecotourism in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten
A study on Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) reveals that while the park implements sustainable ecotourism concepts, it faces significant challenges due to urbanization and community development. The research highlights that tourism stakeholders prioritize natural resource utilization for ecotourism and local cultural values over environmental education and mitigation of negative impacts. This disconnect underscores the need for deeper studies to address issues arising from increasing urban pressures and to enhance both community empowerment and tourist awareness.
The Reintroduction of Threatened Plants by Bogor Botanic Gardens: Lessons Learned from Ujung Kulon National Park
A study on the reintroduction of five threatened plant species in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) revealed that survival and growth rates varied significantly depending on the species and site conditions, with those planted in more open canopy areas showing better performance. The research, conducted by Bogor Botanic Gardens (BBG), found that local community involvement, including seedling supervision and disturbance reduction, was crucial for successful reintroduction. The study monitored survival and growth over six months, one year, and eight years for plants introduced in 2009, while those from 2014 were assessed in 2017. Diospyros macrophylla exhibited the highest survival rate at Dungus Balang, whereas Vatica bantamensis had the lowest at Legon Pakis.
Tsunami Numerical Modelling in Ujung Kulon National Park with the Earthquake Magnitude Scenario of 6.5 and 6.9 Mw
A study simulating tsunami events around Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK), Indonesia, reveals that earthquakes of magnitudes 6.5 and 6.9 Mw could generate tsunami waves ranging from 0.001 to 0.3 meters in height, with the highest impacts observed along the southern coast of TNUK and Peucang Island. The research used advanced numerical modeling techniques, TUNAMI-F1 and TUNAMI-N3, to predict wave heights and inundation areas based on historical earthquake data from January 2022 (6.5 Mw) and August 2019 (6.9 Mw). Notably, the 6.5 Mw scenario produced higher maximum wave heights than the 6.9 Mw scenario, with tsunami run-up distances remaining under 1 km. The findings highlight critical coastal vulnerability zones within TNUK, emphasizing the need for targeted risk mitigation strategies.
Carbon sequestration potential in the rehabilitated mangroves in Indonesia
Rehabilitated mangroves in Indonesia's Banten Province exhibit higher sediment carbon stock (364 Mg C ha⁻¹) compared to natural mangroves in Ujung Kulon National Park (126 Mg C ha⁻¹), yet their carbon accumulation rate is nearly half that of natural sites. This counterintuitive finding highlights the influence of local hydrogeomorphological conditions on carbon sequestration, suggesting that hydrological modifications could enhance carbon accumulation in rehabilitated ecosystems like abandoned ponds. The study provides critical data for Indonesia's mangrove rehabilitation efforts and offers the first assessment of blue carbon potential in Ujung Kulon National Park.
Changes in the human footprint in and around Indonesia’s terrestrial national parks between 2012 and 2017
Between 2012 and 2017, Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia experienced the most significant decrease in human footprint (HF) of all studied national parks, with a reduction of 10.5%. This decline contrasts sharply with the majority of Indonesia's terrestrial national parks, where HF increased by up to 77.3%, driven primarily by rising population density and improved access via roads, rivers, and coastlines. The study, which analyzed changes in HF across 43 national parks using a standardized metric, highlights the vulnerability of protected areas in Indonesia due to competing economic development priorities. By quantifying environmental impacts from human activities, this research underscores the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate increasing pressures on these critical ecosystems.
The Profile Of Vital Lung Capacity On Ujung Kulon National Park Professional Divers
A significant portion of professional divers in Ujung Kulon National Park exhibit lung function impairments, with 87.5% displaying symptoms of restriction and obstruction. Only 12.5% maintain normal forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC ratio, indicating age-related variability in lung health among divers aged 20-59 years. The study employed a cross-sectional approach, involving spirometry tests on all 24 professional divers at the site. Findings highlight critical respiratory risks for divers, particularly those over 30, underscoring the need for targeted health monitoring and interventions to mitigate age-related decline in lung function.
A Revised Herpetofauna of Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java, Indonesia
A revised herpetofauna inventory of Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, identifies 21 amphibian and 65 reptile species, including 15 (17%) documented for the first time in this UNESCO-listed site. The park harbors critical populations of rare and endemic species, such as Kalophrynus minusculus, Limnonectes malesianus, Sphenomorphus striolatus, and Tomistoma schlegelii, with three tree-dwelling Javan endemics (Microhyla achatina, Limnonectes microdiscus, Elapoidis fusca) also recorded. Endemism rates for amphibians range from 41–54%, while reptiles exhibit 10–13% endemism, underscoring the park's ecological significance as a stronghold for Java's biodiversity. The study updates previous records and highlights Ujung Kulon’s role in conserving globally threatened species.
Diversity of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in Ujung Kulon National Park
A comprehensive survey of dragonfly diversity in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, reveals 31 species, including 22 new records for the region. The study highlights significant habitat-specific differences in species composition (R = 1, p = 0.0016), with natural ponds harboring the highest richness of Anisoptera (damselflies) and eight species found exclusively in these habitats, while Zygoptera (dragonflies) preferentially inhabit flowing waters like streams and rivers. Conducted across five locations and three aquatic habitat types using transect line methods for adult dragonfly collection, this research provides critical baseline data on Odonata biodiversity in a pristine lowland tropical forest, contributing to the understanding of species distribution patterns in Ujung Kulon National Park.
Habitat preferences of current record of JHE (Nisaetus bartelsi) in lowland forest in Ujung Kulon National Park
A groundbreaking discovery challenges the established understanding of Javan Hawk-eagle (JHE) habitat preferences, revealing their presence in lowland forests within Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK), contrary to previous habitat modeling that restricted them to highlands. This study identified two distinct habitat preferences for JHE: hunting and nesting sites, both dominated by bay trees (Syzygium polyanthum). Hunting habitats were characterized by sloping ground near the Cigenter River and its tributaries, where tree dominance influenced diet availability. Nesting habitats, on the other hand, prioritized species diversity. The research employed camera traps initially intended for monitoring Javan Rhinos (Rhinos sondaicus), vegetation analysis to determine Important Value Index (IVI) and diversity indices, providing critical insights into the ecological adaptability of this endangered raptor.
Inventarisasi dan Potensi Jamur Makro di Kawasan Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon Banten
A survey of macrofungi in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, identified 98 species, with the majority (92) belonging to Basidiomycota. The study, conducted using path sampling methods across residential, forest, and mangrove zones, revealed significant potential for these fungi as food ingredients (28 species), medicinal resources (56 species), and mycorrhizal partners (5 species). Dominance of Basidiomycota suggests a rich diversity of ecologically and economically valuable fungal species in this UNESCO-listed protected area.
Komposisi Jenis Tumbuhan dan Analisis Sebaran Langkap (Arenga obtusifolia Mart.) di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon
Research reveals that Langkap (Arenga obtusifolia) is the dominant plant species in Ujung Kulon National Park, particularly at sapling and seedling growth stages, with densities ranging from 480-624 individuals per hectare for saplings and 900-2,200 individuals per hectare for seedlings. The study, conducted using a combination of line and path vegetation analysis methods, found that Langkap exhibits both clustered and uniform distribution patterns across different research blocks. Notably, areas dominated by Langkap show a reduction in the density of other plant species, including those critical as food sources for the endangered Javan Rhino. This dominance pattern is quantified using the Morisita coefficient (Ip), which ranges from -0.32 to 0.51, indicating variability in dispersion. The findings underscore the ecological significance of Langkap's spread and its potential impact on habitat management strategies for the Javan Rhino.
Pongamia as a Potential Biofuel Crop: Oil Content of Pongamia pinnata from the Best Provenance in Java, Indonesia
Research on Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, a fast-growing leguminous tree native to South and Southeast Asia, reveals significant variation in seed oil content—up to 44% when using solvent extraction—markedly higher than the 15–19% obtained via mechanical pressing. The study analyzed seeds from 48 individual trees in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten Province, Indonesia, demonstrating that genetic factors, extraction methods, and machine types influence oil yield. These findings underscore the importance of seed quality and genetic diversity for industrial plantation programs aimed at bioenergy production and land restoration in Indonesia.
Population Structure Analysis of Javan Rhinoceros at Ujung Kulon National Park, West Java
A population analysis of the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) at Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, reveals a moderate natural increase rate (17.34%) and high birth rate (67.33%), despite a net return rate below 100% due to prolonged breeding cycles. The study, based on data from 2011–2019, also found low inbreeding (0.01), suggesting genetic resilience but highlighting the need for population growth to sustain long-term survival. The research utilized monitoring records to assess demographic parameters, providing critical insights for conservation efforts.
Potential tsunami hazard in Ujung Kulon National Park
A study reveals that Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the last habitat for the critically endangered Javan rhino, faces significant tsunami hazard potential. Simulations using the shallow water equation model indicate that tsunamis originating from Mount Anak Krakatau or the Sunda Arc subduction zone could reach heights of up to 12.9 meters along the park's 190 km coastline. This vulnerability threatens the preservation of UKNP's unique biodiversity, including its rare Javan rhino population, which numbers fewer than 100 individuals. The findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced management strategies to mitigate tsunami risks and safeguard this irreplaceable natural heritage.
Spatial modeling for assessing extended potential habitat of Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia
A spatial model predicts that 60.66% (29,173.8 hectares) of Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), the sole habitat for the critically endangered Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus), could support suitable habitat conditions, with fragmentation occurring in Mount Honje due to slope and forage availability constraints. The model, developed using MaxEnt software with field observations and camera trap data from 2017–2018, identified slope, potential forage, NDVI, distance from streams, and flow accumulation as key variables, with slope being the most significant predictor. Rhinos were found to prefer lowland areas with dense vegetation, particularly rumpang grasslands and shrubs, where forage is abundant. This study provides a baseline for monitoring and conservation efforts, offering critical insights for maintaining rhino populations within UKNP's extended potential habitat.
Influence of management status on the coral reef fish communities in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten
Coral reef fish communities in Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) exhibit higher species richness and abundance in the Core Zone compared to the Marine Protection Zone, with Caesionidae being the most frequent family in the former. This difference is attributed to stricter preservation measures in the Core Zone, which likely support more diverse coral reef ecosystems. The study used underwater visual census methods during field observations in October 2017 to assess fish communities across zones, revealing that while abundance did not significantly differ, species richness showed a statistically significant variation. These findings underscore the impact of zoning management on marine biodiversity conservation.
Carrying capacity of Peucang Island for ecotourism management in Ujung Kulon National Park
Peucang Island in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP) supports ecotourism with significant but differentiated carrying capacities. Research reveals that the Karang Copong jungle trail can accommodate 20,000 visitors daily under Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), 4,838 under Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and a mere 6 under Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC). Biological observations indicate vegetation damage and altered animal behavior along the trail. Beach suitability assessments classify two sites as suitable and six as highly suitable for tourism, with capacities ranging from 27 to 70 visitors daily. Current visitor numbers exceed ECC thresholds but remain within PCC and RCC limits, highlighting urgent need for sustainable management to preserve ecological integrity.
Population status of endemic tree kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia
A critically endangered tree species, kokoleceran (Vatica bantamensis), found exclusively in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP), Indonesia, faces severe population decline due to habitat loss and invasive species. Research using adaptive cluster sampling identified 280 individuals concentrated in Mount Payung, with only 20% mature, indicating an inverse-J-shaped population structure. The species' area of occupancy is estimated at 8 km², highlighting its extreme vulnerability. The invasive langkap palm (Arenga obtusifolia) poses the greatest threat, necessitating urgent conservation intervention to prevent further decline and potential extinction.
Analysis of nutritional quality and food digestibility in male Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park
A critical insight from this study is that the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), the rarest rhino species, may face nutritional limitations in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP). Despite preferring certain food plants like Leea sambucina and Zanthoxylum rhetsa, these were not among the most nutritious options available in their habitat. This mismatch suggests that the rhinos' diet might be nutritionally suboptimal, potentially leading to seasonal shortages of key nutrients such as fat. The research employed a novel method using acid-insoluble ash (AIA) content in feces to estimate food digestibility, which proved reliable for tracking nutrient intake without requiring total fecal collection. The study also found strong correlations between home range size and both food diversity and wallow hole usage, indicating that habitat quality and nutritional availability significantly influence the rhinos' behavior and population density. These findings underscore the need for targeted habitat improvement, such as planting highly nutritious plants, to support the survival of this critically endangered species.
Home range and habitat use of reintroduced Javan Deer in Panaitan Island, Ujung Kulon National Park
A study comparing the home range and habitat use of Javan deer in Peucang Island and Panaitan Island, Ujung Kulon National Park, found that while overall home range sizes did not differ significantly between the two populations, subadult males on Peucang Island exhibited larger home ranges than their counterparts on Panaitan Island. The research used Minimum Convex Polygon to measure home range size and habitat use, providing critical insights for wildlife habitat management in small island ecosystems. Javan deer on Panaitan Island were found to thrive in suitable conditions, highlighting the importance of reintroduction efforts and habitat conservation.
The Time Budget of Javan Deer ( Rusa timorensis , Blainville 1822) in Panaitan Island, Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten, Indonesia
Javan deer (Rusa timorensis) reintroduced to Panaitan Island, Ujung Kulon National Park, allocate most of their diurnal time to feeding, with no significant differences observed across age and sex groups. This study highlights that the behavior of these deer is influenced by factors such as age, sex, social group dynamics, temperature, and food availability. Researchers conducted observations on the reintroduced population, providing insights into how environmental and social variables shape their daily activities.
A List of the Butterflies of Ujung Kulon National Park, Java, Indonesia
A comprehensive survey of butterfly species in Ujung Kulon National Park, Indonesia, identified 101 species during recent fieldwork conducted in 2005, 2006, and 2010. This brings the total recorded butterfly diversity in the park to 177 species, providing an updated and expanded inventory for this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study compared these findings with previous records, highlighting the significance of Ujung Kulon as a biodiversity hotspot. The research relied on direct collection and observation data, offering a detailed baseline for future ecological studies in the region.
Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822) Utilization Distribution and Habitat Selection in Ujung Kulon National Park
Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus) exhibit strong habitat preferences within Ujung Kulon National Park, favoring swampy shrub and open shrubland areas with low to slight slopes. They also prefer proximity to water sources, road networks, coasts, wallowing sites, and rumpang (dense vegetation). This study, using utilization distribution models, identified key habitat characteristics that could guide conservation efforts outside the park to mitigate threats like poaching and natural disasters.
Habitat Suitability Modeling of Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822) in Ujung Kulon National Park
Research identifies four critical habitat factors for the critically endangered Javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park (UKNP): slope, proximity to wallow sites, distance from open areas ('rumpang'), and beach proximity. These factors were determined using spatial modeling techniques, revealing their dominant influence on rhino presence. The study highlights the importance of these components for habitat suitability, providing crucial insights for conservation efforts in this last refuge for the species.
Optimizing the habitat of the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park by reducing the invasive palm Arenga obtusifolia
Controlling invasive arenga palm (Arenga obtusifolia) significantly improves habitat quality for the critically endangered Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) by increasing food plant abundance and diversity, leading to greater rhino visitation. Researchers demonstrated this in Ujung Kulon National Park by reducing palm dominance across four 1-hectare plots, selected based on ecological criteria such as shading levels and potential for connecting rhino home ranges. The study, conducted in two phases—palm control and monitoring—showed that invasive species management can enhance habitat accessibility and nutritional availability for rhinos, offering a practical conservation strategy to support their survival.
Estimating the population structure of Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park using the mark- recapture method based on video and camera trap identification
A population estimate of 32 Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus), ranging from 29 to 47 individuals, was derived for Ujung Kulon National Park using the mark-recapture method based on video and camera trap identifications. The study, conducted between April 2008 and September 2009, applied the CAPTURE software to select the best-fit estimator (M(th)), yielding a 95% confidence interval. Visual identification further revealed a male-biased sex ratio of approximately 3:2 (males to females) and indicated a slow annual population growth rate of about 1%. The findings highlight the park's role as a critical stronghold for this critically endangered species, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to address demographic imbalances and support sustainable growth.
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