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Human and climate impacts on tropical Andean ecosystems

Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture — 2011 — WHEDBCE1E9E9C

Tropical Andean ecosystems exhibit significant sensitivity to climate variations and human activities, with long-term responses providing critical insights for future conservation. The study reveals that changes in temperature, moisture, fire regimes, and lake levels, particularly during the deglaciation and Holocene periods, have profoundly impacted biodiversity, especially high-elevation Polylepis woodlands. Charcoal analysis indicates transformative burning events at c. 14,500, 10,100, and 6,400 cal yr BP, while pollen and geochemical data highlight arid periods correlated with El Niño/Southern Oscillation variations. Increased Sporormiella abundance after c. 1,340 cal yr BP suggests shifts in trade-route use and agricultural practices, linking human adaptation to Tiwanaku and Inca civilizations. The research employs multi-proxy palaeolimnological investigations, including fossil pollen, spores, charcoal, Chironomidae (midges), elemental abundance, color spectra, and magnetic susceptibility, from two Bolivian Andean sites over the last 18,000 years.

Human-wildlife conflict in and around the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

Simien National Park — 2011 — WHE76AEFF3842

Human-wildlife conflict in the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, is primarily driven by common jackals, which cause significant problems for local communities, accounting for 57.1% of reported conflicts. Spotted hyenas also pose a threat, with 27% of respondents reporting livestock losses. The study, conducted through surveys of 300 people in 2005 and 2006, found that grazing and firewood collection within the park were negatively correlated with distance from the park, indicating proximity as a key factor in conflict. The research highlights the need for voluntary resettlement of communities near wildlife habitats and alternative resource provision to mitigate conflicts.

Hundidero: mis 4 open air neanderthal occupations in Sierra de Atapuerca

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2011 — WHE1C7F758C8B

Neanderthals in the Sierra de Atapuerca exhibited consistent cultural behaviors during the Middle Paleolithic, spanning 70 to 56 thousand years ago (ka), as revealed by archaeological excavations at Hundidero and 30 other open-air sites. These findings indicate repeated visits by Neanderthal groups sharing a common technological tradition, characterized by expedient tool production, diverse exploitation techniques, microlithic tendencies, and a preference for dorsal faces, along with the reuse of tools. Notably, these patterns appear independent of raw material conditions, climate, or group activities, suggesting a stable cultural adaptation. The study, based on surface surveys and excavations initiated in 2004, provides rare insights into Neanderthal behavior during the first half of the Late Pleistocene (MIS 4 and 3), typically underrepresented in cave deposits.

Hybriden Der Gattung Asplenium In Der Wachau (Niederösterreich)

Wachau Cultural Landscape — 2011 — WHEAA24FBB4DD

Researchers have identified five hybrid fern species belonging to the genus Asplenium in the Wachau Cultural Landscape, Austria. These hybrids—A. ×alternifolium subsp. alternifolium, A. ×alternifolium subsp. heufleri, A. ×clermontae, A. ×murbeckii, and A. trichomanes subsp. lusaticum—were observed growing on stone walls in the regions of Spitz an der Donau and Weißenkirchen. The study highlights the genetic diversity within this UNESCO-listed landscape, where natural hybridization between fern species contributes to its ecological richness. By documenting these hybrids, the research provides new insights into the botanical complexity of the Wachau, offering valuable data for conservation efforts and further exploration of hybrid formation in ferns.

Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open-vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy

Mount Etna — 2011 — WHE115DBB1C35

A groundbreaking study reveals that Mount Etna, Italy's iconic volcano, emits hydrogen (H₂) at concentrations of 1–3 parts per million (ppm) above ambient levels. Using an upgraded MultiGAS system equipped with a specialized electrochemical sensor, researchers measured H₂-SO₂ and H₂-H₂O plume ratios during field surveys on the summit. These findings suggest that Etna's passive gas emissions likely reflect equilibrium conditions in the magma system at temperatures between 750°C and 950°C, near the nickel-nickel oxide (NNO) mineral buffer redox state. The study also estimates a time-averaged H₂ flux of approximately 0.65 gigagrams per year, indicating that volcanogenic hydrogen contributes marginally to the global atmospheric budget. Additionally, the positive correlation between H₂-SO₂, H₂-H₂O, and CO₂-SO₂ ratios implies that H₂ is partially supplied by deeply rising CO₂-rich gas bubbles moving through a CO₂-depleted shallow conduit magma.

Hydrogeology of Stromboli volcano, Aeolian Islands (Italy) from the interpretation of resistivity tomograms, self-potential, soil temperature and soil CO2 concentration measurements

Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) — 2011 — WHE51FB98362F

A hydrothermal system beneath Stromboli volcano, Italy, extends farther and deeper than previously thought, posing potential risks to the stability of its eastern flank. Researchers used resistivity tomograms, self-potential measurements, soil temperature, and CO2 concentrations along two profiles spanning 4.8 km and 3.5 km to map shallow aquifers and the hydrothermal system's extent. The study revealed a broad lateral extension of low-resistivity zones (15–60 ohm m) near villages like Scari and San Vincenzo, corroborated by temperature data from shallow wells. Notably, the hydrothermal body reaches the lower third of the Rina Grande sector collapse area, suggesting mechanical instability due to its proximity to an old collapse boundary. Self-potential data further pinpointed an aquifer above these villages, aiding depth estimation.

Hydrogeology of Wadi Wurayah, United Arab Emirates, and its importance for biodiversity and local communities

Wadi Wurayah — 2011 — WHEE5ED470015

Wadi Wurayah, located within the Hajar Mountain range in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, harbors a unique hydrogeological system that sustains permanent freshwater habitats critical for biodiversity. Annual rainfall of 18.7 hm³ generates 2.24 hm³ of runoff, which recharges the mountain ophiolite complex, creating springs with magnesium bicarbonate water that meets drinking standards but falls short on bacteriological criteria near tourist areas. These springs support rare species, including two amphibians and a fish, along with newly discovered aquatic insects. The study highlights the urgent need for active management to mitigate human pressure on this ecologically significant wadi, blending hydrogeological analysis with biodiversity assessment.

Hydrologic Connectivity Affects Fish Assemblage Structure, Diversity, and Ecological Traits in the Unregulated Gambia River, West Africa

Niokolo-Koba National Park — 2011 — WHECF678E0499

Altered hydrologic connectivity due to damming significantly impacts fish assemblage structure, diversity, and ecological traits in the Gambia River, West Africa. The study found that species richness increases with isolation from the main river during the dry season, while the abundance of elongate-bodied fishes rises with isolation in the wet season—patterns that disappear under altered flow regimes. Researchers compared 49 fish species across riverine and floodplain habitats in Niokolo-Koba National Park, revealing seasonal shifts in habitat use and trait distribution tied to natural lateral connectivity. These findings highlight the vulnerability of taxonomic and functional diversity to planned dam construction, emphasizing the ecological importance of unregulated flow dynamics.

Hydrothermal Breccia Textures and Processes: Lisca Bianca Islet, Panarea Volcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy

Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) — 2011 — WHE81B3CD2A02

Research on Lisca Bianca Islet, Panarea Volcano, Aeolian Islands, reveals the cyclical formation of hydrothermal breccias through progressive fracturing and sealing by natroalunite. These breccias, characterized by jigsaw-fit clast textures and variable hydrothermal alteration, are distinguished from primary volcanic facies. The study identifies five distinct facies based on grain size, clast fabric, and alteration degree, providing insights into the complex interplay between fluid pressure, fracturing, and permeability in shallow hydrothermal systems. This work advances understanding of hydrothermal processes in submarine to subaerial volcanic complexes.

Hydrothermal ecotones and streamer biofilm communities in the Lower Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2011 — WHED455FEC048

Scientists have identified a novel hydrothermal ecotone—a transitional zone between hot chemosynthetic and cooler photosynthetic environments—in the Lower Geyser Basin of Yellowstone National Park. This ecotone hosts a diverse community of microorganisms, particularly in springs that support streamer biofilm communities (SBCs). While Aquificales bacteria dominate the hottest environments across both SBC and non-SBC sites, Thermotogales-like organisms appear exclusively in SBC locations, suggesting their potential role in biofilm formation. The study used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze microbial diversity, revealing novel taxa—especially among Crenarchaeota—and demonstrating that geochemical gradients shape community structure. This discovery provides new insights into the dynamics of hydrothermal ecosystems and the conditions favoring SBC development.

Hyperspectral remote sensing of salinity stress on red (Rhizophora mangle) and white (Laguncularia racemosa) mangroves on Galapagos Islands

Galápagos Islands — 2011 — WHE958BE2470C

Research demonstrates that hyperspectral remote sensing can effectively monitor salinity stress in red (Rhizophora mangle) and white (Laguncularia racemosa) mangroves on the Galápagos Islands. Using the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) as a proxy for photosynthetic rate, the study found strong correlations between PRI values and salinity gradients, suggesting that this method could be used to track mangrove forest growth on a regional scale. This approach offers a promising tool for large-scale conservation efforts by providing real-time data on how these critical coastal ecosystems respond to environmental stress.

Identification of humpback whale breeding and calving habitat in the Great Barrier Reef

Great Barrier Reef — 2011 — WHEBA6B48843A

A predictive spatial habitat model has identified two core areas within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) that are highly probable for humpback whale occurrence during their breeding and calving season from June to September. These areas correspond with movements of satellite-tagged whales, with one likely serving as a critical wintering ground while the other appears to be a migration route. The model highlighted specific environmental parameters, such as water depth (30–58 meters, peak at 49 meters) and sea surface temperature (21–23°C, peak at 21.8°C), that define these habitats. This research is crucial for managing human interactions with whales, particularly in light of increasing coastal development and shipping activity in the GBRMP.

Identifying hotspots of chimpanzee group activity from transect surveys in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire

Taï National Park — 2011 — WHEAAB3AECB4F

Researchers identified distinct chimpanzee group activity hotspots within Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, using transect nest surveys. The study revealed a positive density and group-size gradient of nests away from the home range periphery, with clusters corresponding to four habituated social groups successfully located via scan statistics. While additional low-density clusters emerged between groups, this method offers a scalable approach for studying wild animal population structure, applicable beyond direct observations to include camera traps, acoustic, or genetic data.

Identity through Urban Nomenclature: Eight Central European Cities

City of Graz – Historic Centre and Schloss Eggenberg — 2011 — WHED9D7288A95

Urban nomenclature reflects societal values and historical shifts, with statehood, culture-creators, and religion being the most prominent sources of street names across Central European cities. A study analyzing eight historic city centers—Graz, Kraków, Olomouc, Prague, Maribor, Zagreb, Zadar, and Mostar—revealed that World War II had a more significant impact on toponyms than the fall of the Berlin Wall, though this varied by location. The research examined three time periods (1935, 1985, and 2009) to capture pre-WWII conditions, post-socialist era trends, and contemporary transitions. While statehood, culture-creators, and religion dominated toponyms overall, some cities emphasized local landmarks, crafts, or entrepreneurs more prominently.

Illustrations

Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale — 2011 — WHE03D45294D0

A comprehensive visual documentation of Norman naval operations in the Mediterranean, spanning the 11th to 13th centuries, reveals strategic maritime dominance and technological advancements. The study presents a curated collection of illustrations, including siege vessels, war galleys, and battle maps, showcasing the Normans' naval prowess during key conflicts such as the blockade of Bari (1068) and the Battle of Corfu (1084). It also highlights cultural exchanges, such as the circular world map by al-Idrisi and the Arsenale della Repubblica di Amalfi, underscoring Sicily's role in Mediterranean trade and naval warfare. The illustrations provide a detailed visual narrative of Norman naval strategies, ship designs, and their impact on regional politics.

Imaginary Practice: Ideology and Form in the Unlived-in House of Peter Behrens on the Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt — 2011 — WHE81DE74E2B8

Peter Behrens’s 1901 house on the Mathildenhöhe in Darmstadt, never occupied by his family, emerged as a symbolic showcase of progressive design, challenging traditional interpretations. While historian Tilmann Buddensieg celebrated it as a harbinger of democratic design, a Marxist perspective reframes this relationship as feudal, suggesting Behrens’s work instead reinforced new forms of domination. The study contrasts these viewpoints to expose the ideological underpinnings of architectural practice in early 20th-century Germany.

Impact of coastal environmental conditions on building materials of The Roman Theater at the archaeological site of Sabratha, Libya.

Archaeological Site of Sabratha — 2011 — WHEC934E06F51

Coastal environmental conditions significantly impact the durability of building materials at Sabratha's Roman Theater, leading to structural degradation such as collapsing and disintegration. The study reveals that limestone, marble, and mortars used in the theater's construction undergo alterations due to exposure to coastal elements. Analytical techniques like XRD, XRF, PM, and SEM were employed to identify mineral composition and its changes, alongside evaluating physio-mechanical properties. These findings highlight the vulnerability of monumental structures in harsh coastal environments, offering insights into preservation challenges for UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on biodiversity and giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve, China

Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains — 2011 — WHEF097B8DC5C

A first-of-its-kind post-earthquake field survey in Wolong Nature Reserve revealed that the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake caused significant but localized damage to giant panda habitat, with only 36% of damaged areas detected by remote sensing. While tree and shrub diversity declined in affected zones, remnant vegetation persisted in 80% of cases, suggesting potential for forest recovery. Most damage occurred on steep terrain unsuitable for pandas, yet wildlife signs indicated minimal long-term avoidance behavior. The study underscores the need for fine-scale assessments to accurately gauge disaster impacts on biodiversity.

Impacts of urbanisation on river systems and their functions in Yanggong River watershed of Lijiang City

Old Town of Lijiang — 2011 — WHED73B40510F

Urbanisation in Lijiang City has significantly reduced the river system length in the Yanggong River watershed, decreasing from 786.9 km in 1995 to 674.2 km in 2009 and projected to further decline by 35.5 km over the next decade. This reduction, driven by urban sprawl, began in the Old Town of Lijiang and spread outward, threatening watershed ecosystem functions. The study used GIS techniques to analyse temporal changes in river systems, revealing that current urban development strategies overlook the impacts on these critical water resources. Protecting the natural river network and leveraging the unique terrain could ensure sustainable urban growth in Lijiang City.

Importance of dispersal and thermal environment for mycorrhizal communities: lessons from Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2011 — WHE96B1A2EF45

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) communities in Yellowstone National Park are primarily shaped by soil chemistry, particularly pH, rather than dispersal limitations or thermal environments. Despite significant differences in soil temperature and plant composition between geothermal and nonthermal grasslands, AMF distribution correlated strongly with soil pH-driven chemical changes. Experimental evidence further demonstrated that two AMF morphospecies, Paraglomus occultum and Scutellospora pellucida, thrive in acidic conditions, supporting niche theory over dispersal constraints at this scale. Bison feces suggest these fungi may also disperse via wide-ranging herbivores. The study challenges the assumption of ubiquitous microbial distribution, emphasizing environmental filtering as the dominant force structuring AMF communities.