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Vilniaus Miesto Centro Urbanistinės-Architektūrinės ir Paveldosaugos Problemos

Vilnius Historic Centre — 2011 — WHE72218E048F

Urban development in Vilnius' Historic Centre faces critical challenges in balancing cultural heritage preservation with sustainable expansion. The study identifies three key issues: protecting intangible and tangible cultural assets, ensuring stable urban growth, and enhancing the architectural and natural uniqueness of the city centre. Specific recommendations are proposed for regenerating buildings along major streets like Gedimino and Konstitucijos avenues, aligning with Vilnius' Official Plan (2007-2015). By integrating historical context with modern urban planning, this research offers actionable strategies to safeguard Vilnius' heritage while fostering sustainable development. The approach combines urbanistic, architectural, and conservation principles to address the complex dynamics of a rapidly evolving city centre.

Vilniaus Senamiestis – Gyvosios Kultūrinės Atminties Šerdis

Vilnius Historic Centre — 2011 — WHE854D8E90BC

Vilnius Historic Centre, as the core of Lithuania's urban heritage, embodies the country's historical identity and serves as a living repository of cultural memory. This study highlights that urban historical heritage is not merely a collection of civilizational assets but a dynamic force that strengthens community identities and sustains cultural continuity. The research emphasizes that the Old Town's 'genetic' program of development, inscribed in its urban structure, plays a pivotal role in maintaining and spreading cultural historical memory. It argues that urban developmental criteria should prioritize reinforcing the structural integrity, uniqueness, and identity of the historic centre while fostering cultural industries. The study raises critical questions about the insufficient recognition of Vilnius Old Town's significance in Lithuania for fortifying statehood, national identity, and creative community development.

Volcanology Curricula Development Aided by Online Educational Resource

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2011 — WHEDC200105FE

A collaborative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), NASA, and the University of Hawai`i at Manoa has developed an innovative online educational resource to enhance volcanology curricula. The Volcanoes Exploration Project: Pu`u `Ō`ō (VEPP) provides near real-time access to comprehensive geodetic, seismic, and geologic data from Kilauea volcano's active Pu`u `Ō`ō eruptive vent, along with interpretative background information. This resource addresses the gap in accessible, well-documented datasets for geoscience education, offering a dynamic tool that can be revisited to illustrate diverse volcanological principles. By integrating multiple aspects of volcanology into a single, coherent theme, VEPP effectively engages students and supports educational objectives in college and university settings.

Vostok-2 gold-base-metal-tungsten skarn deposit, Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia

Central Sikhote-Alin — 2011 — WHE583CB4A25C

Vostok-2, located in Central Sikhote-Alin, Russia, is identified as East Russia's largest skarn deposit, characterized by high-grade sulfide-scheelite ore with significant base-metal and gold mineralization. This deposit, formed during the Mesozoic orogenic epoch, is part of a gold-tin-tungsten metallogenic belt and exhibits genetic links to reduced-type intrusion-related Au-W and Au deposits. The study reveals that the hydrothermal metasomatic alteration of host rocks progressed from pyroxene skarn through retrograde postskarn and propylitic stages to late, low-temperature quartz-sericite metasomatic rocks, often containing albite, chlorite, carbonate, and apatite. Mineral assemblages correspond to those found in reduced-type tungsten skarn deposits, with zoning controlled by a granodiorite stock. The research highlights the presence of multiple scheelite generations, late ones enriched in Eu, typical of gold deposits, and associated gold mineralization comprising native gold and Au-bearing arsenopyrite.

Votives, Images, Interaction and Pilgrimage to the Tomb and Shrine of St. Thomas Becket, Canterbury Cathedral (Chapter 2)

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church — 2011 — WHEF204348FD9

Pilgrims to the tomb and shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral engaged in a deeply interactive devotional practice, where votive offerings symbolized personal pledges and petitions to the saint. These objects, carefully chosen for their symbolic meaning, were displayed near the shrine, reinforcing the perceived efficacy of St. Thomas's intercession. The study reveals how this ritualistic interaction not only shaped individual pilgrimage experiences but also transformed the sacred space itself over centuries, until the cult's destruction. By analyzing votives as both physical and conceptual artifacts, researchers uncover a dynamic relationship between devotees and their divine patrons, offering new insights into medieval religious practices.

Vulnerability of Machu Picchu citadel 100 years after its scientific discovery

Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu — 2011 — WHE79A9C9E617

A century after its discovery, the Inca citadel of Machu Picchu shows signs of seismic vulnerability despite being located in a region characterized by low seismic activity. Research indicates that historical stone constructions within the site exhibit damage patterns suggestive of past earthquake exposure or other geodynamic forces. The study employed field surveys to assess structural conditions and micro vibration measurements to analyze dynamic characteristics, revealing potential risks even in areas with infrequent seismic events. These findings underscore the need for closer examination of Machu Picchu's resilience to natural hazards, particularly given its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

Walk on Lava or Choose Beaches of Green or Black

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2011 — WHE68FB045105

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, located on the Big Island of Hawaii, showcases dramatic geological contrasts driven by its diverse climate and active volcanic processes. Since 1983, ongoing lava flows from Kīlauea have expanded the park's land area by over 560 acres, providing a unique opportunity to study dynamic volcanic activity. The park features distinct coastal environments, including Punalūʻu Black Sand Beach, where endangered Hawaiian green sea turtles are often observed, and Mahana (Green Sand) Beach, composed of volcanic olivine and accessible via a challenging hike. Additionally, the Thurston Lava Tube offers insights into lava flow dynamics. The study highlights the park's dual role as both a natural laboratory for geological research and a destination for scientific observation and tourism.

Walking through World Heritage Forest in Japan: the Kumano pilgrimage

Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range — 2011 — WHE7FED45E37F

A shift in perception of the Kumano forest, a UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Landscape, has been observed. Originally central to religious beliefs and ascetic practices for centuries, the forest now serves as a destination for modern visitors drawn by wellness trends and a desire to reconnect with Japan's past. This transformation raises questions about how history and memory are perceived in an evolving environment, and what new relationships visitors form with this sacred landscape. The study employs qualitative methods to explore these contemporary dynamics, contrasting them with the historical significance of the forest as both an economic resource and a site of spiritual pilgrimage.

Waste and Potency: Making Men with Minerals in Guanajuato and Tucson

Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines — 2011 — WHE601FC7AFA4

Minerals once considered waste or byproducts from mining operations in Guanajuato, Mexico, have been transformed into highly valued commodities, fetching thousands of dollars at mineral shows and collector hubs like Tucson, Arizona. This study reveals how these minerals transition from being discarded materials to sought-after scientific specimens and aesthetic collectibles, challenging traditional perceptions of their economic and cultural significance. The research employs a comparative approach, examining the social and economic dynamics in Guanajuato's mines and Tucson's collecting communities. By analyzing the movement and valuation of these minerals, the study highlights their dual role as both industrial byproducts and prized commodities, offering insights into the intersection of mining practices, market forces, and cultural appreciation.

Water Consumption Pattern of Jaipur City (India)

Jaipur City, Rajasthan — 2011 — WHE027FDAB4A0

Jaipur, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Rajasthan, faces severe water scarcity due to declining groundwater levels and exponential population growth. Despite dwindling resources, public behavior regarding water conservation remains unchanged, with excessive usage persisting due to low awareness. The study highlights that urban development authorities can optimize existing water distribution systems by addressing this gap through media campaigns and public awareness programs. This approach aims to mitigate the acute drinking water shortage affecting the city.

Water quality in the Okavango Delta

Okavango Delta — 2011 — WHE1907C4635E

A review of water quality data from the Okavango Delta (2000–2010) reveals that despite climatic variations, the ecosystem maintains low salt-water balances through evapotranspiration and chemical precipitation. Electrical conductivity remains below 200 µS.cm⁻¹, with total dissolved solids averaging 40 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen and organic carbon levels range from 1.8–8.8 mg/L and 5–15 mg/L, respectively, while pH varies between 6.7 and 10.3. Total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations are low, peaking at 1.7 mg/L and 1.6 mg/L downstream. Though water quality parameters suggest potable conditions, the Delta faces threats from anthropogenic activities, including persistent organic pollutants, necessitating ongoing monitoring to safeguard its biodiversity.

Water quality of the Chokosna, Gilahina, Lakina Rivers, and Long Lake watershed along McCarthy Road, Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska, 2007-08

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2011 — WHEF61F2984ED

A study of the Chokosna, Gilahina, and Lakina River basins, along with Long Lake watershed in Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska, revealed that while trace elements like arsenic, chromium, and nickel exceed potentially toxic levels for aquatic life, these concentrations are naturally occurring due to local geology rather than human activity. The research, conducted during the open water periods of 2007 and 2008, analyzed water chemistry, benthic macroinvertebrates, and periphytic algae across six stream sites. Notably, Long Lake exhibited high Secchi-disc readings (17.5 to 23 feet) and strong thermal stratification, with temperatures ranging from 16 to 5 °C in the upper layers and dissolved oxygen decreasing sharply below 26 feet. A logistic model simulating water temperatures at the Long Lake outlet—critical for sockeye salmon—showed no significant trends over a decade (1998–2008), though 2007 recorded the highest temperatures. The study highlights the natural dominance of dipterans in macroinvertebrate communities and suggests that Long Lake’s unique conditions may enhance periphytic algae diversity.

Water salinity investigation in the Sundarbans rivers in Bangladesh

The Sundarbans — 2011 — WHE94D2438BDA

Water salinity intrusion has significantly degraded the quality of rivers in the Sundarbans, Bangladesh, since the diversion of Ganges water at Farakka Barrage in 1975. This study reveals that increased salinity and siltation pose severe threats to mangrove ecosystems, which are vital for coastal protection against storm surges and cyclones. Using a four-year time series dataset from 13 rivers, researchers modeled water salinity to approximate its distribution, providing critical data for decision-making. The findings underscore the urgent need for interdisciplinary management strategies to ensure fresh water supply from the Ganges, thereby safeguarding this unique mangrove forest and its ecological functions.

Weathering and Landslide Occurrences in Parts of Western Ghats, Kerala

Western Ghats — 2011 — WHECE8141FFF7

Significant weathering processes in the Western Ghats, particularly on windward slopes, are closely linked to landslide occurrences, with rainfall emerging as the dominant factor accelerating chemical weathering. The study analyzed rock and soil samples from hornblende gneiss and granite gneiss, revealing high Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values in lateritic soils and forest loam, indicative of extensive weathering. Landslides are predominantly associated with highly weathered zones, especially lateritic soils and severe erodability areas. Additional factors such as deforestation, land use changes, and soil erosion further exacerbate these processes. The research highlights the critical role of weathering in landslide dynamics, providing insights into the geomorphological vulnerability of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Weinmannia marquesana var. angustifolia (Cunoniaceae), a new variety from the Marquesas Islands

Te Henua Enata – The Marquesas Islands — 2011 — WHE5A51FAD877

Scientists have identified and described Weinmannia marquesana var. angustifolia, a new variety of plant endemic to Tahuata, Marquesas Islands (French Polynesia). This discovery highlights its distinct narrow, simple leaves, setting it apart from other varieties of the species and resembling Weinmannia tremuloides in leaf morphology but differing by lacking trifoliolate leaves. The study discusses its affinities and conservation status, providing critical insights for biodiversity research in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Wer baute die babylonische Arche? Ein neues Fragment der mesopotamischen Sintfluterzählung aus Assur

Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) — 2011 — WHE29495F05D3

A new fragment of the Mesopotamian flood narrative, part of the Epic of Gilgamesh, has been discovered at Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat). This clay tablet, along with another, provides previously unknown details about the ancient Babylonian account of the great deluge. The findings shed light on the cultural and historical significance of the flood story in Mesopotamian civilization, offering insights into its composition and transmission. The research focuses on two tablets unearthed at Assur, which are believed to be part of a series of twelve dedicated to the Epic of Gilgamesh.

West Nile Virus Vector Competency of Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes in the Galápagos Islands

Galápagos Islands — 2011 — WHEA59FD89EB2

Galápagos mosquitoes, specifically Culex quinquefasciatus, are competent vectors for West Nile virus (WNV), posing potential risks to the islands' fragile ecosystems. Research revealed that these mosquitoes can transmit WNV with infection rates peaking at 59% and transmission rates at 44%, particularly after 28 days of exposure. Temperature influenced infection rates but not transmission efficiency, while no vertical transmission was detected. The study highlights the need for vigilance in controlling this mosquito population to mitigate risks to both wildlife and public health.

What the Tamils Said: A Letter from the Kelings of Melaka (1527)

Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca — 2011 — WHE8B638B430F

A previously overlooked letter from Tamil-speaking Keling merchants in Melaka (1527) reveals the complex and often adversarial relationship between them and the Portuguese, despite their nominal alliance. The letter, written in Portuguese with Tamil annotations, highlights divergent interests driven by the rise of Portuguese private merchants (casados), whose influence would later lead to the decline of Tamil-speaking traders in Melaka. This study provides the first detailed analysis of the document, offering insights into early colonial dynamics and the economic shifts that reshaped the Straits of Malacca's commercial landscape.

When conservation precedes development: a case study of the opening up of the Socotra archipelago, Yemen

Socotra Archipelago — 2011 — WHE8BA20EFFEA

Socotra Archipelago, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its outstanding endemic biodiversity, demonstrates the potential of pre-emptive conservation when implemented before major development. Unlike most regions where development precedes conservation, Socotra's unique position—with conservation interventions starting in 1997 and building on centuries-old low-intensity resource management—has allowed for proactive protection. The Conservation Zoning Plan, approved in 2000, has effectively regulated activities such as fishing, coral stone collection, and biological material export, with strong compliance from local communities and authorities. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding inappropriate road construction driven by non-islanders, highlighting institutional coordination gaps. Despite these hurdles, Socotra's conservation institution has shown significant growth in capacity and respect among locals, underlining the importance of integrating conservation with development from the outset. While landscape integrity is expected to decline, particularly along the northern coastline, Socotri conservationists, supported by international efforts, are uniquely positioned to shape the archipelago's future sustainably.

Where are the survivors? Tracking relictual populations of endangered frogs in Costa Rica

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park — 2011 — WHE1FB1E87CAA

Researchers identified critical areas for the survival of endangered frog species in Costa Rica, particularly along the Pacific slopes of the Talamanca Range and Central Volcanic Cordillera. These regions, characterized by high humidity (2500–3500 mm mean annual precipitation) and elevations between 1300 and 2500 meters above sea level, serve as potential refugia for relictual populations of anurans. Using a Maximum Entropy Algorithm (Maxent), the study predicted suitable habitats for 17 endangered species and pinpointed approximately 240 km² where rediscovery efforts should focus. The analysis also revealed that around 0.5% of Costa Rica's territory, intersecting with conservation areas but avoiding high Bd risk zones, warrants exhaustive surveys. These findings highlight the importance of targeted fieldwork in undersurveyed regions to locate and protect relictual amphibian populations.