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Reconstructing a hydraulic model for historic flood levels in the city of Bath, United Kingdom

City of Bath — 2020 — WHE5E60A98F1F

A hydraulic model reconstructing historic flood levels in Bath, UK, demonstrates that documentary evidence of past floods can significantly reduce uncertainty in contemporary flood risk assessments. The study, focusing on the River Avon, leveraged a rich record of 19th-century to present-day flood marks, maps, photographs, and newspaper articles to numerically reconstruct the 1960 flood event—a catalyst for Bath's current flood protection scheme. By comparing this model with a simple Manning equation approach, researchers found that hydraulic modeling offers more accurate estimates of design flood flows, thereby improving future risk predictions. Sensitivity analyses further assessed uncertainties in water levels during extreme events, highlighting the potential of historical data to enhance flood defense strategies.

Reconstruction of the morphology and hydrography of the centre of Kraków before the mid-13th century

Historic Centre of Kraków — 2020 — WHE2AECACE261

A digital elevation model reveals that the historic center of Kraków, before rapid urban development in the mid-13th century, featured distinct topography and hydrography that likely influenced early settlement patterns. The study reconstructed the original relief using geology, archaeology, history, and cartographic data, validated through structural analysis and kriging methods. Findings suggest that the pre-human landscape, now obscured by cultural deposits, may have played a key role in shaping the city's development. The proposed geomorphological map offers a visual representation of this lost morphology, providing insights into the area's potential for encouraging early human habitation.

Records of Brown Booby Sula leucogaster in the Pitcairn Islands with additional observations during 2015–19

Henderson Island — 2020 — WHEA1E1E32AA5

A comprehensive review of the avifauna of the Pitcairn Islands, including Henderson Island, reveals that while Henderson supports five endemic bird species, Ducie and Oeno lack any endemic species. The study highlights the significant scientific attention given to Henderson's birds since the early 20th century, with notable expeditions such as the Sir Peter Scott Memorial Expedition (1991–92) providing extensive data on the island's avian life. Recent studies have also focused on the impact of introduced Pacific Rats on Henderson's native fauna and the abundance of various species. The avifauna of the Pitcairn group has been described in key works, including those by Williams (1960), Brooke (1995b), Thibault & Cibois (2017), and a review by Bourne & David (1983).

Records of the giant spoon worm Ikeda taenioides (Annelida: Echiura: Ikedidae) from the Kii Peninsula, the Sea of Japan, and Amami-Oshima Island

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2020 — WHE23E9932ECB

New records of the giant spoon worm Ikeda taenioides, one of the largest echiuran species, extend its known distribution along Japanese coasts. Researchers documented proboscises from Tanabe Bay (Kii Peninsula) and Maizuru Bay (Sea of Japan), updating historical records by 70 and 51 years, respectively. A potential sighting off Amami-Oshima Island may further push the species' southern range limit. Genetic confirmation using the COI marker validated these findings, suggesting I. taenioides persists broadly from Mutsu to Ryukyu Islands. This study highlights the species' resilience but underscores urgent conservation needs due to habitat loss and human pressures.

Recovered Books: On the Contents and Fate of John Fowler’s Stock Left with Christopher Plantin

Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex — 2020 — WHEEC7E0A7821

A comprehensive analysis of John Fowler’s book stock, left with Christopher Plantin in 1577, reveals previously overlooked details about the contents and fate of these works. The study identifies nine titles, some not cataloged before, and corrects misconceptions about their printing dates and circumstances. It also sheds light on the complex arrangements between booksellers during this period, enriching our understanding of the early modern book trade's economics and social operations.

Recovering Josephus: Mason’s History of the Jewish War and the Siege of Masada

Masada — 2020 — WHE9AB1F53F0E

Archaeological evidence supports the historical accuracy of Josephus' account of the siege and fall of Masada, contradicting Steve Mason's post-modern literary approach that questions its reliability. The study focuses on the assault ramp at Masada, demonstrating that empirical analysis of archaeological remains aligns with Josephus' testimony, providing confidence in its essential accuracy over alternative scenarios proposed by Mason.

Recurrence of Deep Long-Period Earthquakes beneath the Klyuchevskoi Volcano Group, Kamchatka

Volcanoes of Kamchatka — 2020 — WHE1FBC7EB8F9

Deep long-period earthquakes beneath the Klyuchevskoi Volcano Group in Kamchatka do not follow the typical Gutenberg-Richter power-law distribution seen in tectonic seismicity, instead resembling normal or gamma distributions with characteristic mean values. This suggests a distinct seismic mechanism linked to deep magmatic and hydrothermal systems at the crust-mantle boundary, potentially serving as an early precursor to volcanic eruptions. Researchers analyzed over 40,000 events recorded between 2011–2012 using matched-filter processing of seismograms and moment magnitude scaling, providing new insights into the recurrence patterns of these deep volcanic earthquakes.

Recurrent coral bleaching in north-western Australia and associated declines in coral cover

Ningaloo Coast — 2020 — WHE46C31C3393

Coral reefs in north-western Australia, including the Ningaloo Coast and Pilbara regions, have experienced significant declines in coral cover due to recurrent marine heatwaves and bleaching events since 2013. Coral cover has dropped by up to 51.3% across subregions, with relative declines reaching 92%, marking historically low levels. The study, spanning up to 36 years, reveals that these reefs—previously less affected than other Australian regions—now face frequent bleaching events (occurring within five years) and impaired recovery. This aligns with global trends of acute coral decline driven by severe heatwaves. The research highlights the urgent need for resilience-building measures in one of Australia’s most critical coral-reef provinces, given the high likelihood of future marine heatwave intensification.

Red meat consumption and its association with hypertension and hyperlipidaemia among adult Maasai pastoralists of Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania

Ngorongoro Conservation Area — 2020 — WHE5AE3C19E0D

A study conducted among the Maasai pastoralists in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) reveals a significant link between red meat consumption and hyperlipidaemia, despite their active lifestyle. The research found that 23.7% of participants exhibited hyperlipidaemia, with higher prevalence in males (29%) compared to females (20.1%). Additionally, 9.8% had hypertension, while 37% showed elevated blood pressure, both more common in males. The study used a cross-sectional design, collecting data on dietary habits, anthropometric measurements, and blood samples from 894 participants across seven villages. Bayesian logistic regression analyses indicated that higher levels of red meat consumption were associated with increased hyperlipidaemia risk. These findings suggest that even among physically active populations, high intake of animal products may contribute to cardiovascular risks, warranting further longitudinal studies.

Red‐coated rocks on the seashore: The esthetics and geology of prehistoric rock art in Alta, Arctic Norway

Rock Art of Alta — 2020 — WHEB19CF53EDD

A new geological analysis of the UNESCO World Heritage rock engravings in Alta, Arctic Norway, reveals that the red iron films on the bedrock—once prominent along the prehistoric seashore—have faded due to land uplift and colonization by lichen and moss. The study suggests that these red-coated rocks were likely the primary surfaces for ancient carvings, now situated up to 26 meters above sea level after postglacial rebound. By examining sites like Hjemmeluft through field observations and mineralogical analysis, researchers determined that the red coloration stems from magnetite-rich sandstone, providing insights into the aesthetic choices of prehistoric artists and challenging current interpretations of site location. These findings have implications for conservation efforts, as they highlight the need to account for geological changes in managing and preserving these cultural heritage sites.

Redescription of the specimen of Thrissina dussumieri (Teleostei: Clupeiformes: Engraulidae), collected from the Ogasawara Islands

Ogasawara Islands — 2020 — WHE2CBCC0C4A5

A long-overlooked specimen of the fish species Thrissina dussumieri, collected from the Ogasawara Islands nearly 90 years ago, has been rediscovered and redescribed in detail. This confirms the presence of T. dussumieri in Japanese waters, contributing to the understanding of engraulid fish diversity in the region. The study provides a comprehensive morphological description and proposes a new standard Japanese name for the species, 'Tsurugi-katakuchi.'

Reduced fish diversity despite increased fish biomass in a Gulf of California Marine Protected Area

Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California — 2020 — WHE4736D16ADD

A study of the Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California reveals that while fish biomass has increased in a Marine Protected Area (MPA), fish diversity has declined. This counterintuitive finding suggests that moderate fishing pressure, despite being less intensive than commercial fishing, still hampers biodiversity conservation. Researchers used traditional and functional metrics to analyze fish assemblages from 2005 to 2017 at Espíritu Santo Island, Mexico, comparing sustainable fishing, traditional fishing, and no-take zones. They found declines in species and functional richness, indicating potential risks of local extinction and loss of ecosystem processes. The increase in biomass was linked to larger average fish sizes rather than commercial species, highlighting the need for stricter enforcement of fishing regulations and expansion of no-take areas to preserve functional diversity.

Reference values for biochemical analytes in feral sheep from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico

Archipiélago de Revillagigedo — 2020 — WHEE3C467047B

Feral sheep on Socorro Island, part of Mexico's Revillagigedo Archipelago, exhibit distinct seasonal variations in biochemical analytes linked to freshwater adaptation. Key findings include elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, albumin, and sodium ions compared to domestic sheep, with some values aligning with those of goats. Seasonal differences were significant (P<0.05), with peak concentrations observed during winter and the lowest during spring. These insights provide critical reference values for assessing dehydration in these animals and shed light on their physiological adaptations to limited freshwater availability.

Reformas poblacionales y ordenamiento territorial del Partido de Tierradentro en la provincia de Cartagena durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII: la labor del juez y alcalde pedáneo Francisco Pérez de Vargas 1743 - 1745

National Archeological Park of Tierradentro — 2020 — WHEA97A5043B6

During the first half of the 18th century, the Partido de Tierradentro in the Province of Cartagena underwent significant population reforms and territorial reorganization. These changes were pivotal in addressing the Crown's need to supply Cartagena via land routes amid conflicts with England, particularly following the Treaties of Utrecht and the establishment, suppression, and restoration of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The study focuses on the role of Judge and Pedáneo Alcalde Francisco Pérez de Vargas (1743–1745) in implementing these reforms, linking them to broader geopolitical shifts. By analyzing historical records and administrative documents, the research reconstructs how territorial governance was adapted to strategic and logistical demands during a period of colonial instability.

Reforming Housing Policies for the Sustainability of Historic Cities in the Post-COVID Time: Insights from the Atlas World Heritage

Historic Centre of Florence — 2020 — WHE83DB68A80F

A novel approach to housing policy reform is proposed to address the long-standing issue of affordable housing in historic European cities, particularly focusing on post-COVID challenges. The study, conducted through a mixed-method analysis involving data from Florence's municipality, map analysis, and resident questionnaires, highlights the need for synchronized international and local policies. Internationally, organizations like UNESCO and UNWTO should enforce stricter tourism management measures, such as increased airline taxation, to regulate tourist flows in historic cities. Locally, Florence must implement decisive policies to curb illegal tourist accommodations while incentivizing new hotel developments in suburban or rural areas to support sustainable tourism goals.

Reframing Native Knowledge, Co-Managing Native Landscapes: Ethnographic Data and Tribal Engagement at Yosemite National Park

Yosemite National Park — 2020 — WHEF903F907B4

A collaborative ethnographic database, comprising over 13,000 georeferenced entries from historical accounts and tribal oral histories, has been developed to document Native American land use and cultural significance within Yosemite National Park. This tool, already utilized by the National Park Service and tribal communities, facilitates the identification of culturally significant places and resources, fostering potential co-management opportunities. While the database offers a dynamic representation of cultural traditions, it also risks reinforcing hegemonic discourses. The study argues for critical engagement with these contradictions to meaningfully integrate Native voices into park management, serving as a model for broader conservation collaboration.

Regeneration of Underused Natural Resources by Collaboration Between Urban and Rural Residents: A Case Study in Fujiwara District, Japan

Ancient Capitals of Asuka and Fujiwara — 2020 — WHEC6A6809131

A collaborative effort between urban and rural residents successfully regenerated underused semi-natural grasslands, known as Uenohara, in Japan's Fujiwara District. Once a vital local commons providing resources like thatch, fertilizer, and forage, the area fell into disuse due to social changes, leading to vegetation succession and biodiversity decline. The regeneration initiative, involving traditional practices such as thatch cropping and controlled burning, highlighted three key factors for addressing underused natural resources: active management for use, the intrinsic value of place ('placeness'), and the preservation of traditional knowledge. This case study demonstrates how diversified participation, role-sharing governance, and shifting benefits can restore ecological and cultural value to degraded landscapes.

Regional into Regionalist

Aachen Cathedral — 2020 — WHE65A727EFEE

Architectural elements from Roman monuments were repurposed to support regionalist movements against the rising Papal global empire, demonstrating their political and cultural significance. The study examines how cathedrals and palaces in Rome and Aachen, along with a private house in Rome, served as symbols of regional autonomy and 'apostolic poverty.' By analyzing these structures, researchers reveal how architecture played a pivotal role in resisting centralized power while fostering local identity during the transition from the Roman Empire to early medieval Europe.

Regionalism as a Force for Liberation and National Identity

Cologne Cathedral — 2020 — WHE0B99F30ED8

Cologne Cathedral, once a symbol of cultural and political liberation for German regions, was later repurposed as a nationalist emblem representing a fantasized globalist empire. This transformation reflects the shifting nature of regionalism from a broadly liberating force to a tool for nation-building, particularly in Germany and France before the 1789 French Revolution. The study explores how architectural symbolism evolves with political contexts, illustrating its dual role as both a unifying cultural icon and an instrument of nationalist identity.

Registro del coyote (Carnivora: Canidae) en la Reserva la Biosfera de Calakmul, México

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2020 — WHEEB618633AA

Researchers documented the first confirmed presence of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, marking a significant range expansion for this species into tropical regions. Using camera trapping from December 2018 to June 2019, three distinct photographs were captured in the reserve's core southern zone, providing empirical evidence of coyote activity in this UNESCO-listed site. The study highlights the adaptability of coyotes to diverse ecosystems and underscores the need for further monitoring to assess potential ecological impacts on native species.