Publications
Aspergillus flavus and Soil Fungi Aflatoxin Production Potential Using Coconut Medium in Al Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
Aflatoxins, potent carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus, pose significant food safety risks. This study found that 82.4% of A. flavus isolates from Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, were aflatoxigenic, with production levels classified as high, medium, or low. The research used Coconut Agar Medium (CAM) to screen for aflatoxin production and identified A. flavus as a prevalent fungus in the region's agricultural soils. No significant association was found between aflatoxin production and geographical origin, suggesting strain-specific toxigenicity rather than environmental factors. The study highlights the need for integrated soil-management strategies to mitigate pre-harvest contamination risks, particularly for date palms, and supports CAM as an effective screening tool.
Assessment of radon levels and radiological risk in groundwater of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Eastern Saudi Arabia
Groundwater in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, exhibits low radon levels with no significant radiological risk for domestic use. A study measuring radon activity in 35 wells found concentrations ranging from 0.19 to 14.44 Bq/L, well below the USEPA safety threshold of 11.1 Bq/L. While spatial variability and depth dependence were observed, with higher levels in deeper wells, correlations with pH, salinity, or TDS were weak. Annual ingestion doses for infants and adults remained negligible, as did inhalation risks indoors. Lifetime cancer risk estimates, though variable, averaged at 20.66 × 10⁻⁴, indicating overall safety but necessitating continued monitoring in deeper wells. The study used a RAD7 detector with RAD-H2O accessories to measure radon and applied UNSCEAR and ICRP dose models for risk assessment.
Bias Correction of Satellite Precipitation Products Near the Data-Scarce Region of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
A novel bias correction algorithm using machine learning models effectively improves the accuracy of satellite precipitation products in arid regions, such as Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia. The study found that a one-dimensional ConvLSTM model outperformed Random Forest and XGBoost, reducing relative bias from 50.8% to -1.71% for CMORPH and from 282.2% to +1.15% for IMERG datasets. This approach is particularly suitable for regions with limited topographical variation and prominent temporal variability, offering a valuable tool for sustainable water resource management, agricultural planning, and drought mitigation in data-scarce arid areas.
Governing Sustainable Tourism in Al-Ahsa Oasis: An Adaptive Framework for a Living Cultural Landscape
Sustainable tourism in living cultural landscapes, such as Al-Ahsa Oasisrequires adaptive governance that integrates water systems, agriculture, rural livelihoods, heritage values, and climate stress. This study introduces a six-dimensional framework for sustainable tourism governance, emphasizing interdependent dimensions like cultural landscape stewardship, water-sensitive ecological governance, agricultural continuity, community benefit, climate-responsive visitor management, and institutional accountability. Unlike conventional checklists, this approach reframes oasis tourism as an adaptive governance challenge, providing actionable indicators, data sources, and mechanisms for planning, monitoring, and policy refinement. It offers a novel, evidence-based model applicable to arid cultural landscapes, bridging theory with practical implementation.
Integrated Remote Sensing and Time Series Analysis for Long-Term Assessment of Vegetation Resilience: Synthesizing Climatic Variables and Land-Use/Land-Cover Trajectories in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A comprehensive 41-year analysis of Al-Ahsa Oasis reveals that while overall vegetation cover has improved, significant degradation persists in urban and water-dominated areas, accounting for nearly half of the oasis. The study, combining remote sensing data from three Landsat sensors with climatic variables, found no strong interannual climate-vegetation relationships after detrending, indicating long-term trends drive observed changes rather than short-term climate variations. High accuracy in land-use/land-cover trajectory classification underscores robust mapping performance. These findings provide critical insights for sustainable urban planning and agricultural management in this fragile arid ecosystem.
Spatial–Temporal Evapotranspiration Dynamics in the Al-Ahsa Oasis Based on a Remote Sensing Approach for Sustainable Water Management
A study reveals pronounced seasonal variability in evapotranspiration (ET) within the Al-Hofuf region of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, with peak ET occurring during summer months at 7.2–7.5 mm/day and minima in winter at 2.0–2.6 mm/day. This finding underscores the close link between vegetation activity and atmospheric demand, providing critical insights for sustainable water management in arid environments. Researchers utilized a cloud-based remote sensing approach, combining Landsat 9 Level-2 imagery with ERA5-Land meteorological data to quantify spatial and temporal ET variations over a 25 km buffer. Vegetation dynamics were characterized using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to derive crop coefficients within a Kc–ET0 framework. The study's model performance was validated against MODIS MOD16A2, demonstrating strong statistical agreement (R² = 0.82, NSE = 0.71, PBIAS = +8.3%). This approach offers a reliable, cost-effective method for ET monitoring in data-scarce, groundwater-dependent regions, supporting precision irrigation and long-term water sustainability planning in alignment with Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and National Water Strategy.
Spatiotemporal Assessment of Environmental Change and Palm Tree Dynamics in Al-Ahsa Oasis Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data and Machine Learning Approaches
A 35-year study of Al-Ahsa Oasis reveals significant environmental shifts driven by urban expansion and climate change. Using multi-temporal Landsat data (1990–2025) and machine learning, researchers found that while palm tree coverage increased by 16.23%—suggesting resilience in vegetation—the oasis experienced a 67.19% rise in urban development, leading to higher land surface temperatures (LST) and reduced soil exposure. The study highlights how urban growth impacts critical environmental indicators like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), which fluctuated between −0.19 and 0.75, and LST, which rose from 28.7–48.34°C in 1990 to 34.7–54.6°C by 2025. These findings underscore the need for sustainable urban planning to balance development with agricultural preservation and ecosystem resilience.
Assessment of Land Cover Changes and an Exploration of the Sustainability Key Factors at Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia
Between 2000 and 2020, Al-Ahsa Oasis—a UNESCO-listed cultural landscape in Saudi Arabia—experienced significant land cover changes (LCC), with vegetation declining by 324.35 hectares and desert shrinking by 1625.81 hectares, while bare ground and urban areas expanded by 1389.79 and 560.37 hectares, respectively. A binary logistic model (BLM) identified key sustainability factors influencing these changes: climate change, elderly farmers (>50 years), and small farm sizes increased LCC likelihood (odds ratio >1), while modern irrigation techniques, technology adoption, and labor availability mitigated it (odds ratio <1). Urban sprawl had a non-significant negative effect. The study recommends targeted interventions—such as promoting sustainable practices among elderly farmers, enhancing plant resilience, and scaling up farm sizes—to preserve Al-Ahsa’s agricultural heritage amid climate pressures.
Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle and their relationship with soil type
A significant correlation between soil characteristics and plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) diversity was identified in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. Sandy soils with moderate organic matter levels were found to support higher PPN diversity, while high salinity suppressed it. Four dominant PPN genera—Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, and Xiphinema—were prevalent in Hasawi Lumi (Citrus aurantiifolia) orchards, with T. semipenetrans being the most widespread (52%). This study marks the first comprehensive assessment of PPNs in this region, offering critical insights for improving citrus productivity through targeted soil management strategies.
Satellite-Derived Multi-Temporal Palm Trees and Urban Cover Changes to Understand Drivers of Changes in Agroecosystem in Al-Ahsa Oasis Using a Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) Model
A significant decline in palm tree cover, critical for agroecosystem stability in the arid Al-Ahsa Oasis, was quantified using multi-temporal satellite data (1990–2020). The study found a 14.24% reduction in vegetation fraction, with mean values dropping from 0.79 to 0.37, alongside substantial urban expansion (up to 0.807%). Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed strong correlations between urban sprawl and palm tree loss, threatening the oasis's agricultural productivity. This research underscores the need for strategic land management to mitigate environmental impacts in rapidly urbanizing arid landscapes.
Valorization of palm residues coupled with solar desalination for oasis agriculture in Al-Ahsa
A novel approach combining palm residue valorization with solar desalination significantly enhances water reliability for oasis agriculture in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The study identifies photovoltaic-thermal powered reverse osmosis as the most efficient method, maximizing freshwater yield and minimizing costs while maintaining water quality suitable for perennial crops. Hybrid forward osmosis with evaporation offers a balanced solution, while enhanced solar distillation is optimal for low-maintenance settings. By leveraging palm residues as absorbents or fuel inputs, this portfolio approach reduces reliance on fossil fuels and improves irrigation scheduling, contributing to sustainable oasis management.
A Supply Side Investigation of Rural Lodges in Al-Ahsa Oasis: An Exploratory Analysis
Rural lodges in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia—a UNESCO World Heritage site—show diverse pricing and characteristics that significantly influence the rural tourism market. Prices range from SAR 350 to 3,000 per night, with resorts commanding the highest rates due to their larger sizes and comprehensive amenities. A hedonic price model revealed that key factors such as the number of bedrooms, pool availability, and car garages positively impact prices, while pool fences and 'family-only' designations negatively affect them. These findings highlight the importance of understanding supply-side dynamics and investing in guest experience-enhancing amenities for sustainable tourism development.
Assessment of vegetation cover changes and the contributing factors in the Al-Ahsa Oasis using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
A significant improvement in the ecological environment of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, has been observed from 1987 to 2021, with a notable increase in vegetation cover. This was evidenced by an increase in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values exceeding 0.10, particularly in the 'green' zones where NDVI values surpassed 0.40. The study, using Landsat satellite images and ground validation points, found that while low NDVI areas remained stable, high NDVI regions expanded, especially in northern and southern parts of the oasis from 2002 to 2021. High accuracy (92%) was achieved in detecting vegetation cover changes. The research suggests that strengthening forestry projects could help combat sand encroachment and further enhance the oasis's ecological environment.
Bacterial Diversity in Al-Asfar Lake, Al Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
Al-Asfar Lake, part of the UNESCO-listed Al-Ahsa Oasis, harbors a rich and diverse bacterial community with potential biotechnological applications. The study identified 12 bacterial species through 16S rRNA sequencing and revealed four dominant phyla—Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria—using metagenomic analysis. Functional gene screening uncovered 33 categories, including xenobiotic biodegradation, highlighting the lake's role in biogeochemical processes. The research employed a polyphasic approach, combining culture-dependent methods (e.g., TSA and BA media) with VITEK phenotypic characterization and direct DNA extraction for metagenomics, providing comprehensive insights into microbial diversity and function.
Mapping Groundwater Potential (GWP) in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Eastern Saudi Arabia Using Data-Driven GIS Techniques
A groundbreaking study identifies key factors influencing groundwater potential (GWP) in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, using advanced GIS techniques. The research reveals that soil texture and geology are the most significant parameters for GWP mapping, while lineament density is the least influential. Nearly 45–48% of the oasis falls within moderate GWP zones, with 21–37% classified as high potential. Two weighted overlay methods—simple additive weight (SAW) and optimum index factor (OIF)—were employed to validate findings against existing wells, confirming the accuracy of the SAW map. The OIF method further pinpointed optimal parameter combinations for GWP delineation, including land cover, topographic wetness index, and lineament density. This study offers a scalable model for sustainable water resource management in arid regions, with implications for global groundwater conservation efforts.
Spatial Assessment of Groundwater Salinity and Its Impact on Vegetation Cover Conditions in the Agricultural Lands of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A strong negative correlation exists between groundwater salinity and vegetation health in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, with healthy vegetation predominantly found where groundwater is slightly saline. Spatial analysis of five years of satellite data, combined with ground measurements of salinity and soil texture, revealed significant heterogeneity: while 'silt loam' soils supported the best vegetation conditions (VCI), 'silty clay loam' soils only sustained dry or normal conditions. High salinity (>5 dS m−1) in mid-western areas corresponded to low vegetation health, contrasting with lower salinity regions in the east and north where vegetation thrived. These findings underscore the need for advanced modeling to optimize water management and ensure the long-term sustainability of this UNESCO-listed oasis.
The impact of the number of training samples and the number of test points on the accuracy of land use and land cover maps derived from satellite imagery using machine learning-based classification algorithms: A case study on Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia
Support Vector Machines (SVM) emerged as the superior and more stable machine learning classifier for land use and land cover mapping in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, compared to Random Forest (RF), particularly when using limited training samples. The study found that SVM maintained high accuracy with as few as five training samples per class, achieving kappa values between 0.93 and 1.00 and overall accuracy from 0.95 to 1.00. Even with fewer check points, SVM's performance remained robust, contrasting RF's greater variability and lower accuracy under similar conditions. Analysis of water surface areas further highlighted SVM's consistency, with errors consistently below 5%, while RF's errors decreased significantly only as training samples increased from five to thirty. These findings underscore SVM's reliability for precise LULC mapping in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering critical insights for conservation and management efforts.
Tourist Values and Well-Being in Rural Tourism: Insights from Biodiversity Protection and Rational Automobile Use in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A study on Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that pro-environmental behaviors—such as biodiversity protection and rational automobile use—significantly enhance tourists' well-being and altruistic values. Using partial least structural equation modeling on survey data from 309 farm tourists, researchers found that protecting biodiversity positively influences altruistic values and tourist well-being, while rational car use boosts both altruistic and biospheric values. These insights underscore the potential for sustainable tourism to foster environmental consciousness and personal well-being, offering actionable strategies for future conservation and tourism initiatives in UNESCO-listed cultural landscapes.
A Hybrid Pipeline for Date Palm Tree Detection in High-Resolution Satellite Imagery
A novel hybrid method combining image processing with deep learning significantly enhances the detection of date palm trees in high-resolution satellite imagery, outperforming Mask R-CNN by 7.8% in complex, dense farms typical of Al-Ahsa Oasis. This approach merges spectral band analysis and peak detection to generate initial detections, which a convolutional neural network then refines using manually labeled data. Applied to WorldView-3 imagery, the method demonstrates its potential for large-scale palm tree estimation in this UNESCO-listed cultural landscape. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating traditional image processing with machine learning for precise agricultural monitoring in challenging environments.
A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Heat Island Intensity Influenced by the Substantial Urban Growth between 1990 and 2020: A Case Study of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Eastern Saudi Arabia
A significant link between urbanization and heat island (UHI) intensity was identified at Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, despite no marked increase in UHI temperature over 30 years. The study found that while built-up areas expanded from 17.15% to 45.8% of land use/cover between 1990 and 2020, UHI intensity remained relatively stable (10.4 °C in 1990 vs. 8.7 °C in 2020). Hot spot clustering correlated with dense urban areas, while cold spots aligned with date and palm tree regions, both with 99% confidence. Spatial autocorrelation further confirmed the temperature-urbanization relationship, with Moran’s indices of 0.41 (1990) and 0.45 (2020), and a p-value of 0.001. The research employed change detection, hot spot analysis, and spatial autocorrelation to robustly assess UHI dynamics.
A strategic approach to sustainable agricultural tourism “case study of Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia”
Al-Ahsa Oasis, one of the world's largest irrigated agricultural oases, holds significant potential for sustainable agricultural tourism, yet its development remains underutilized. A study reveals that only 0.5% of farms in Al-Ahsa were approved for agricultural tourism in 2018, despite its strategic location and rich cultural landscape. The research proposes a long-term strategy to enhance tourism services—such as health, environmental, recreational, and food offerings—to boost economic returns and ensure sustainable growth. Using descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis, including chi-square tests and Likert's scale, the study highlights the need for policy reforms to diversify income sources in Saudi Arabia's agriculture sector. This approach could serve as a model for other UNESCO World Heritage Sites seeking to balance conservation with economic development.
An Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality with Respect to the Reuse of Treated Wastewater in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A significant portion of irrigation water in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, is suitable for agricultural use despite high salinity and sodium hazards. The study found that 62.1% of the samples were satisfactory (class IV) for irrigation, while 33.8% faced severe restrictions. Treated wastewater mixed with groundwater proved acceptable, though spatial variations in water quality were noted, with agricultural drainage showing higher levels of contaminants. The research used irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs) to assess 148 samples, revealing that 79.7% had high to very high salinity hazards and medium to high sodium hazards. Regular monitoring of treated wastewater quality is crucial for sustainable reuse in irrigation and food security.
Assessment and development of pedotransfer functions to estimate soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in arid soils with application to GIS mapping in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A pedotransfer function (PTF) was successfully developed to predict soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) in arid soils, with sand and bulk density identified as key influencing factors. The model demonstrated strong statistical performance, achieving a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.581, mean square error of 0.045, and root mean square error of 0.194. This PTF was applied to over 500 soil data points in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, using GIS spatial interpolation techniques to generate a new Ks value map. The map serves as a practical tool for environmental researchers and engineers, providing an accessible guide for assessing soil hydraulic properties in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Contamination and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in agricultural soil of the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia using health indices and GIS
A study on the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that while potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as iron, manganese, and zinc are present in agricultural soils, they pose no significant non-carcinogenic or carcinogenic health risks to residents. Using health indices like hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), cancer risk (CR), and total lifetime cancer risk (LCR), researchers found that children's exposure via ingestion is approximately nine times higher than adults', but the overall risk remains low. Spatial distribution analysis using GIS and multivariate techniques suggests natural sources for these elements, with no significant health hazards detected within acceptable carcinogenic risk thresholds.
Environmental Sustainability Indicators: Saudi Arabia
Al-Ahsa Oasis, recognized for its evolving cultural landscape, serves as a case study for environmental sustainability in Saudi Arabia. This research identifies key indicators and influencing factors that contribute to the oasis's sustainable development, using preliminary field data from 257 individuals. By applying descriptive frameworks and statistical methods, the study assesses the environmental situation and proposes targeted policies aimed at enhancing Al-Ahsa's sustainability while aligning with national goals, such as Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 and the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings highlight the importance of localized measurements in addition to national-level assessments, offering actionable insights for balancing economic growth, social justice, and environmental awareness.
Jabal Al-Qarah, Saudi Arabia—from a Local Tourist Spot and Cultural World Heritage to a Geoheritage Site of Possible Global Relevance
Jabal Al-Qarah, a Miocene-era mesa within Saudi Arabia's UNESCO-listed Al-Ahsa Oasis, emerges as a globally significant geoheritage site despite its initial omission from cultural heritage recognition. This flat-topped hill, composed of calcareous sandstones and mudstones, showcases non-karstic cave systems formed by mechanical erosion and subsurface flows, offering critical insights into slope development in layered geological successions. The site also features dramatic mass movements, such as strata collapses triggered by the denudation of underlying weaker layers, further underscoring its scientific value. Beyond its geological significance, Jabal Al-Qarah holds potential for geotourism, adding to the oasis's cultural and scenic appeal.
Management of the Red Palm Weevil in Date Palm Plantations in Al-Ahsa Oasis of Saudi Arabia
The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, poses a significant threat to date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) plantations, particularly in the Middle East and North Africa. Current management strategies, such as insecticide application, removal of infested trees, and mass trapping, rely heavily on chemical interventions, which are unsustainable long-term. A case study from Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, highlights the need for improved early detection techniques and alternative control methods to mitigate RPW damage effectively. Phytosanitary measures, including stricter enforcement of plant transport regulations, have shown promise in curbing its spread but require reinforcement. The study also points to ongoing research that may lead to more sustainable solutions, emphasizing the importance of integrating innovative approaches with existing practices.
Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) Model for Extracting Urban Fractions from Landsat and Sentinel-2A Images in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia
A rapid expansion of urban areas in the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, was quantified using spectral mixture analysis (SMA) with high precision (~95% to 100%), revealing a nearly 9% increase between 2010 and 2020. This study leveraged Landsat and Sentinel-2A satellite imagery from 1990 to 2020, employing principal component analysis (PCA) to refine endmembers for SMA modeling. The research highlights the effectiveness of SMA in mapping urban fractions in arid and semi-arid oases, where mixed-pixel problems are prevalent. Additionally, it discusses potential drivers behind this urban growth, providing critical insights for ecosystem management in vulnerable landscapes.
An Economic Study: Date Palm Farmers in Al Ahsa Oasis-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A significant economic study on date palm farmers in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that production costs and farm area are key positive factors influencing production quantities. Farmers aged 51–61 dominate the sector, with 81.82% having over a decade of experience and 48.86% earning around 10,000 riyals annually. However, low productivity, increased damage rates, and low market prices remain critical obstacles. The study recommends adopting modern technologies, hiring skilled labor, and boosting exports to enhance profits and stabilize local prices. Data was gathered through questionnaires and secondary sources, analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Likert scales.
Analyzing the Spatial Correspondence between Different Date Fruit Cultivars and Farms’ Cultivated Areas, Case Study: Al-Ahsa Oasis, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A significant spatial correspondence exists between date palm (DP) cultivars and cultivated areas within farms in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. The study reveals that most DP farms cover less than 500 m², with larger plantations concentrated in the northern and central subregions, aligning with tree distribution patterns. Khlas emerged as the dominant cultivar, present in nearly all farms (96.9%), unlike Ruziz and Shishi, which were absent from 31.9% and 37.8% of farms, respectively. Spatial analysis also linked DP plantations to soil and irrigation water salinity variations, underscoring the need for targeted agricultural programs. This research provides critical insights for date palm sustainability, benefiting growers, authorities, and policymakers.
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction and Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Digital Monitoring and Assessment of the Soil: A Case Study of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
Modern geophysical techniques, including electromagnetic induction and electrical resistivity tomography, reveal significant variations in soil salinity and texture at Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. These findings highlight the impact of factors such as soil type, moisture content, and sabkha on agricultural productivity, offering critical insights for sustainable farming practices. The study utilized ten 2-D electrical tomography profiles and twenty electromagnetic conductivity measurements across 12,000 hectares of cultivated land, identifying distinct geoelectric units that reflect diverse hydrogeological conditions. This research provides actionable data for farmers, development sectors, and research institutions to address groundwater depletion and soil salinity issues, ensuring the long-term sustainability of this historic oasis.
Characterizing physical and hydraulic properties of soils in Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A study on Al-Ahsa Oasis, one of Saudi Arabia's oldest and largest agricultural regions, reveals the feasibility of developing a model to predict soil-water characteristic curves (SWCC) using easily measurable pedotransfer functions (PTFs). The research analyzed 36 soil samples for physical properties like particle size distribution, saturation, and bulk density. Statistical analyses, including correlation and regression models, demonstrated high accuracy in predicting key hydraulic properties such as field capacity (FC) and wilting point (WP), with very low mean square error (MSE) values of 0.004 and 0.001, respectively. The study also found strong correlations between silt content and bulk density for predicting saturation and SWCC, with correlation coefficients reaching up to 0.986 and MSE as low as 0.0007. This approach offers a promising method for modeling soil hydraulic properties in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Determination of Soil Characteristics and Degradation Using Geospatial Technologies in the Al Ahsa Oasis
Al-Ahsa Oasis is experiencing significant soil degradation due to wind and water erosion, as well as chemical deterioration. A study published in 2022 revealed that the oasis's soils are degrading at alarming rates: physically by an average of 9.93 g/cm³/year, biologically by 2.93%/year, and chemically by 36.36 mmhos/cm. Researchers used advanced geospatial technologies, including ArcGIS, Erdas Imagine10, and ENVI 5.3, alongside six remote sensing indices to assess soil characteristics and degradation risks. Field samples collected in May 2019 were analyzed using satellite imagery, mechanical, and chemical laboratory techniques, combined with the Universal Soil Loss Equation and climatic data. This comprehensive approach generated a detailed map of soil degradation values, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts in this culturally significant landscape.
Efficiency of Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus cereus against Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
A study on Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, identified Bacillus thuringiensis strain PDC-AHSAA1 and three Bacillus cereus strains as highly effective against the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), a destructive palm pest. These bacterial isolates, sourced from date palm rhizospheres, demonstrated low LC50 values, indicating strong efficacy in killing larvae and adults compared to other isolates. B. thuringiensis PDC-AHSAA1 was particularly potent, with LC50 values ranging from 4.19 × 10^7 to 3.78 × 10^9. The research also found that bacterial treatment inhibited larval growth, reducing body weight and increasing mortality rates over time. This study highlights the potential of Bacillus spp. as a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides for controlling this economically damaging pest in UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Al-Ahsa Oasis.
Isolation and Characterization of Arylamidase-Producing Pseudomonas Alcaligenes from the Water of Al-Asfar Lake, Al Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
Researchers have identified Pseudomonas alcaligenes, a bacterium capable of producing arylamidase enzymes, in the water of Al-Asfar Lake within the UNESCO-listed Al-Ahsa Oasis. This discovery marks the first documentation of this species in the lake's ecosystem. The study employed culture-dependent methods and VITEK biochemical tests to isolate and characterize the bacterium with 95% probability. The findings suggest that P. alcaligenes holds potential for bioremediation applications, offering a promising avenue for addressing pollutant biodegradation and enhancing environmental sustainability in eutrophic ecosystems like Al-Asfar Lake.
Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Agricultural Soils of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that while most PTE levels remain below maximum admissible concentrations, certain areas exhibit significant enrichment and ecological risks. Mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) show notable anthropogenic sources, likely linked to fertilizer and insecticide use, whereas other elements like zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and nickel (Ni) originate primarily from natural crustal materials. The study analyzed 30 soil samples from palm fields irrigated with groundwater and treated sewage water, employing contamination indicators and multivariate methods to assess environmental risks. Satellite imagery also documented changes in vegetative and residential areas between 1985 and 2021.
Using a pedotransfer (PTF) model to establish GIS-based maps for the main physical and hydraulic soil properties in the eastern region of the Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia
A new GIS-based mapping approach reveals that sand dominates the eastern region of Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, particularly near Hufof, likely due to dune movement and drifting sand deposition. This study applied a local pedotransfer function (PTF) model to 566 soil data points, combined with spatial interpolation techniques, to create detailed digital maps of key physical and hydraulic properties such as sand%, silt%, clay%, bulk density, saturation, field capacity, wilting point, and parameters of the soil water characteristic curve. The findings show that bulk density increases with sand content but decreases with silt and CaCO3, while hydraulic properties are positively correlated with silt and bulk density but negatively with sand. These maps offer a comprehensive tool for agricultural planning, environmental studies, and land management in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Harvest Season Significantly Influences the Fatty Acid Composition of Bee Pollen
Bee pollen harvested from the Al-Ahsa Oasis exhibits significant seasonal variations in fatty acid composition, with autumn yielding the highest concentrations of essential and unsaturated fatty acids, while summer provides optimal levels of oleic and palmitic acids. The study analyzed pollen samples collected throughout a year to determine the best harvest seasons for nutritional benefits, revealing that spring and summer are ideal for feeding honeybees during scarcity or human consumption due to their balanced fatty acid profiles. The research highlights the influence of botanical origins on fatty acid composition, emphasizing the importance of seasonal considerations in harvesting bee pollen for both ecological and dietary purposes.
Migratory Wild Birds as a Potential Disseminator of Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria around Al-Asfar Lake, Eastern Saudi Arabia
A study reveals that migratory wild birds around Al-Asfar Lake, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Al-Ahsa Oasis, serve as reservoirs and potential disseminators of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Researchers analyzed cloacal swabs from 210 birds representing four species, identifying E. coli, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella spp., with E. coli showing significant resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillins, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were detected in both E. coli and Staphylococcus isolates but not in Salmonella. Notably, aquatic-associated bird species exhibited higher rates of bacterial recovery, mixed infections, MDR, and AMR indices. The study underscores the role of migratory birds in maintaining, developing, and spreading AMR bacteria, emphasizing their significance in AMR ecology research.
Morphometric study of Yemeni (Apis mellifera jemenitica) and Carniolan (A. m. carnica) honeybee workers in Saudi Arabia
A comparative morphometric analysis of Yemeni (Apis mellifera jemenitica) and Carniolan (A. m. carnica) honeybee workers in Saudi Arabia revealed that Yemeni bees exhibit significantly smaller body size and key productivity-related parameters under the region's extreme summer conditions, often exceeding 40°C. These findings suggest that the native Yemeni subspecies may be better adapted to the arid climate of Al-Ahsa Oasis, where mid-day foraging activity declines due to heat. The study measured 16 distinct morphometric traits, including body weight, wing dimensions, leg structures, and abdominal characteristics, concluding that Yemeni bees outperform Carniolan bees in these aspects, except for the number of hamuli—a finding with implications for beekeeping productivity in high-temperature environments.
Seasonal Variations in Nutritional Composition of Honeybee Pollen Loads
Honeybee pollen loads from the Al-Ahsa Oasis exhibit significant seasonal variations in nutritional composition, with spring and winter samples showing the highest levels of fructose, crude protein, lipids, and ash—indicating their potential as valuable food supplements. The study analyzed pollen collected over a year from five apiaries, revealing that rapeseed, summer squash, date palm, sunflower, and alfalfa dominated botanical composition. While spring and winter loads were richest in key nutrients, autumn samples had higher glucose and moisture content, while summer loads excelled in total and available carbohydrates, as well as crude fiber. This research highlights the seasonal nutritional dynamics of pollen, offering insights for dietary and agricultural applications in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Using of Triple-Treated Wastewater in Agricultural Irrigation in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia.
Agricultural productivity in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, significantly increased by 16.8% to 19.2% when palm and lemon crops were irrigated with triple-treated wastewater compared to groundwater. This study, based on a random sample of 355 farms, found a statistically significant positive correlation between the use of treated wastewater and factors such as farm size, family size, and farmer education level. Conversely, there was a negative correlation with the age and experience of farmers. The research highlights the economic potential and environmental benefits of using triple-treated wastewater in agriculture, addressing the high water consumption demands of the sector.
Comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of sidr (Ziziphus spp.) honey produced by Apis florea F. and Apis mellifera L.
Honey produced by different honey bee species exhibits distinct physicochemical characteristics, allowing for differentiation based on the bees' origin. A study comparing sidr (Ziziphus spp.) honey from Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia revealed that Apis florea honey had higher moisture content, fructose, isomaltose, trehalose, ash, protein, free acidity, and invertase activity compared to subspecies of Apis mellifera. Conversely, A. m. carnica honey showed higher glucose, erlose, pH, and diastase levels, while A. m. jemenitica honey had elevated specific gravity, turanose, maltose, and glucose oxidase activity. These findings suggest that bee species influence honey composition, potentially offering a method for traceability in apicultural products.
Effect of harvest season on the nutritional value of bee pollen protein
Bee pollen from the UNESCO-listed Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, shows seasonal variations in nutritional value, with spring and winter harvests providing optimal protein quality for both honeybees and adult humans. The study analyzed pollen collected across four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in 2018/2019, revealing that spring samples contained the highest levels of essential amino acids like leucine, glutamic acid, valine, isoleucine, threonine, and glycine, while winter samples excelled in lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, arginine, tyrosine, and cysteine. Methionine emerged as the first limiting amino acid across all seasons when compared to human and bee requirements. These findings highlight spring (March–May) and winter (December–February) as prime harvest periods for maximizing nutritional benefits.
Incidence and Prevalence of Hard Ticks in Ruminants of Al-Ahsa Oasis Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
A comprehensive study on tick infestation in ruminants within the UNESCO-listed Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals significant seasonal and species-specific patterns. The research, conducted over a year with 4068 animals across 11 localities, identified 13 hard tick species, with Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum being the most prevalent (18.33%). Camel herds exhibited the highest infestation rates (73.17%), followed by cattle and sheep, while goats showed the lowest prevalence but were critical in early infestation spikes. The study found that tick incidence surged during extreme summer heat (47–50°C), correlating with increased animal density and humidity due to farming practices. These findings underscore the need for targeted tick control measures, particularly focusing on camels or goats, starting as early as May to mitigate outbreaks in this culturally significant oasis landscape.
Land use/land cover assessment as related to soil and irrigation water salinity over an oasis in arid environment
Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, faces significant land use/land cover (LULC) changes and salinity risks that threaten crop production and ecosystems. A study analyzing multitemporal Landsat data from 1986 to 2016 revealed substantial LULC shifts over three decades. Soil and irrigation water salinity were measured, showing higher electrical conductivity (ECe) in date palm areas compared to croplands and bare land. Critically, 94% of irrigation water samples exhibited moderate to severe salinity risk, highlighting urgent need for salinity management practices. The research underscores the importance of sustainable strategies to maintain crop yields, improve soil health, and mitigate environmental impacts on this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Macro- and trace elements content in honeybee pollen loads in relation to the harvest season
Honeybee pollen loads from the UNESCO World Heritage Site Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, exhibit seasonal variations in macro-and trace element content. The study found that spring and winter pollen loads contain higher levels of essential elements like sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), and manganese (Mn), making them valuable as food supplements. Conversely, autumn pollen loads showed the highest concentrations of copper (Cu) and iron (Fe), while summer pollen loads had the most zinc (Zn). These variations are linked to the dominant floral resources—rapeseed, sunflower, summer squash, and date palm—and highlight the seasonal dependency of element content in pollen. The research analyzed samples collected over four seasons in 2018/2019, providing insights into how environmental factors influence nutrient composition in bee-derived products.
Pathological and mortality findings associated withAeromonas hydrophilafrom frog eggs in Al‐Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia
A virulent strain of Aeromonas hydrophila (PRE-1) has been identified as the primary pathogen responsible for severe disease outbreaks among indigenous marsh frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus) in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. This bacterium, confirmed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing with a 99.92% identity match and robust phylogenetic clustering (99% bootstrap support), is linked to pathological signs such as egg discoloration, jelly coat disintegration, developmental defects, and adult frog symptoms including hyperaemia, lethargy, peripheral oedema, subcutaneous haemorrhage, and cutaneous ulcerations. The study employed light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and dissecting microscopy to document these findings, alongside bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization. The discovery underscores the urgent need for monitoring emerging amphibian diseases in Al-Ahsa Oasisto mitigate ecological losses, given amphibians' critical role in ecosystem health.
Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Evaluate the Sand Reservation Project in Al Ahsa Oasis
A significant reduction in sand encroachment has been observed in Al Ahsa Oasis following the implementation of the Sand Reservation Project, as demonstrated by remote sensing and GIS analysis. The study utilized the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) to assess land cover changes, revealing a notable decrease in areas affected by sand movement. This project, a collaborative effort between local authorities and researchers, highlights the effectiveness of targeted interventions in mitigating environmental degradation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The findings underscore the potential of remote sensing techniques for monitoring and evaluating large-scale conservation efforts.
Utilizing Biotechnology Tools for Silecting Salt Tolerant Rootstock of Peach Hassawi
Bitter almond emerged as the most salt-tolerant rootstock for Hassawi peach, surviving salinity levels up to 3500 ppm NaCl, outperforming both peach (2500 ppm) and ghwj (2000 ppm). This study utilized biotechnology tools to evaluate the performance of eight rootstocks under progressive salinity stress, identifying bitter almond as the optimal choice for grafting in Al-Ahsa oasis due to its high tolerance and compatibility with Hassawi peach. The research also recommended excluding plum rootstock because of its low salinity tolerance and poor harmonization with peach, which negatively impacts grafting success.
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