Publications
Materials and Techniques of the Mural Paintings in the Church-Ossuary of the Rila Monastery, Bulgaria
A groundbreaking analysis reveals that the 1795 mural paintings in Rila Monastery's Church-Ossuary, created by Athonite painters, employed a traditional yet innovative palette of pigments and binders. The study identified natural pigments like yellow ochre, red ochre, green earth, and calcite alongside synthetic ones such as smalt, red lead, cinnabar, and verdigris using advanced techniques including ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDS, and ELISA. Notably, blue backgrounds were painted with a smalt-based mixture bound by carbohydrates, diverging from the post-Byzantine egg tempera technique used elsewhere in the murals. This analysis suggests that the Athonite artists' methods became a benchmark for Bulgarian icon-painters, offering new insights into historical artistic practices and material science.
Characterization of art materials and degradation processes in the exterior wall paintings of the main church of Rila Monastery, Bulgaria
A groundbreaking analysis of the exterior wall paintings at Rila Monastery, Bulgaria—a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the last large-scale example of Eastern Orthodox mural art—reveals significant degradation linked to atmospheric exposure. The study identified natural pigments like red ochre and green earth alongside synthetic ones such as ultramarine and vermilion, which remain stable. However, minium (lead-based pigment) has chemically transformed into black plattnerite or white lead carbonate, altering the paintings' appearance. Emerald green pigment also showed partial degradation without major color changes. The research used a multi-technique approach, including ATR-FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM-EDS, to characterize materials and decay products like gypsum and calcium oxalate. Binders confirmed the use of egg-tempera, with chemical degradation suggested by metal oxalates. Notably, the study highlights the introduction of emerald green pigment and synthetic ultramarine, diverging from traditional Byzantine practices.
The Charters of Ivan IV (the Terrible) to the Hilandar and Rila monasteries
A rare discovery sheds light on the historical privileges granted by Ivan IV (the Terrible) to two prominent monasteries: Hilandar and Rila. The study reveals that letters patent and edict charters, most of which were lost over time, confirm Hilandar's right to establish a metochion in Kitai-gorod near the Kremlin and grant tax-free passage through Russian territory along with the privilege of collecting donations. These findings are based on surviving copies from the Ambassadorial book (1517–71) and 17th-century manuscripts, including a unique 'word-for-word copy' of Ivan IV's letters to Hilandar. The research highlights the significance of these charters in understanding the legal and economic relations between the Russian Tsardom and these Orthodox monasteries.
Characterization of Zahari Zograph’s nave wall paintings in the church “The nativity of the virgin” of Rila Monastery (Bulgaria) by vibrational spectroscopy and SEM–EDX analysis
A groundbreaking analysis of Zahari Zograph’s nave wall paintings in the church 'The Nativity of the Virgin' at Rila Monastery, Bulgaria, reveals the use of azurite—a pigment not previously identified in other murals from this site. This discovery is significant as it uniquely links these paintings to Zograph's artistic style. Researchers employed vibrational spectroscopy and SEM–EDX analysis to identify pigments such as smalt (blue background), green earths (green color), and red lead (red-orange color). Additionally, the study characterized the gilding mordant using drying oil, resin, and siccative metal oxides, providing insights into the materials and techniques employed by Zograph during the 19th century.
Spontaneous flora of the Rila Monastery (Bulgaria)
A study of the spontaneous flora at Rila Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bulgaria, identified 110 vascular plant species across 43 families and 94 genera. The research, conducted between 2008 and 2012, revealed that most species were native perennials (hemicryptophytes), with notable species like Sclerochloa dura and Plantago major. The distribution of these plants was influenced by ecological factors such as soil moisture, light exposure, and human activity. Additionally, anemochoric woody species (Acer pseudoplatanus, Fraxinus excelsior, etc.) were found colonizing the monastery's structures, posing risks to its conservation.
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