Publications
Aerial Remote Sensing for Precision Archaeology Using RGB–Multispectral Image Fusion of UAS Data
A novel RGB–multispectral image fusion workflow for precision archaeology achieves sub-centimeter accuracy, preserving nearly all spectral information despite acquisition gaps. The method combines PPK-based georeferencing with UAS data, enabling high-resolution documentation of archaeological sites like Aigai's Sanctuary of Eukleia and Philippi's funerary ensemble. Digital surface models (DSMs) and orthophotomosaics were generated at resolutions of ~2 cm (RGB) and ~14 cm (MS), with fusion improving MS resolution to 1 cm while maintaining spectral fidelity (average correlation ≈0.99 for Philippi, ≈0.85 for Aigai). The approach offers a reliable tool for material classification and pathology detection in archaeological features.
Assessment of the Planimetric and Vertical Accuracy of UAS-LiDAR DSM in Archaeological Site
A study at the Sanctuary of Eukleia in Aigai (Vergina, Greece) demonstrates that UAS-LiDAR technology can achieve high planimetric and vertical accuracy in archaeological site mapping, with LiDAR-derived DSMs showing a planimetric accuracy of 1.4 cm in X and 0.9 cm in Y, and a vertical accuracy of 7.5 cm. While RGB-PPK products outperformed LiDAR in vertical precision (2.4 cm), UAS-LiDAR proved superior for mapping under dense vegetation, such as streambanks, due to its ability to penetrate canopies. The research involved acquiring RGB, multispectral images, and LiDAR data using a Hesai XT32M2X system mounted on a WingtraOne GEN II UAS, with accuracy assessed through field-measured checkpoints and RTK-GNSS calibration.
Demography and Health Status of Hellenistic People from Pergamon, Elaia and Aigai
A study of Hellenistic skeletal remains from Pergamon, Elaia, and Aigai reveals significant insights into the demography and health status of ancient populations. Analysis of 60 individuals indicated a high prevalence of diseases, including infections linked to poor heating and indoor air pollution, as well as stress markers suggesting early-life hardships. Stable isotope analyses further showed that those buried in monumental structures had higher protein intake compared to others, hinting at social stratification. Radiocarbon dating also uncovered the reuse of tombs across different historical periods, from Classical to Byzantine times. This research contributes to our understanding of Hellenistic paleodemography and paleopathology, offering a window into the health challenges and dietary practices of ancient societies in Asia Minor.
The Necropolis of Aigai. Archaeology of an Exceptional Funerary Landscape
Research on the necropolis of Aigai reveals a dynamic funerary landscape that evolved over 1,000 years, from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century AD. The study identifies distinct phases in the necropolis's development, showing a shift in its center from southeastern slopes facing Lydia to northwestern slopes overlooking key routes like Gryneion and Pergamon. A typology of funerary monuments—ranging from Orientalizing tumuli to Hellenistic and Roman terraces—was established, alongside the discovery of a structured network of roads and extra-urban sanctuaries that shaped the necropolis's organization. This comprehensive analysis, based on systematic surveys, new excavations, and re-examination of previous findings, offers unprecedented insights into the topographical evolution and social significance of this exceptional archaeological site.
The use of ultrasonics in the frequency range of 50MHz up to 175 MHz for cultural heritage objects’ 3D μtomography
High-frequency ultrasonics (50–175 MHz) enables non-destructive 3D μtomography of fragile cultural heritage objects, revealing internal structures without sampling. This approach provides critical data for conservation efforts at the Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern Vergina), particularly for the tomb of King Philip II. The method leverages advanced imaging to document intricate details, addressing the limitations posed by the fragility and value of artifacts. By avoiding destructive procedures, it offers a precise alternative for studying internal features, advancing both preservation strategies and our understanding of ancient craftsmanship.
A Plastic Vase in the Form of an Actor from the New Bouleuterion of Aigai
Excavations at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Aigai (modern Vergina) uncovered a remarkable plastic vase shaped as an actor, one of the most significant artifacts found in the city. The vase, discovered in a bedrock pit within the New Bouleuterion—a mid-2nd century BC structure built upon an older 4th-century BC edifice—sheds light on Roman-era vase production traditions in Asia Minor. The study analyzes the vase's archaeological context, craftsmanship, iconography, and style, contributing to a deeper understanding of Hellenistic and Roman cultural practices at this once-thriving urban center. Aigai's continuous use from the 7th century BC to AD 260 is further illuminated by the high-quality artifacts unearthed during the 2007 excavations.
Aigai ve Çevresindeki Antik Yol Sistemi
Archaeological research at the site of Aigai (modern Vergina) reveals that the ancient city was a critical transportation hub, particularly during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, connecting northern and southern regions as well as inland areas with coastal ones. The study highlights significant urban expansion during the Hellenistic period, with the city's area increasing fourfold, followed by prolonged occupation until nearly complete abandonment due to Gothic invasions in the late 3rd century AD. Later Byzantine settlements emerged in the 12th–13th centuries. Excavations uncovered a section of Athena Street and provided insights into the city's water infrastructure, dating back to the 5th–6th centuries AD. The exposed ancient roads not only enhance archaeological understanding but also improve visitor accessibility, bridging the gap between scholarly knowledge and public engagement.
Plaster Characteristics of Byzantine Wall Paintings in Western Anatolia
A study on Byzantine wall paintings from western Anatolia reveals that plaster characteristics vary significantly between sites, with Aigai displaying techniques such as marmorino and intonachino, indicative of earlier periods, while Anaia and Başpınar exhibit magnesium-rich lime plasters similar to post-iconoclastic period samples. The research used scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and reflected light microscopy (RLM) to analyze plaster stratigraphy and microstructural properties from three sites: Anaia Church, Başpınar Church in Olympos, and a Byzantine setting and chapel in Aigai. The findings suggest intentional layering techniques aligned with painting methods, providing insights that can guide conservation efforts for these cultural heritage sites.
Aigai Bizans Cam Bilezikleri (2004-2014)
Excavations at Aigai, modern Vergina, have uncovered 50 Byzantine-era glass bracelets (12th–13th centuries), the first such collection from the site. These artifacts, characterized by spiral, coil, and flat-wound designs in black, olive green, red, or white glass, exhibit stylistic and technical similarities to regional and Anatolian productions, suggesting shared craftsmanship traditions in the Eastern Mediterranean. The study classifies bracelets based on cross-sections and ornamentation, with spiral-wound examples being most prevalent. Evidence of temporary glassworking workshops, including crucibles and debris, implies continued production practices during this period, reinforcing Aigai's role within broader Byzantine glassmaking networks.
The Bronze Calyx-Krater from the ‘Heuzey B’ Tomb in Vergina (Ancient Aigai)
A bronze calyx-krater, adorned with Maenad masks on its handles, was uncovered in the 'Heuzey B' tomb at Vergina (ancient Aigai), reinforcing its significance as a funerary urn from the late 4th century BC. This discovery, part of the Heuzey burial group, contributes to a small but notable collection of similar bronze kraters from Macedonia, including findings from Vergina-Aigai and Pydna, as well as comparative studies in Athens. The krater's dating aligns with archaeological evidence, underscoring its cultural and historical importance within the broader context of ancient Macedonian burial practices.
Aigai
Aigai, located on the northern slopes of the Pierian mountains and east of Beroia, was the first capital and royal residence of the Macedonian kingdom under the Temenid Dynasty. Originally a city named Edessa inhabited by the Bryges, it was later renamed Aigai by Macedonian conquerors or founded by Temenid rulers such as Perdikkas, Karanos, or Archelaos in the 8th or 7th century BCE. This site is significant for its role as an early Macedonian stronghold and its association with legendary figures from ancient history.
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