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Calicioid Lichens and Fungi of Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Not a Healthy Population

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2016 — WHE1BFCC30AA7

A declining population of calicioid lichens and fungi, which thrive in older, undisturbed forests with clean air, has been documented in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The study identifies 54 taxa, noting their substrate preferences, distribution within the park, and representative specimens. These species serve as bioindicators for forest health and air quality, but their poor condition suggests significant ecological stress due to prolonged exposure to pollution and widespread insect and fungal damage. This raises concerns about the broader ecosystem's resilience in the park.

California’s Redwood National and State Parks: Wild or Constructed Nature?

Redwood National and State Parks — 2016 — WHEEC2F376E2C

California’s Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) exemplify both ecological restoration and cultural intervention. Established in 1978, the RNSP combined existing state parks with the Redwood National Park to protect coastal sequoia forests, many of which had been devastated by logging. Beyond conservation, the park engaged in large-scale ecological reconstruction, guided by scientific principles but also shaped by Progressive-era ideals of crafting nature to meet cultural expectations. This dual approach highlights how RNSP balances rigorous ecological restoration with anthropogenic influences, revealing a tension between natural and constructed landscapes.

Cambios Temporales en la Dieta del Playero Rojizo (Calidris Canutus Rufa) en un Humedal de Península Valdés, Patagonia Argentina

Península Valdés — 2016 — WHED094201123

Research on the Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) at Península Valdés, Patagonia, Argentina, reveals significant temporal variation in their diet during northward migration. The study found that while the clam Darina solenoides was consistently a dominant prey item, its size range and contribution to biomass varied annually, with polychaetes like Travisia olens also playing a key role in some years. This dietary flexibility suggests adaptability but highlights potential vulnerabilities if specific prey becomes scarce. The study analyzed 292 feces samples from 2002–2007 alongside benthic invertebrate sampling, using the Savage index to assess prey selection and trophic diversity. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring prey availability in migratory stopover sites for the conservation of this declining shorebird population.

Captain, where can we find the attributes?

Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht — 2016 — WHE339CC20014

A systematic approach to identifying and locating attributes of outstanding universal value (OUV) in the Amsterdam Canal Ring Area has been developed, addressing a critical gap in effective cultural heritage management. The study mapped key tangible and intangible attributes—such as urban planning, architecture, and social practices—as outlined in UNESCO nomination documents, revealing their precise spatial distribution within the historic site. Findings underscore that integrating these attributes into sustainable urban frameworks requires not only documentation but also clear spatial delineation to ensure their preservation. This method provides actionable insights for local governance, balancing cultural significance with modern urban development.

Captive Breeding of the Shark Bay Mouse Pseudomys fieldi to Facilitate Species Recovery in the Wild

Shark Bay, Western Australia — 2016 — WHE92F3BAA2A5

A successful captive breeding program for the critically endangered Shark Bay Mouse (Pseudomys fieldi) at Perth Zoo produced 335 offspring from 93 litters, with an average litter size of 3.6 and year-round breeding observed. Sexual maturity was reached at 65 days, with the oldest recorded breeding female and male being 625 and 531 days old, respectively. The study highlights challenges in re-establishing reproduction after planned interruptions but provides a strategy to stimulate breeding and detailed husbandry methods. This program represents a critical step toward facilitating the recovery of this species in the wild.

Captives or Slaves and Masters in Eivissa (Ibiza), 1235–1600

Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture — 2016 — WHE4B8B9E5E54

A nuanced understanding of captivity and slavery on the island of Ibiza (Eivissa) emerges from a quantitative analysis of medieval sources, revealing that captives—predominantly male and originating from diverse regions—were integral to agricultural labor and public works. The study challenges classical definitions by Claude Meillassoux while critiquing Charles Verlinden's interpretation, showing that medieval terminology often conflated 'captives' with 'slaves.' Slave masters were typically economically prominent figures holding political offices or owning significant properties, suggesting a link between social status and captivity. This work offers a fresh perspective on the socio-economic dynamics of slavery in late medieval Ibiza.

Capturing the Italian townscape: from the beginnings of Italian landscape photography to the anti-idyllic images of Ivor and Ivy de Wolfe

Mantua and Sabbioneta — 2016 — WHE9816E8C9AD

A groundbreaking exploration of Italian townscape photography reveals how the de Wolfe couple (pseudonyms for Hubert and Hazel Hastings) challenged conventional idyllic imagery through their 1963 publication, The Italian Townscape. Their anti-idyllic approach, blending historical and contemporary vernacular elements, redefined urban visual representation. The study analyzes this shift, drawing from later scholarly reassessments by Erdem Erten, Alan Powers, and Robert Elwall, who highlighted the de Wolves' influence on architectural discourse. By examining visual echoes, shared language, and statements from Italian photographers and planners, the research underscores their role in shaping a new appreciation for pedestrian and vehicular urban scales, particularly in UNESCO sites like Sabbioneta.

Caractérisations Structurale, Floristique Et Biomasse Ligneuse Du Peuplement À Hagenia abyssinica Du Parc National De Kahuzi-Biega (Rift Albertin, RDC)

Kahuzi-Biega National Park — 2016 — WHEBD246EC18D

Hagenia abyssinica, a characteristic species of mountain forests in the Albertine Rift, exhibits significant variability in its population structure and floristic composition across different altitudes within Kahuzi-Biega National Park. The study found that while species richness was low (8-24 species), the density of Hagenia abyssinica was high at 565 ± 121 individuals per hectare, with notable differences in dynamism between lower (2000-2200 m) and higher altitudes (2400-2600 m). At lower altitudes, the population showed regressive dynamics, replaced by secondary forest species, whereas at higher altitudes, it exhibited progressive dynamics with no mortality. The average woody biomass was estimated at 108 tons per hectare, increasing with vegetation heterogeneity and decreasing Hagenia density. These variations are likely influenced by human disturbance and climate change effects in the region.

Caracterización del cielo de Copán del 400 al 900 d. C.

Maya Site of Copan — 2016 — WHEE36C60E818

During the Maya Copán Dynasty (400–900 AD), 160 solar and 236 lunar eclipses were observable from the site, with no total solar eclipses occurring. Notably, three partial solar eclipses exceeded 75% magnitude during the reign of Waxaklaju’n UB’aah K’awiil, alongside nineteen total lunar eclipses. This research leveraged NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center databases to analyze eclipse visibility, duration, and magnitude, providing a detailed astronomical record for Copán. The study offers new insights into the Maya's astronomical legacy by classifying these events using the Long Count calendar.

Carbon Sequestration in Tropical Forest Stands: Its Control by Plant, Soil and Climatic Factors

Ancient City of Sigiriya — 2016 — WHE8535460DA4

Dry zone forests, such as those in Sri Lanka's Sigiriya forest sanctuary, exhibit higher climatic sensitivity and vulnerability to carbon sequestration (CS) compared to wet zone forests. This is primarily due to the stronger influence of climatic parameters on soil organic carbon fractions. The study found that during dry periods, CS was significantly controlled by maximum relative humidity through an atmosphere-floor litter-soil continuum, with air temperature and free litter fraction playing crucial roles in determining soil nitrogen levels. Additionally, plant biomass carbon stocks were governed by labile and stable carbon fractions, soil moisture, and plant diversity. The research used representative sampling from both dry and wet zones, collecting monthly data over an annual cycle to analyze relationships among floristic, soil, and climatic parameters using Principle Factor Analysis and multiple regression.

Carbon Storage and Climate Change Mitigation Potential of the Forests of the Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

Simien National Park — 2016 — WHE4705D93B9A

A study on Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, reveals a critical trend of deforestation and its impact on carbon storage. The research found that cultivated and overgrazed land (COL) increased from 20% in 1972 to 48% in 2013, leading to a nearly 50% shrinkage of Afro-montane forest (AMF) and Afro-alpine woodland (AAWL). Projections indicate that AAWL could disappear in 71 years while AMF could vanish in just 49 years at the current deforestation rate. The study also quantified carbon storage, with soil organic carbon (SOC) holding 55.2% of the total carbon stock, followed by above-ground carbon (34.4%) and below-ground carbon (8.3%). Notably, no strong relationship was found between biodiversity (Shannon diversity index) and carbon storage in AMF zones. The research used a nested plot design for biomass measurement and satellite imagery analysis to assess land cover changes.

Cartagena de Indias y su tierra adentro a fines del siglo XVIII : un análisis demográfico

Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena — 2016 — WHEA7665663DC

A stark demographic disparity characterized the Colombian Caribbean at the end of the 18th century, where prosperous port cities like Cartagena contrasted sharply with rural areas marked by extreme poverty, sparse population density, and limited integration. This study reveals that while urban centers thrived—evidenced by their dynamic architecture—the majority of the rural population lived in dispersed, impoverished conditions, largely outside the reach of colonial authorities and the Catholic Church. Using data from a 1777 census commissioned by the Spanish Crown, the research analyzes this imbalance, highlighting its long-term impact on economic development, urbanization, and wealth distribution. The findings underscore the tragic paradox of a region where urban prosperity coexisted with rural marginalization, offering insights into the enduring colonial legacy shaping socioeconomic dynamics.

Catalogue of the Evidence for Presocratics in the Herculaneum Papyri

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2016 — WHE04EC069A19

A groundbreaking catalogue of pre-Socratic philosophical evidence from the Herculaneum papyri has been compiled, marking the first comprehensive systematic analysis of this ancient tradition within Epicureanism. The Index Praesocraticorum Philosophorum Herculanensis (IPPH) updates existing testimonia to reflect current research and critical reconstructions, providing a foundational resource for scholars studying the transmission and influence of pre-Socratic thought. This work bridges gaps in historical understanding by integrating fragmented papyrus fragments with modern scholarly interpretations.

Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status

Kahuzi-Biega National Park — 2016 — WHE1832EDCF88

A dramatic decline of up to 87% in the population of Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri), the world's largest primate, has been documented, with only around 3,800 individuals remaining—justifying its elevation to 'Critically Endangered' status. This catastrophic loss, driven by civil war and bushmeat hunting in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), was rigorously assessed using novel methods analyzing local community and ranger-collected data on gorilla occupancy across 10 sites. Spatial analysis identified three critical strongholds within a shrinking range of approximately 19,700 km², underscoring the urgent need for conservation intervention to prevent further extinction.

Cathedrals in the Digital Age: a Case Study of Santiago de Compostela and Canterbury

Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) — 2016 — WHE615706D29A

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have become pivotal in modern tourism strategies, particularly for UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Santiago de Compostela's Old Town. A study comparing the cathedrals of Santiago de Compostela and Canterbury reveals that both sites leverage digital tools to attract tourists, with a notable increase in online visits and ICT service provision since 2010. These technologies have transformed the way information is shared and managed, reflecting the shift towards 'smart cities' and modern travel practices. Despite significant changes from historical pilgrimage routes, these cathedrals remain prominent cultural and religious destinations, drawing vast numbers of visitors. The research highlights the adaptability of ancient attractions in embracing digital advancements while maintaining their historical significance.

Cause and effects of a megafire in sedge-heathland in the Tasmanian temperate wilderness

Tasmanian Wilderness — 2016 — WHE92A0357447

A megafire in Tasmania's World Heritage-listed wilderness, the Giblin River fire of 2013, revealed that time since fire is the dominant driver of severity in sedge-heathland ecosystems. The study found high mortality rates for both main stems (98%) and whole plants (91%), with limited resprouting capacity (16% of dead stems). Fire severity had minimal impact on resprouting or seedling establishment, suggesting resilience in these processes. Prescribed burning was shown to be effective in reducing wildfire extent and severity, as the fire self-extinguished at the boundary of a management burn area. This highlights its potential for maintaining landscape heterogeneity and mitigating future megafires.

Causes and consequences of the sinkhole at El Trébol of Quito, Ecuador – implications for economic damage and risk assessment

City of Quito — 2016 — WHE1848882150

A massive sinkhole at El Trébol, Quito's critical road interchange, exposed the severe economic and structural risks posed by neglected subterranean infrastructure. The collapse, triggered by heavy rainfall and exacerbated by decades of unmonitored trash accumulation in a concrete tunnel rerouting the Machángara River, reached 120 meters in diameter and 40 meters deep, revealing the river below. The study highlights that indirect costs—such as time loss, vehicle delays, and increased expenses—far exceeded direct reconstruction costs, underscoring the need for robust risk assessment and maintenance of aging urban infrastructure. By analyzing rainfall data, hydrogeological factors, and historical sinkhole patterns in Quito, researchers demonstrated how unchecked decay in subterranean systems can lead to catastrophic socio-natural disasters with disproportionate financial consequences.

Cenozoic Vertical‐Axis Rotations of the Hoh Xil Basin, Central–Northern Tibet

Qinghai Hoh Xil — 2016 — WHE2D0CCBEE8D

Research on the Qinghai Hoh Xil basin reveals that Cenozoic vertical-axis rotations in central-northern Tibet were not detected in the Tuotuohe depression, suggesting single thrusting from the Tanggula thrust system without significant rotation. However, strike-slip faulting associated with the Fenghuo Shan-Nangqian thrust systems likely influenced tectonic rotations in other parts of the basin, such as Cuoredejia and Wudaoliang depressions. The study utilized paleomagnetic and rock magnetic analyses on 160 independently oriented samples from Oligocene and Miocene continental rocks, confirming primary magnetization through reversal tests. Findings indicate that the basin's tectonic history since the Eocene may have been controlled by both thrust and strike-slip faulting, providing new insights into the dynamic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau.

Centrocestus formosanus (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) in Melanoides tuberculata (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) from Vila do Abraão, Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity — 2016 — WHEC56467B17C

Researchers identified the heterophyid trematode Centrocestus formosanus in the invasive gastropod Melanoides tuberculata from Ilha Grande, Brazil. The parasite was detected in 21% of a sample of 483 specimens collected in June 2013, indicating its establishment in the region since 2007, following the introduction of M. tuberculata two years prior. The study involved experimental infections using pleurolophocercous cercariae to confirm the parasite's identity. Findings highlight the need for monitoring and control measures to assess potential environmental impacts, as these may currently be underestimated in Brazil.

Change and Continuity in the Samarkand Oasis: Evidence for the Islamic Conquest from the Citadel of Kafir Kala

Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures — 2016 — WHE610260CCC0

A significant archaeological discovery at the Citadel of Kafir Kala, Samarkand, reveals profound insights into the Islamic conquest of the early 8th century CE. The excavation, led by the Italo-Uzbek Archaeological Expedition since 2001, uncovered 500 clay sealings, underscoring Kafir Kala's pivotal role in Silk Road trade. Stratigraphic analysis and architectural transformations indicate a sudden abandonment following a fire at the end of the 7th century CE, followed by resettlement for centuries. This unique site provides unprecedented evidence for changes and continuities in daily life and material culture during the Arab conquest, offering a nuanced understanding of this pivotal historical transition.