World Heritage Research: Search

Publications

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Change in the distribution of the indigenous grass Poa litorosa on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island following the eradication of rabbits

Macquarie Island — 2016 — WHEF7ADAA2099

A dramatic expansion of the indigenous grass Poa litorosa on sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island has been observed following the eradication of rabbits, rats, and mice. Previously confined to just four restricted populations, this species has now spread significantly across the island due to the release from grazing pressure. Long-term monitoring over 24 years revealed that rabbit grazing had suppressed P. litorosa growth in unfenced areas, while fenced plots showed thriving populations during peak rabbit numbers. The study highlights the unforeseen ecological impacts of invasive species eradication and underscores the importance of continued monitoring to track such changes on this UNESCO-listed site.

Changes in biological productivity associated with Ningaloo Niño/Niña events in the southern subtropical Indian Ocean in recent decades

Ningaloo Coast — 2016 — WHEEAFC6903BC

Recent decades have seen a notable increase in the frequency of Ningaloo Niño events, linked to the cold phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which has significantly altered biological productivity in the southern subtropical Indian Ocean. These events, characterized by positive sea surface temperature anomalies off western Australia during Ningaloo Niño and negative anomalies during Niña, disrupt the seasonal cycle of chlorophyll—a key indicator of productivity. The study, utilizing long-term simulations from an ocean-biogeochemical coupled model, reveals that the Leeuwin Current's southward advection during these events plays a crucial role in shaping the spatiotemporal response of chlorophyll. Consequently, there has been an anomalous decrease in productivity during the Austral summer, underscoring the far-reaching ecological impacts of climate oscillations.

Changes in Tourists in the Ogasawara Islands after Registration as a World Heritage Site

Ogasawara Islands — 2016 — WHEAF4DA4B465

Registration of the Ogasawara Islands as Japan's fourth UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site in 2011 significantly boosted its global recognition, leading to a rapid increase in tourist numbers. However, visitor caps introduced with the designation triggered notable shifts in tourist demographics and behavior, including a decline in repeat visitors and solo travelers, alongside a rise in first-time visitors and group tours. The study also observed shorter stays, higher participation in organized tours, and a surge in trekking popularity while noting a decline in casual sightseeing. These findings highlight how World Heritage status can both enhance a site's tourism value and reshape the characteristics of its visitor base.

Changes in water clarity in response to river discharges on the Great Barrier Reef continental shelf: 2002–2013

Great Barrier Reef — 2016 — WHEFA0465CA78

River discharges significantly reduce water clarity on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), with effects varying across zones and seasons. A study analyzing 11 years of data found that photic depth—used as a proxy for water clarity—declined to 47% of maximum values following river floods, taking an average of six months to recover. The impact was most pronounced in agriculturally modified catchments and southern inner zones, where long-term declines were observed, unlike offshore or northern regions. River effects were strongest between latitudes 14.5°–19.0°S, where high sediment and nutrient loads led to seasonal photic depth reductions of over 40% and annual mean decreases of 17–24%. The research used freely available MODIS-Aqua satellite data to track changes, offering a scalable method for ecosystem management in shelf systems.

Channel‐planform evolution in four rivers of Olympic National Park, Washington, USA: the roles of physical drivers and trophic cascades

Olympic National Park — 2016 — WHEEDE6759927

A 74-year analysis of four rivers in Olympic National Park reveals that physical factors, such as flood history and sediment supply, dominate channel planform evolution over ecological drivers like elk impacts. Contrary to expectations, the study found no significant correspondence between channel morphology and elk abundance, which had been linked to trophic cascades following wolf extirpation. Instead, recent widening and increased braiding in rivers like the Hoh and Elwha correlate with flood activity and sediment supply changes, including glacial retreat and landslide responses. These findings contrast with similar studies in Yellowstone National Park, highlighting the influence of hydrologic regime and large-wood availability on fluvial dynamics.

Chapter 38. Uluru-Kata Tjuta Cultural Centre, Northern Territory, Australia

Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park — 2016 — WHE288EC52F6D

A descriptive survey of 48 leading indigenous cultural centers worldwide, including the Uluru-Kata Tjuta Cultural Centre in Australia's Northern Territory, reveals their transformative potential and political significance. These facilities, built over the past three decades, challenge conventional notions of nature, culture, and architectural form by emphasizing collaborative place-making involving multiple stakeholders and professional consultants. The study highlights how these centers serve as innovative models for cultural production, blending indigenous perspectives with contemporary design practices.

CHAPTER 5 Creativity within a Geographical-National Framework: From Modern Japanese Design to Pevsner’s Art Geography

Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites — 2016 — WHE5E1495B8C9

A geographical-national framework remains a valid and insightful approach for studying art, architecture, and design historiography, despite its historical association with racialist nationalism. This study demonstrates that such an approach can effectively explore human creativity within specific cultural, social, and political contexts, even in today's globalized society. Using modern Japanese design during the Meiji era (1868–1912) as a case study, it highlights how Westernization was perceived as a means to achieve contemporary global standards, leading to innovative architectural styles like Gi-Yo architecture, which creatively combined Western and traditional Japanese elements. The research employs historical analysis and architectural comparison, including the Tomioka Silk Mill (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), to illustrate the dynamic interplay between cultural adaptation and national identity in design.

Chapter Five

Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi — 2016 — WHE7F40CBF181

Modern narratives of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque complex reveal a duality: while historically symbolizing Islamic iconoclasm through the reuse of Hindu and Jain fragments, contemporary interpretations frame this as a form of modern iconoclasm. The study traces how colonial authorities, global preservation bodies, Hindu nationalists, and secular nation-states have positioned the site ambiguously—balancing international reverence with religious reclamations. This tension underscores the complex interplay between heritage preservation, political narratives, and cultural memory in postcolonial India.

Chapter One. The Success of Italian Winemakers in California and the “Pavesian Myth”

Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato — 2016 — WHE7AFD04324E

The success of Italian winemakers in California, particularly those from Piedmont's Langhe-Roero and Monferrato regions, is not solely due to essentialist or deterministic factors but rather the result of shared ecological and climatic similarities between California and Italy. This study challenges traditional narratives by examining the achievements of three prominent California wineries—Italian Swiss Colony, Italian Vineyard Company, and E. and J. Gallo Winery—founded by Piedmontese immigrants. It highlights how the transplantation of Old World wine culture and expertise to the U.S. West Coast was facilitated by analogous landscapes, ecologies, and climates, rather than cultural stereotypes or myths, such as the 'Piedmont on the Pacific' referenced in Cesare Pavese's works. The research approach involves a critical analysis of historical, ecological, and cultural factors contributing to this transatlantic transfer of winemaking knowledge.

Characterisation of mortars from the Ottoman period in Algiers (Algeria) through their physical and chemical properties

Kasbah of Algiers — 2016 — WHE908F0DE2E9

Research on Ottoman-era mortars from Algiers' UNESCO-listed Kasbah reveals their composition and durability. The study found that these mortars, used for grouting and coating masonry, primarily consist of lime, sand, crushed brick, and natural additives. Notably, jointing mortars were mixed in a 1:1.5-2 ratio (lime to sand), while finishing mortars followed a 1:2-3 ratio. Physical analysis showed most samples exhibited high porosity and water absorption, except for specific mortars from Villa Mahieddine and the Powder House, which demonstrated lower absorption (<15%) and porosity (<27%). Chemical analysis confirmed their hydraulic nature due to elevated levels of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃. This characterization provides insights into the materials used in historic Algerian architecture, aiding preservation efforts.

Characteristics of Gothic Cathedrals in France and their Structural Elements

Chartres Cathedral — 2016 — WHE6D59683ACA

Gothic cathedrals, including Chartres Cathedral, exemplify the interplay between architectural innovation and structural engineering. A key finding is that Gothic architecture, evolving from Romanesque designs, prioritized aesthetics while introducing groundbreaking structural elements such as external supporting systems, cross vaults, and arches. These innovations enabled unprecedented building heights and wall widths without compromising stability. The study focuses on French cathedrals like Notre-Dame in Paris, Reims, and Chartres, analyzing their historical significance and influence on the development of Gothic style. By examining these structures, researchers highlight how Gothic architecture balanced functional requirements with artistic expression, setting a precedent for future architectural advancements.

Characteristics of the Ottoman Traditional Houses in the Libyan Old City of Ghadames: Case Study of Da Babanei House

Old Town of Ghadamès — 2016 — WHEFB00C6F090

Ghadames features unique Ottoman-era houses characterized by vertical functional division and distinctive architectural elements. A study of the Da Babanei House, dating back to the 18th century, reveals that these structures lack open-air internal courtyards, instead relying on a ground floor for storage, a main living level, and an upper terrace reserved for women's activities. The houses are built with sandstone foundations and mud bricks, extensively using palm wood for construction and decoration. The research highlights the influence of Islamic Sharia on design and contrasts Ghadames' architecture with similar settlements, emphasizing its pre-Saharan characteristics. Field observations in 2014 provided firsthand data, offering insights into this rare urban form.

Characteristics Of The Ottoman Traditional Houses In The Libyan Old City Of Ghadames: Case Study Of The Da Babanei House

Old Town of Ghadamès — 2016 — WHE1F36306188

Ghadames, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world's few covered pre-Saharan cities, showcases unique Ottoman domestic architecture characterized by vertical functional division. Unlike typical designs with open-air courtyards, Ghadames houses feature ground-floor storage, main living spaces on the middle floor, and rooftop terraces reserved for women, which also serve as interconnected passageways across the old city. Constructed primarily from sandstone and mud bricks with extensive palm wood use, these structures reflect Islamic Sharia influences in their design while maintaining simplicity in exterior aesthetics. A case study of the Da Babanei House, dating back to the 18th century, highlights these distinctive features, offering insights into pre-Saharan traditional architecture through comparative analysis with similar settlements.

Characteristics, Threats and Management of Philippine Wetlands

Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park — 2016 — WHED18FD2AAD9

Philippine wetlands, including six sites designated as 'Wetlands of International Importance,' face significant threats from land use conversion, resource abuse, pollution, and climate change. These wetlands, encompassing 22 types, play a crucial role in providing ecosystem services but are deteriorating due to inadequate enforcement of local and national laws. The study highlights the urgent need for community-driven conservation efforts to maximize preservation and sustainable utilization.

Characterization of Soil Permeability in Prambanan Temple Yard Based on Development of In Situ Test

Prambanan Temple Compounds — 2016 — WHEACD3344EA5

A novel in situ method for characterizing soil permeability was successfully developed and applied at the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Prambanan Temple Compounds, revealing that dense post-earthquake soils exhibited persistent ponding due to reduced unsaturated zone permeability. Using a constant discharge approach, researchers mapped permeability coefficients across sandy soil conditions, from unsaturated to saturated states, without requiring matrix suction measurements. This method proved efficient for field implementation and enabled precise geographic mapping of permeability variations via Arcview GIS 3.3. The findings provide critical insights for addressing ponding issues in heritage conservation, offering targeted solutions through permeability-based drainage system optimization.

Characterization of Surface Deterioration for Stone Property around the Hyeonleung (Royal Tomb of Joseon Dynasty) in Guri, Korea

Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty — 2016 — WHEC80D023DC3

A study of the Hyeonleung, a royal tomb from the Joseon Dynasty in Guri, Korea, reveals that surface deterioration is primarily driven by the weathering of biotite granite, with high levels of microbial activity and soil ingress contributing to damage. The research identifies soil (50.5%) and lichen growth (47.6%) as the main factors, while biological colonization, including lichens, is notably more pronounced on the northern face of the tomb structure. This characterization provides critical insights into the degradation processes affecting this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering a basis for targeted conservation strategies.

Characterization of tabique walls nails of the Alto Douro Wine Region

Alto Douro Wine Region — 2016 — WHE20EF4EFFCB

A study focusing on the Alto Douro Wine Region reveals that the traditional tabique construction technique—characterized by stone, earth, and wood—is experiencing significant deterioration due to lack of maintenance and fading knowledge. The research identifies and characterizes metal nails used in timber connections within these structures, providing critical insights for their rehabilitation and preservation. Samples were collected from tabique walls in Lamego Municipality, near the Douro River. This work addresses a gap in scientific literature on this culturally significant building technique, offering guidelines to mitigate its advanced stage of decay.

Chasing the Antelopes: A Personal Reflection

Ajanta Caves — 2016 — WHE88E2A20B57

Ajanta Caves hold profound significance as both historical documents and cultural heritage. This reflective account by Narayan (2016) delves into the caves' multifaceted role, exploring their value as evidence of ancient civilization and social history. The author's personal experience serves as the foundation for this analysis, blending narrative with scholarly insight. By examining the caves through multiple lenses—documentary, evidential, and cultural—the study underscores their enduring importance in preserving human heritage. The approach combines firsthand observation with historical context, offering a unique perspective on how such sites shape our understanding of the past.

Chełmno i Toruń. Początki miast na ziemi chełmińskiej

Medieval Town of Toruń — 2016 — WHE58C6D301E3

Archaeological and historical analysis reveals distinct origins for the medieval towns of Chełmno and Toruń, both incorporated by the Teutonic Knights in 1233. While Chełmno's development was rooted in a pre-existing castellany with established settlement structures, including trade hubs and cemeteries, Toruń emerged as a greenfield site near an early medieval Vistula River crossing (Stary Toruń). Despite sharing the same incorporation document, Chełmno maintained its dominant role, reflecting deeper historical traditions. Both towns were strategically positioned at border crossings along major trade routes, later integrating into the Hanseatic League network. The study compares archaeological findings with written sources to highlight divergent socio-economic conditions underlying their urban development.

Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, and Central Nervous System Activities of the Essential Oils of Citrus medica L. cv. ‘Liscia’ and C. medica cv. ‘Rugosa’ Cultivated in Southern Italy

Costiera Amalfitana — 2016 — WHE3893CE64B0

Essential oils (EOs) from two Citrus medica cultivars, 'liscia' and 'rugosa,' cultivated along the Amalfi Coast, show promising antimicrobial properties against key pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus strains. These findings validate traditional uses of citron peels as food preservatives and suggest potential for EOs in medical applications. The study identified 100 compounds in the oils, with limonene (62.8–67.2%) and camphene (8.5–10.9%) as dominant constituents. Additionally, 'rugosa' EO demonstrated dose-dependent inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and influenced adenylate cyclase 1 (ADCY1) expression in neuronal cells, hinting at neuroactive properties of limonene. The research employed GC-MS analysis to characterize the oils and in vitro assays to assess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and CNS activities.