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Nativity Church narthex: A non-linear FEM procedure for the diagnosis of a structural damage

Birthplace of Jesus: Church of the Nativity and the Pilgrimage Route, Bethlehem — 2016 — WHE2B76647357

A non-linear finite element method (FEM) procedure successfully diagnosed structural damage in the narthex of the Church of the Nativity. The study developed a detailed 3D model using ABAQUS software to simulate seismic behavior and damage evolution, achieving a deformed configuration closely matching real-world observations. By discretizing the structure with tetrahedron elements obeying a damage plasticity law—exhibiting softening in tension and compression—the research validated hypotheses about the narthex's historical transformations, particularly its medieval fortification. This approach offers a novel method for analyzing complex heritage structures without relying solely on physical testing.

Natural and human hazard assessment of the archaeological sites of Paphos area (Cyprus) with the use of remote sensing and GIS.

Paphos — 2016 — WHE10B2AB769C

A significant portion of archaeological sites in the Paphos region, Cyprus, are located on areas prone to erosion and landslides, posing substantial risks to their preservation. This was revealed through an innovative risk assessment model that integrated remote sensing and GIS technologies, addressing limitations of traditional monitoring methods which are time-consuming and cost-inefficient. The study demonstrated how these modern tools can provide comprehensive spatial data analysis, enabling scientists to monitor both natural and anthropogenic hazards more effectively. Additionally, the research highlighted extensive construction activity in the broader area, further exacerbating risks to cultural heritage sites.

Natural foundations of the nomination in geographic features of Saryarka

Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan — 2016 — WHE0632A426A7

The etymology and geographical significance of oronyms in the Saryarka region reveal deep connections between place names, geological features, and mineral resources. This study demonstrates that toponymic analysis, integrating geography, history, linguistics, and archaeology, provides critical insights into the geological structure and mineral potential of mountain systems such as Kokshetau, Yereimentau, Bayanaul, Chingiztau, Kyzylaray, Karkaraly, and Ulytau. The research highlights how local toponyms serve as markers for rock composition, mineral deposits, and historical archaeological contexts, offering geologists valuable information for resource exploration. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of understanding the propagation laws of names in shaping the region's geographical identity, with implications for sustainable tourism development.

Natural Ventilation in Old Islamic Houses the Study of Courtyard in Old Cairo Case Study:

Historic Cairo — 2016 — WHEB5868A711C

Old Islamic houses in Cairo, particularly their courtyards, demonstrate sophisticated passive ventilation strategies that can inform modern sustainable building design. These courtyards, integral to social and environmental functions, offer insights into natural ventilation techniques that have been overshadowed by contemporary reliance on mechanical systems. The study employs inductive methods, including literature review and analytical application of passive ventilation principles in a historic courtyard house, to highlight the potential for energy-efficient, sustainable built environments. By revisiting traditional architectural practices, this research provides actionable knowledge to address rising energy demands while preserving cultural heritage.

Nature enclosures: historic peasants versus public and private conservation units of the Paraguay River in the Pantanal wetlands of western Brazil

Pantanal Conservation Area — 2016 — WHEC94593664C

A critical examination of conservation policies along the Paraguay River in Brazil's Pantanal wetlands reveals that historic fisher-farmers do not deplete fish stocks, contrary to assumptions by reserve officials. The study challenges the notion that eco-tourism benefits conservation and exposes private reserves as often being hobby ranches or land speculation ventures. Using radical environmental history and critical global political ecology perspectives, researchers highlight a class conflict between conservationists and local peasants, with courts siding with the latter. This work underscores the need for equitable policies that recognize the ecological knowledge and practices of indigenous communities.

Nature tourism trends in Australia with reference to the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area

Greater Blue Mountains Area — 2016 — WHEDD0668C1F1

A significant decline in domestic per-capita nature tourism visitation was observed in Australia and the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area from 1998 to 2012, challenging assumptions about the growth of this sector. The study compared visitation trends with population growth, revealing that while nature-based tourism remains economically vital, its per capita decline poses risks for biodiversity conservation and local economies. Strategies to boost visitation, particularly targeting children to foster long-term environmentally responsible behavior, are recommended as critical for sustaining park survival and political support.

Nea Paphos. Seasons 2012 and 2013

Paphos — 2016 — WHE01D662A0B8

Excavations at the Hellenistic House in Nea Paphos, Cyprus, revealed significant architectural and artifactual evidence from the 2nd century AD. The site, which collapsed due to an earthquake, yielded oblong tumble blocks, including entablature fragments of the eastern peristyle and acroteria depicting Dioskouroi symbols. A cistern beneath the courtyard contained two successive well-heads, one of which had collapsed into it. Notably, the disturbed fill from the courtyard surface included a sling bullet mold with scorpion relief decoration and fragments of 'Nabatean' capitals featuring schematic volutes. These findings provide insights into the architectural style and craftsmanship of the period, as well as the functional use of the space.

Near Infrared Spectra and Hyperspectral Imaging of Medieval Fortress Walls in Carcassonne: A Comprehensive Interdisciplinary Field Study

Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne — 2016 — WHE17588898CB

A comprehensive interdisciplinary field study at the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Carcassonne, reveals significant insights into the construction and use of its medieval fortress walls using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging. The research, conducted by a collaboration between universities and institutes, successfully identified raw materials used in wall construction and elucidated different phases of their development and vulnerabilities. This study builds upon earlier work that demonstrated simplified NIR imaging with modified digital cameras, advancing the technique's application to large-scale, protected archaeological sites where traditional laboratory analysis is impractical.

Négocier pour exister

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2016 — WHE2EE60852AC

During the period of 1650 to 1730, negotiation and diplomacy emerged as critical strategies for survival among the Hanseatic cities of Lübeck, Bremen, and Hamburg, as well as the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. This study highlights how France's political influence became a pivotal factor in these regions, particularly against the backdrop of shifting constitutional dynamics within the Holy Roman Empire. The research underscores the indispensable role of diplomatic engagement in securing state existence during this transformative era.

Negotiated Living: An Ethno-Historical Perspective of Punta Allen

Sian Ka'an — 2016 — WHE2338133932

Punta Allen, located within the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve and under the jurisdiction of Tulum Municipality, holds unique agency in shaping regional tourism development. Unlike other communities, Punta Allen's lobster fishing and tourism cooperatives engage in meaningful negotiations with both the reserve and municipality, enabling them to influence their village's future. This 'negotiated living' approach demonstrates how local governance structures can balance ecological conservation with sustainable economic growth, offering a model for other UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Neighbourhood Regeneration in Istanbul – from Earthquake Mitigation to Planned Displacement and Gentrification

Historic Areas of Istanbul — 2016 — WHE849F600BA3

Current top-down, neo-liberal urban regeneration policies in Istanbul prioritize economic growth and gentrification over earthquake resilience, leaving vulnerable communities at risk. The study identifies three phases of post-1999 earthquake neighborhood regeneration: an initial phase focused on resilient redevelopment with minimal gentrification, a second phase dominated by controversial displacement and gentrification under pro-development policies, and a third phase where economic incentives drive profitable redevelopment rather than seismic vulnerability reduction. A case study of Bağcılar highlights both limitations and potential for improvement. The paper argues that 20th-century urbanization challenges continue to shape regeneration problems today and calls for 'bottom-up' research to evidence the social costs of current practices and propose alternative, resilient models.

Nemausus

Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) — 2016 — WHE8A0222422D

Nemausus, originally a Celtic settlement and later a significant Roman city in Gallia Narbonensis (modern Nîmes), emerged as a rival to Narbo, becoming one of the most successful urban centers in Roman Gaul. By 28 BCE, it was established as a *colonia Latina, hosting an important mint and expanding its walls to enclose approximately 220 hectares. The city's prominence is underscored by its architectural marvels, including an amphitheater, a precinct dedicated to Deus Nemausus, and the iconic Maison Carrée temple, later dedicated to Julius Caesar. Additionally, the Pont-du-Gard aqueduct, part of its extensive water infrastructure, stands as a testament to Roman engineering. Nemausus produced notable figures, including ancestors of Emperor Antoninus Pius, reflecting its enduring cultural and economic influence.

Neoliberalism and Global Theatres: Performance Permutations ed. by Laura D. Nielsen and Patricia Ybarra

Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu — 2016 — WHE5C6398AC29

Neoliberalism and Global Theatres: Performance Permutations, edited by Laura D. Nielsen and Patricia Ybarra, provides a critical examination of how neoliberal economics influences global theatre and performance cultures. The collection of 17 essays explores the intersections of arts, globalization, and market dynamics across diverse regions, including Latin America, Asia, and North America. Key findings include the analysis of institutional strategies in neoliberal contexts, such as Yale University's financial control over Peruvian artifacts from Machu Picchu, and the impact of neoliberalism on artistic expression and cultural identity. The study employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating economic theory with performance studies to challenge conventional narratives of globalization. Notable contributions include examinations of space in Chicano theatre and the threats to experimental theatre spaces like Teatro Oficina Perdiz in Brasilia due to economic pressures.

Neolithic Pasts, Neolithic Futures: The Contemporary Socio-politics of Prehistoric Landscapes

Heart of Neolithic Orkney — 2016 — WHE22F64BA159

Designating Orkney's Neolithic landscapes as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) in the 1990s has significantly reshaped global perceptions of Scotland's Neolithic period, highlighting its unique socio-political and cultural importance. This recognition, overlapping with a National Scenic Area, created a synergistic effect that offers valuable lessons for heritage management. The study reviews how this designation influences broader interpretations of Scotland’s Neolithic past while examining the contemporary implications of preserving such landscapes.

Neoproterozoic crustal growth at the margin of the East Gondwana continent – age and isotopic constraints from the easternmost inliers of Oman

Ancient City of Qalhat — 2016 — WHE816851BB08

Research on the Jebel Ja’alan and Qalhat inliers in Oman reveals the oldest magmatic events linked to the closure of the Mozambique Ocean, dating back approximately 900–880 million years. This discovery sheds light on the Neoproterozoic crustal growth at the margin of East Gondwana, a critical period for the assembly of supercontinents. The study employed U-Pb SIMS zircon dating and Nd isotopic analysis to determine crystallization ages and evaluate the juvenile to slightly evolved nature of the rocks, indicating variable contamination by older continental material. These findings contrast with younger, more uniformly juvenile rocks in southern Oman, suggesting a progressive development of arc rocks onto East Gondwana's western margin. The research highlights the complex geological processes shaping this region's ancient crust.

Neoproterozoic granitoids on Wrangel Island

Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve — 2016 — WHE30013339A8

Wrangel Island's granitoids, dated to the Neoproterozoic era (Cryogenian period), reveal ancient geological secrets. A study using U–Pb geochronology identified inherited zircon cores within these rocks, suggesting the presence of Neoarchean–Mesoproterozoic foundations on the island. These ancient components, aged 1010, 1170, 1200, and over 2600 million years, indicate that older rocks were partially melted during granitoid magma formation. This discovery sheds light on Wrangel Island's complex geological history, hinting at a deeper, more ancient foundation than previously recognized.

Nest Site Selection of Loggerhead and Leatherback Sea Turtles at the Eastern Coast of Inhaca Island, Mozambique

Island of Mozambique — 2016 — WHEF7DDD07D2A

Loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles exhibit distinct nest site preferences on Inhaca Island, Mozambique. Loggerheads distribute nests more evenly across the eastern coast, with higher concentrations at the northernmost section, while leatherbacks concentrate nesting in central areas. Beach height significantly influences loggerhead nest density (r = 0.309, P < 0.01), whereas fin grain particles (0.125 mm) and organic content are critical for leatherback nest selection (r = 0.399, P < 0.01; r = 0.218, P < 0.05). The study analyzed six nesting seasons using satellite imagery to assess beach features correlated with nest site selection, revealing species-specific environmental preferences that may impact offspring survival and adult fitness.

Nest Survival in Painted Stork ( Mycteria leucocephala ) Colonies of North India: the Significance of Nest Age, Annual Rainfall and Winter Temperature

Keoladeo National Park — 2016 — WHE594D912C5D

Nest survival in Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala) colonies is significantly influenced by environmental factors such as annual rainfall, daily minimum temperature, and colony-specific parameters like nest density. Research indicates that nests built early in the breeding season exhibit higher survival rates, while lower winter temperatures negatively impact daily survival. Additionally, nests in high-density colonies show improved survival probabilities. The study analyzed 1,095 nests across four northern Indian colonies over two breeding seasons (2013–2014 and 2014–2015), monitoring them every 4–7 days to assess the impact of these variables on nest survival.

Networking for sustainable cultural tourism activities and dynamics: the case of Oporto.

Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar — 2016 — WHE418FE98397

A study on the Historic Centre of Oporto, including the Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar, reveals that while collaboration among stakeholders is prevalent, there is no official network for managing, planning, or protecting this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The research highlights significant challenges in balancing sustainable tourism development with heritage preservation, emphasizing the need for structured networking to address these issues effectively. The study employs a qualitative approach to analyze stakeholder dynamics and identify key difficulties in heritage management.

Networks of the Theban desert: social, economic and religious interactions in late Byzantine and early Islamic Thebes

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2016 — WHEB172EA42CE

Late Byzantine and early Islamic Thebes, particularly the town of Jeme (Medinet Habu) and its neighboring monastic communities, functioned as a vital regional hub within broader Egyptian exchange networks. This study reveals that Jeme's symbiotic relationship with nearby monasteries—such as Apa Phoibammon, Epiphanius, and Frange—enhanced both their economic and religious significance. While not rivaling nome capitals in importance, this west Theban network demonstrated interdependence, where the town's prosperity supported monastic growth, which in turn elevated Jeme’s status. Leveraging extensive Coptic documentary evidence from well-defined chronological periods, the research provides a rare, data-driven insight into social and economic interactions across the Hermonthite and Koptite nomes. This work lays groundwork for future sociological studies of the region, framing its significance within broader historical contexts.