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Discussions on the Religious Space of Edo City: The Landscape and Functions of Temples and Shrines

Shrines and Temples of Nikko — 2014 — WHECEEF47201A

A key discovery reveals that the City of Edo's design incorporated mystical and religious spatial strategies to protect it, with large temples and shrines strategically placed to face northeast/southwest—directions considered unlucky—and towards execution sites and red-light districts. This study examines how the Tokugawa shogunate harnessed these 'magical factors' for safeguarding the city, including the enshrinement of Ieyasu towards the North Star (Nikko). The research also explores the Honmatsu-seido system, which integrated temples into social order through government control and the Terauke seido, which compelled public affiliation with religious sites. Additionally, it highlights how urban expansion led to the forced relocation of temples to suburbs post-Meireki Fire, creating temple towns like Asakusa, Shitata, and Mita, some evolving into entertainment districts.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da precipitação na Região Hidrográfica da Baía da Ilha Grande-RJ

Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity — 2014 — WHEDE928A43C3

Research on the hydrographic region of Ilha Grande Bay (RHBIG) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, reveals that precipitation distribution is strongly influenced by topography and proximity to the coast. The study analyzed data from 31 rain gauges using interpolation techniques and correlation analysis with physiographic variables such as slope, aspect, altitude, and distance from the coastline. Findings indicate that altitude and coastal proximity are the most significant factors affecting both annual and seasonal precipitation patterns in this region, known for its high rainfall indices due to dynamic atmospheric conditions and the presence of the Serra do Mar escarpments.

Distribution and Conservation Status of Amphibian and Reptile Species in the Lacandona Rainforest, Mexico: an Update after 20 Years of Research

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2014 — WHE6DE2964C63

A comprehensive update reveals that the Lacandona Rainforest, part of Mexico's UNESCO World Heritage Site, hosts 124 species of amphibians and reptiles, with nine amphibians and two reptiles endemic to the Mayan forest. The study, spanning 20 years of research from 2007 to 2013, highlights that four amphibians and three reptiles are potentially restricted to the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, making them highly vulnerable to habitat loss. Notably, only about 60% of the herpetofauna species in Lacandona overlap with neighboring tropical forests, underscoring its unique biodiversity. While seven species (10.1%) are listed as at risk by the IUCN, deforestation poses significant threats, adding uncertainty to their long-term survival.

Distribution and Ecology of Cyanobacteria in the Rocky Littoral of an English Lake District Water Body, Devoke Water

The English Lake District — 2014 — WHE579F72F858

Cyanobacteria in Devoke Water, English Lake District, exhibit distinct vertical zonation patterns with maximum diversity and abundance near the waterline, declining sharply 20-40 cm above it. A notable 'black zone' in the supralittoral region is dominated by pigmented sheath species like Calothrix, Dichothrix, and Gloeocapsa, showing no lateral variation around the lake but correlating positively with wind exposure. This study reveals a unique flora reflective of base-poor mountain lakes with some lowland, alkaline elements. The research employed sampling along vertical and horizontal transects, coupled with species ordination analysis to elucidate these patterns.

Distribution and Growth Condition of Enhalus Acoroides in Iriomote Island

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHECF141BF47C

Enhalus acoroides, a tropical seagrass with a northern distribution limit around the Yaeyama Islands, is listed as Endangered (II) by Japan's Ministry of the Environment. While localized declines have been documented in Iriomote Island, its broader distribution and growth conditions remain unclear. A study mapping its presence across the northwestern coast of Iriomote Island revealed that dense stands occupy only 14% of suitable shoreline, typically in sheltered bays where wave exposure is minimal compared to offshore areas (D.L. ±0.0–-0.5 m). This suggests that while the species persists in low-energy environments, its population is fragmented and vulnerable to further decline.

Distribution and habitat of the Laotian Rock Rat Laonastes aenigmamus Jenkins, Kilpatrick, Robinson & Timmins, 2005 (Rodentia: Diatomyidae) in Vietnam

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park — 2014 — WHE7B8660588A

Research confirms the Laotian Rock Rat (Laonastes aenigmamus), a critically endangered rodent and sole surviving member of the extinct family Diatomyidae, inhabits a tiny 150 km² range in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This discovery expands its known distribution from Laos to Vietnam but underscores severe threats: restricted habitat, high hunting pressure, and forest disturbances. The species thrives in low karst forests with steep limestone towers, using crevices for dens and feeding on 18 plant species and insects. Despite its IUCN Endangered status in Laos, it lacks legal protection in Vietnam, jeopardizing survival.

Distribution and migration of aftershocks of the 2010 Mw 7.4 Ogasawara Islands intraplate normal-faulting earthquake related to a fracture zone in the Pacific plate

Ogasawara Islands — 2014 — WHE7A3297FEBC

A significant intraplate normal-faulting earthquake (Mw 7.4) occurred 150 km east of the Ogasawara Islands, Japan, on December 21, 2010, revealing that preexisting crustal structures in the Pacific plate influence such seismic events. Aftershocks, mapped using ocean bottom seismographs and multichannel seismic reflection surveys, formed three subparallel lineations along a fracture zone, extending 140 km northwest-southeast—oblique to the trench axis. The study found that aftershock activity migrated over time, initially concentrated in an 80 km central segment near large seamounts and plateaus like the Ogasawara Plateau and Uyeda Ridge, before expanding outward. This migration suggests that crustal heterogeneities, such as fracture zones and seamounts, played a critical role in the main shock rupture. Such findings imply that similar structures may influence intraplate earthquakes in other subduction-related regions.

Distribution of buried hydrothermal alteration deduced from high‐resolution magnetic surveys in Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2014 — WHE619B11A1E4

A significant demagnetization of the subsurface, extending to depths of at least several hundred meters, has been identified in hydrothermal areas within Yellowstone National Park (YNP). This finding correlates closely with zones of intense hydrothermal activity and alteration, suggesting that magnetic surveys can effectively map buried hydrothermal systems. The study utilized high-resolution airborne and ground magnetic surveys, alongside measurements of rock magnetization from field samples and drill cores, to reveal the geometry and extent of subsurface alteration in three thermal areas: Firehole River, Smoke Jumper Hot Springs, and Norris Geyser Basin. Notably, a pronounced negative magnetic anomaly over Lone Star Geyser highlights substantial demagnetization linked to large-scale fluid flow.

Diurnal activity patterns and feeding ecology of the endemic geladas ( T heropithecus gelada) in the S imien M ountains N ational P ark, E thiopia

Simien National Park — 2014 — WHE5AC14A6438

Geladas (Theropithecus gelada) in Simien Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, dedicate significantly more time to foraging than other diurnal activities, with grass being their primary food source. A study conducted from January to April 2010 observed a band of 21 individuals using scan sampling and simultaneous census methods across five blocks covering 1805 hectares. Geladas spent minimal time resting and similar amounts moving, regardless of age class. Notably, the study band interacted with humans, stealing food from tourists and locals, highlighting the need for awareness campaigns to aid conservation efforts.

Diversity and density of the EM fungal community present in high elevation Fraser fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHEA85714689A

A three-year study in the high-elevation Fraser fir forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed that ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal diversity and density were significantly higher in low regeneration plots compared to mature or sapling sites, with 11 decomposer and 33 EM species identified. Laccaria species, particularly Laccaria laccata and its variety, dominated low regeneration treatments, suggesting potential for their use in Fraser fir reforestation efforts. The research also found that precipitation influenced fungal frequency, with higher values recorded in wetter years (2009). While sapling plots hosted the most frequent EM species, mature and sapling stands showed greater overall richness and diversity than low regeneration areas, likely due to limited Fraser fir establishment. Ongoing experiments are testing Laccaria inoculation for seedling survival in degraded sites.

Diversity and Distribution of Bats in the Northwest Territories

Nahanni National Park — 2014 — WHE8238219E72

Research reveals that the diversity of bat species in the Northwest Territories (NT), Canada, is significantly higher than previously documented. Initially, only three species were known to inhabit the region: Little Brown Myotis, Northern Myotis, and Hoary Bat. However, through focused surveys and resident observations, four additional species have been confirmed—Long-eared Myotis, Long-legged Myotis, Big Brown Bat, and Silver-haired Bat—bringing the total to seven, with an eighth species (Eastern Red Bat) suspected but unconfirmed. Notably, Little Brown Myotis and Northern Myotis are reproducing in the NT, suggesting higher abundance than expected, while Little Brown Myotis has also been confirmed to overwinter in the region, potentially extending the known northern limit of bat hibernation further north than previously thought. The study highlights that Nahanni National Park Reserve exhibits high bat diversity, with other southwestern regions likely sharing similar richness but lacking survey data. Bats are widespread in southern Central Plains, though gaps in occurrence records likely reflect insufficient search effort. The Eastern Shield region supports bats at relatively low densities, while the northern distribution limit of bats in the NT remains unknown but is expected to occur north of 62°N in the Mackenzie Valley.

Diversity and distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) of protected areas in North Tunisia

Ichkeul National Park — 2014 — WHE3418F91B47

A comprehensive study reveals that North Tunisia's protected areas, including Ichkeul National Park and the Kroumerie Mountains, host a higher diversity of Chironomidae (non-biting midges) than previously estimated. The research identified 79 taxa, with nearly all belonging to Palaearctic and Mediterranean complexes, and documented 39 species for the first time in Tunisia. Using data collected from May 2005 to April 2006 across various freshwater ecosystems, the study also uncovered distinct altitudinal zonation patterns in midge communities, highlighting the ecological value of these regions. This findings contribute significantly to our understanding of freshwater biodiversity in North Africa and underscore the importance of protected areas like Ichkeul National Park.

Diversity and phylogenetic community structure of ants along a Costa Rican elevational gradient

Area de Conservación Guanacaste — 2014 — WHED9112A734F

A study on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera Guanacaste within Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) reveals that ant diversity and phylogenetic community structure decline with elevation, exhibiting an asymmetrical mid-elevation peak at approximately 600–800 meters. This pattern was consistent across three volcanoes when measured using molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTU), phylogenetic diversity (PD) based on DNA barcodes, or a multi-gene phylogeny. High species turnover between sites and among mountains was observed, with significant phylogenetic clustering at the highest elevation cloud forest sites, indicating environmental filtering. The narrow elevational range of each species, combined with high diversity at sampling points, underscores the vulnerability of these hyperdiverse communities to climate change.

Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay

Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System — 2014 — WHE9D0F8DB551

Research on the Belize Barrier Reef near Carrie Bow Cay reveals that cryptic habitats, such as shaded coral rubble and crevices, host a significant portion of sponge diversity. Of the 122 sponge species identified from samples collected between 1972 and 2012, 61% are exclusive to these dark or shaded environments, while 39% also inhabit light-exposed areas. This cryptic fauna constitutes approximately 38% of the estimated 200 sponge species in the region. Notably, 14 new species were discovered, including one new genus, highlighting the reef's unexplored biodiversity. The study underscores the importance of cryptic habitats in supporting high species diversity and contributes to our understanding of marine ecosystem complexity.

Diversity of Tree Flora in Homegardens in Urban Proximity of Anuradhapura City, Sri Lanka

Sacred City of Anuradhapura — 2014 — WHE3F5418666C

A comparative analysis of tree flora diversity in homegardens near Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, reveals significant differences between inherited and settled lands. Inherited lands exhibit a higher mean harvestable tree density (54.5 trees/acre) compared to settled lands (40.3 trees/acre), with exotic timber species like Tectona grandis and Berrya cordifolia dominating the latter due to economic incentives. In contrast, inherited lands show greater abundance of multipurpose trees such as Artocarpus heterophyllus, Azadirachta indica, and Mangifera indica, contributing to food security. Cocos nucifera is the most abundant species across both categories, accounting for over 40% of tree populations. The study also highlights potential for carbon crediting programs, offering a dual benefit for forestry and farming under shifting climatic conditions.

Diversity of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems — 2014 — WHEF504D08DAC

A study of trypanorhynch metacestodes in teleost fishes from coral reefs off eastern Australia and New Caledonia revealed 33 named species, including three undescribed tentacularioids, with over 100 new host records. The research found that lacistorhynchoid and tentacularioid taxa were predominant, while otobothrioid and gymnorhynchoids were less common. Notably, five trypanorhynch species exhibited low host specificity, suggesting broader ecological roles. The study also indicated higher diversity in larger piscivorous fish families and a 45% similarity between the fauna of the Great Barrier Reef and New Caledonia. Additionally, several extensively surveyed fish families showed no presence of trypanorhynch larvae.

Do the Ticks of Birds at an Important Migratory Hotspot Reflect the Seasonal Dynamics of Ixodes ricinus at the Migration Initiation Site? A Case Study in the Danube Delta

Danube Delta — 2014 — WHEAEE40E718E

A study conducted in the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve revealed that migratory birds play a significant role in distributing ticks, particularly Ixodes ricinus, across continents. The research found that migratory birds were more likely to host ticks compared to resident birds, with 92.25% of collected ticks belonging to I. ricinus. Seasonal dynamics of tick prevalence and intensity suggested a connection to migration initiation sites rather than local seasonal patterns. The study analyzed 1434 birds from 46 species over four migratory seasons (2011-2012), identifying ticks based on morphological features and epidemiological parameters. Higher nymph prevalence in spring and increased larval intensity during autumn were observed, highlighting the importance of migratory hotspots like the Danube Delta in vector-borne disease dynamics.

Does the Status of a UNESCO World Heritage City Make a Destination More Attractive to Mainland Chinese Tourists? A Preliminary Study of Melaka

Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca — 2014 — WHE31A6495536

A significant increase in Chinese outbound tourism to Malaysia, particularly to UNESCO World Heritage City Melaka, was observed following its inscription. Data shows a nine-fold rise in Chinese tourists from 1995 to 2008 and a 4% surge post-UNESCO recognition in 2009. By 2013, Chinese visitors to Malaysia grew by 22.6%, with projections exceeding 2 million for 2014. This preliminary study examines whether UNESCO status enhances Melaka's attractiveness to mainland Chinese tourists, focusing on working-class expectations and the city's preparedness. The research combines tourism statistics and survey data to assess the impact of heritage designation on destination appeal.

Dom Holdaway & Filippo Trentin (eds.), Rome, Postmodern Narratives of a Cityscape (London & Brookfield: Pickering & Chatto, 2013)

Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura — 2014 — WHE4AC2264B57

Rome's historic center, encircled by the 3rd-century Aurelian Walls, stands as a timeless paradigm of architectural and artistic beauty. This edited volume, 'Rome: Postmodern Narratives of a Cityscape,' offers a nuanced exploration of the city's postmodern narratives, blending historical depth with contemporary perspectives. The research approach combines scholarly analysis with interdisciplinary insights, examining Rome's urban landscape through multiple lenses—architectural, artistic, and cultural. By focusing on the interplay between history and modernity, the editors provide a fresh interpretation of Rome's enduring significance as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This work contributes to the broader discourse on the preservation and understanding of historic cities in the postmodern era.

Dr Thomas Fastolf and the History of Law Reporting

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2014 — WHE37E8BB6851

The Avignon Papal Court, established during the papacy of John XXII (1316–34), marked a pivotal development in European legal history by institutionalizing case-law reporting through its collegiate body of distinguished auditors. This court, housed in a purpose-built hall ('La Grande Audience') and governed by the 1331 bull Ratio Juris, set unprecedented standards for judicial solemnity and procedural rigor. The study highlights how the Avignon court's structured procedures—including robed hearings, lengthy oaths, and diligent case determination—elevated its authority as a model of excellence in justice, influencing legal traditions across Europe.