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Schwächediskurse und Ressourcenregime

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2020 — WHE102373C8C6

A new framework for understanding Hanseatic legal history emerges from analyzing discourses of weakness and resource regimes. These concepts reveal that perceived weaknesses, often strategically deployed, can trigger significant shifts in the distribution of resources within historical formations. Unlike traditional economic institutions, 'resource regimes' provide a broader lens to study norms and practices regulating resource allocation, while also offering insight into how law functions as an arena for conflict resolution rather than just abstract norms. Two case studies—one on the Hanseatic debate with England over collective liability in the 1460s and another on disputes within Lübeck’s council around 1410—demonstrate this approach's utility in integrating conflict dynamics into legal history. This study advances a more nuanced, culturally embedded understanding of Hanseatic legal practices.

Scientific Note: Insects associated with Guettarda scabra in Everglades National Park, Florida

Everglades National Park — 2020 — WHE50FFBBCD3B

A study on Guettarda scabra in Everglades National Park reveals that its leaves are a food source for various moth caterpillars, some of which contribute to pollination when their adult forms visit the flowers. The research highlights the plant's role in supporting a diverse insect community, with flower-opening accelerated by flower-flies and nocturnal visits from hawk moths (Sphingidae), followed by butterfly activity in the morning. The findings underscore the ecological interactions between G. scabra and its associated insects, providing insights into pollination dynamics within the park's ecosystem.

Scientific substantiation of overcoming of existing ecological problems caused by separate impacts and recreational loads on landscape complexes on the south-western slopes of Azerbaijan (On the example of Sheki-Zakatala zone)

Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace — 2020 — WHE46AD89D016

Research reveals that landscape complexes in the Sheki-Zakatala zone of Azerbaijan exhibit varying resilience to recreational and anthropogenic pressures, with critical safe load thresholds differing significantly across natural formations. Light forests, such as those in Bunut, show severe degradation under trampling, leading to soil compaction, loss of seedlings, and destruction of grass and moss layers—particularly around springs transferred to private ownership. Grazing exacerbates these issues, especially during rainy seasons, further damaging vegetation and soil structure across basins like Vendam, Damiraparan, Hamzali, Bum, and Karachay. The study underscores the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate ecological impacts while sustaining recreational forest use.

Scientific Substantiation of Overcoming of Existing Ecological Problems Caused By Separate Impacts and Recreational Loads on Landscape Complexes on the South-Western Slopes of Azerbaijan(on the Example of Sheki-Zakatala Zone)

Historic Centre of Sheki with the Khan’s Palace — 2020 — WHE1BE4FB3990

Research on the Sheki-Zakatala zone reveals that recreational and anthropogenic pressures, such as trampling and grazing, significantly degrade forest ecosystems. Safe recreational loads for one natural complex can be detrimental to others, particularly in light forests like Bunut, where oak-maple and oak-maple-hornbeam formations suffer from soil hardening, seedling mortality, and destruction of grass and moss layers. The study highlights that private land transfers around springs exacerbate these issues, leading to increased anthropogenic pressure and ecosystem degradation, especially during the rainy season when animals further damage vegetation and soil surfaces. Field observations indicate critical impacts on large areas around river basins, including Vendam, Damiraparan, Hamzali, Bum, and Karachay, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable management strategies to mitigate ecological damage.

Scratches? Scribbles? Scripture! Revealing the Unseen – 3D Scanning of Glagolitic Graffiti of the 10th Century at the Monastery of St. Naum

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region — 2020 — WHE9F62C6AB7F

A groundbreaking study reveals previously unseen Glagolitic graffiti on the 10th-century marble columns of the Monastery of St. Naum, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Macedonia. These inscriptions, among the earliest evidence of the Glagolitic alphabet, were obscured due to the columns' curvature and shiny surface, which hindered traditional imaging techniques like macrophotography with raking light. To address this, researchers employed structured light scanning with a resolution of 30 μm or less, successfully capturing high-resolution 3D models of the inscriptions without texture information to avoid errors from the marble's discoloration. This innovative approach not only digitally preserves and archives the graffiti but also allows for detailed analysis from any virtual angle, providing invaluable resources for Slavistic and linguistic experts.

Scribes as Editors: Tracking Changes in the Linear B Documents

Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns — 2020 — WHE5EDB9F0DAC

Mycenaean scribes meticulously edited Linear B administrative documents, revealing that these records were active, carefully maintained texts used throughout the palatial administrations' yearly cycles—contrary to assumptions of their being rough or preliminary. Edits included corrections, updates, and stylistic changes affecting layout, structure, orthography, and sign forms. Analysis of these edits sheds light on scribal priorities, demonstrating that despite short-term retention (tablets kept for no longer than a year), they were designed for ongoing use and consultation.

Seabirds and seals as drivers of plant succession on Surtsey

Surtsey — 2020 — WHE2CD8CEF884

Seabirds and seals are key drivers of plant succession on Surtsey, accelerating vegetation development through nutrient transfer from sea to land. Since 1965, 75 vascular plant species have colonized the island, with 40 establishing viable populations. Recent decades show slowed colonization, but dense vegetation (2 ha in 2018) has emerged on the northern spit due to seagull breeding and grey seal haul-outs. A 2019 survey revealed overlapping seal distribution and dense vegetation, suggesting seals contribute 9-13 kg N/ha annually, comparable to seagulls' 5-30 kg N/ha input. Plant biomass measurements indicate the spit's development mirrors that of an older gull colony in the south, highlighting the combined role of seabirds and seals in shaping Surtsey's ecosystem. Further research is recommended to quantify seal impacts on nutrient cycling.

Searching the Virtually Extinct Tridacna gigas (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Reefs of Palawan, Philippines

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park — 2020 — WHEF97FE608F0

Despite being considered virtually extinct in Palawan, Philippines since the 1980s, Tridacna gigas, the largest extant reef-associated bivalve, persists in small numbers. A study recorded 29 live individuals and 97 empty shells, with most shells repurposed for decoration. Live T. gigas were predominantly found in Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park and island resorts, indicating effective conservation efforts. These remaining specimens hold potential for breeding and restocking programs to restore declining populations. The research relied on field reports, key informant interviews, and site visits over five months, providing the first updated assessment of T. gigas in Palawan since its presumed extinction.

Seasonal litterfall composition and carbon and nitrogen returns in New Zealand shrubland

Tongariro National Park — 2020 — WHE108EA587F9

Manuka–kanuka shrublands, significant carbon sinks in New Zealand, exhibit distinct seasonal patterns in litterfall composition and nutrient returns. Research at Tongariro National Park and Stoney Creek revealed that total litterfall ranges from 3557 to 4443 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, with leaf material contributing 46–67%. Litterfall peaks during spring–summer months, with higher rates observed at the lower-altitude Stoney Creek site. Carbon inputs range between 1941 and 2448 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while nitrogen inputs are between 28 and 37 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, predominantly in leaf material. Despite similar rainfall and shrub ages at both sites, litterfall rates differ, suggesting site-specific variations. The study highlights the importance of understanding litterfall dynamics to assess the resilience of these ecosystems under climate change.

Seasonal movements and metapopulation structure of the Australian fairy tern in Western Australia

Ningaloo Coast — 2020 — WHEA75BEEC27F

A study on the Australian fairy tern metapopulation in Western Australia reveals significant seasonal movements and metapopulation structure, with a widely distributed, partially migratory spring/summer-breeding population and a smaller, sedentary winter-breeding population along the Pilbara coast. The research, using mark–recapture techniques and community-based resightings, identified key breeding locations ranging from tropical Ningaloo Coast to temperate regions like Point Malcolm. It also proposed seven 'neighbourhoods' as critical conservation units based on spatial exchange patterns among birds. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining population size within these units for long-term species conservation.

Seasonal records of benthic macroinvertebrates in a stream on the eastern edge of the Iguaçu National Park, Brazil

Iguaçu National Park — 2020 — WHEE4CC35EE86

A study on the eastern edge of Iguaçu National Park, Brazil, reveals that seasonal climatic conditions significantly influence the abundance and composition of benthic macroinvertebrates. Researchers identified 88 taxa, with Diptera being the most abundant and diverse order. The findings indicate higher occurrences and diversity during intermediate and lower precipitation/temperature periods, suggesting a varied response to environmental factors. This research enhances our understanding of stream ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots like the Atlantic Forest, providing critical data for biomonitoring efforts amid ongoing anthropogenic threats.

Seasonal variation in grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum) abundance in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania

Ngorongoro Conservation Area — 2020 — WHEB7C332E85F

Grey crowned cranes (Balearica regulorum), an endangered species, exhibit significant seasonal variation in abundance within the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Research reveals that crane densities are markedly lower during the wet season (2.4/km²) compared to the dry season (20.2/km²). This study utilized line-transect distance sampling across multiple 2-km road segments to estimate crane populations in April and August 2016, analyzing data from 106 transects with observations of 174 crane groups ranging from 1 to 61 individuals. The findings suggest that the Ngorongoro Crater serves as a critical seasonal habitat for cranes, particularly during the dry season when they concentrate in perennial wetlands. This underscores the site's importance for crane conservation efforts in northern Tanzania.

Seats, Relics and the Rationale of Images in Westminster Abbey, Henry III to Edward II

Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church — 2020 — WHE0E154141E1

Wall and panel paintings in the sanctuary and south transept of Westminster Abbey were intricately linked to the furnishings and usage of these spaces, reflecting both ritualistic intent and the chaotic realities of court life during Henry III to Edward II. The study reveals that while liturgical texts often idealize behavior, actual practices—such as riotous conditions during court rituals—shaped the design and function of elements like sedilia (seating for clergy) in the sanctuary. Similarly, murals in the south transept amplified relic cults but were viewed under uncertain access routes and seating arrangements, suggesting a dynamic interplay between visual amplification and physical agency. The research combines liturgical analysis with historical documentation to reconstruct these spaces' multifaceted roles, bridging idealized ritual and lived experience.

Sediment Carbon Variations in the Venice Lagoon and Other Transitional Water Systems of the Northern Adriatic Sea

Venice and its Lagoon — 2020 — WHE89FF0AEA3B

Sediment carbon variations in the Venice Lagoon and adjacent transitional water systems exhibit strong correlations with anthropogenic impacts, particularly eutrophication and clam-fishing activities. Inorganic carbon (Cinorg) is linked to sediment origins—carbonate or siliceous—and its levels, along with organic carbon (Corg), fluctuate significantly under different environmental pressures. Higher sediment density, grain size, and pH are associated with good ecological conditions, marked by increased biological inorganic carbon such as shell fragments and calcified macroalgae. Conversely, Corg, indicative of eutrophic conditions, is heavily influenced by sediment disturbance and high bivalve concentrations, which accelerate its consumption. The study analyzed surface sediments from 1987 to 2011, integrating data from the Venice Lagoon, Po Delta lagoons, Comacchio Valleys, and Pialassa della Baiona, revealing nuanced relationships between carbon dynamics and ecological health in these vulnerable coastal ecosystems.

Sediment cascades and the entangled relationship between human impact and natural dynamics at the pre‐pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe, Anatolia

Göbekli Tepe — 2020 — WHEF9387A3188

A meta-analysis of radiocarbon ages from Göbekli Tepe reveals two distinct phases of intensified geomorphodynamic activity, occurring between 7.4–7.0 and 5.8–3.3 thousand years ago (ka BP). These periods align with demographic growth in southern Turkey and significant climatic variations across the region, including the introduction of organized agriculture and the seeder plough. The study employs sediment cascades as a framework to disentangle the complex interplay between human impact—such as population growth, sedentism, and livestock herding—and natural dynamics like climate variability. While these phases correlate with broader trends in the Eastern Mediterranean, neither the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition nor early herding practices left a clear geomorphological signature. The research highlights the challenges of reconstructing past landscapes shaped by both human societies and environmental changes.

Sedimentary anatomy and hydrological record of relic fluvial deposits in a karst cave conduit

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2020 — WHEF04D06E4B0

A multidisciplinary analysis of relic fluvial deposits in the Demänová Cave System, part of the UNESCO-listed Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst, reveals unprecedented insights into the hydrological history of underground karst conduits. The study identifies 10 allostratigraphic units within a compound sidebar deposit, spanning from gravel to mud, and time-constrained by speleothem U-series isotopic dating. These deposits provide a detailed record of cave-floor sedimentation morphodynamics from the middle Pleistocene to the present, correlating with regional climate changes. Two distinct episodes of flow ponding are attributed to downstream cave-roof collapses, likely triggered by Carpathian post-orogenic earthquakes, adding a new dimension to the understanding of speleological processes and karst hydrology.

Seeing the Landscape: Multiple Scales of Visualising Terrestrial Heritage on Rosemary Island (Dampier Archipelago)

Murujuga Cultural Landscape — 2020 — WHEBFAAF18A63

A combination of photogrammetry, LiDAR, and microphotography reveals the potential for remote sensing techniques to document and reconstruct Aboriginal stone structures on Rosemary Island (Murujuga), offering insights into their distribution and resilience to sea-level rise. The study highlights how these methods can be used to detect similar submerged features in adjacent waters, while also acknowledging challenges posed by naturally rocky and spinifex-covered landscapes. Topographic LiDAR surveys conducted before and after a wildfire further demonstrate the utility—and limitations—of such techniques for understanding terrestrial heritage in dynamic environments.

Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of the Masonry Building of Mozaffarieh Timche in Tabriz Historic Bazaar

Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex — 2020 — WHE1EEC5D885F

Historical masonry structures, such as the Mozaffarieh Timche in Tabriz's UNESCO-listed bazaar complex, lack seismic resistance due to their original design focusing solely on gravitational loads. Research reveals that both orthogonal walls and vaults exhibit inadequate lateral load capacity, necessitating retrofitting to prevent collapse or extensive cracking during earthquakes. Two strengthening methods are proposed: steel ties to reinforce and connect walls, and a spatial structure on the roof to control vault displacement. These interventions significantly improve seismic performance while preserving the historic architectural integrity of the structure.

Seismic estimation of casualties and direct economic loss to Byblos city: a contribution to the ‘100 resilient cities’ strategy

Byblos — 2020 — WHEE69EDE220C

A seismic risk assessment for Byblos, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, reveals significant potential for casualties and direct economic damage from earthquakes. The study models structural building damage, fatalities, and financial losses to support Byblos' resilience strategy under the '100 Resilient Cities' initiative. It identifies critical gaps in seismic preparedness and provides actionable recommendations for emergency planning, prevention, and recovery efforts. By integrating these findings into local governance strategies, authorities can enhance civil protection and mitigate the impact of future seismic events on this culturally significant site.

Seismic Observations of Microearthquakes from the Masada Deep Borehole

Masada — 2020 — WHE1A4C49497B

Researchers have uncovered significant seismic activity beneath the Dead Sea basin (DSB) using a deep borehole seismometer installed at 1516 meters below sea level near Masada, Israel. This innovative approach recorded 1491 high-quality seismograms with a significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio than surface observations, detecting microearthquakes down to magnitudes well below M = 0. The study identified clusters of earthquakes occurring at depths of 10–25 km, providing unprecedented insights into the tectonics and hazards of the DSB. The findings suggest that the b-value for these events is higher than previously observed in the broader DSF area, indicating a unique seismic behavior in this region.