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METACity‐Quito: A Semi‐Dense Urban Seismic Network Deployed to Analyze the Concept of Metamaterial for the Future Design of Seismic‐Proof Cities

City of Quito — 2019 — WHE83690EF97E

Researchers have demonstrated that urban structures can act as seismic metamaterials, creating 'forbidden bands' where seismic energy is significantly reduced. This phenomenon, observed through a semi-dense urban seismic network in Quito, Ecuador (METACity-Quito), reveals how multiscale interactions between soil and buildings modify ground motion patterns. The study suggests that understanding these interactions could lead to the design of future seismic-proof cities by strategically arranging structures to mitigate earthquake damage. The approach involved deploying sensors across Quito to measure wavefield modifications, providing new insights into urban site effects and structural responses.

Metagenomic Analysis of Virioplankton from the Pelagic Zone of Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2019 — WHE7982900266

A metagenomic analysis of Lake Baikal's viral communities during high-productivity periods reveals distinct seasonal shifts in virome composition. Tailed bacteriophages, particularly those from the Caudovirales order, dominate these ecosystems, with functional gene annotation showing a significant presence of 'Phages, Prophages, Transposable Elements and Plasmids' (27.4%) during the under-ice period, which decreases to 9.6% in late spring. Comparative analysis places Baikal's viromes within a distinct clade of the world's largest lakes, highlighting unique ecological patterns. The study employed separate and cross-assembly methods for contig assembly, providing insights into the lake's viral diversity and its relationship with other aquatic environments.

Metal Distribution and Short-Time Variability in Recent Sediments from the Ganges River towards the Bay of Bengal (India)

Sundarbans National Park — 2019 — WHE1E724FACDD

A study of metal distribution and short-term variability in sediments from the Ganges River to the Bay of Bengal reveals severe sediment dynamics, likely driven by tidal hydrodynamics and seasonal monsoon floods. Analysis of metals such as Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn showed no vertical gradient, indicating rapid mixing or redistribution of contaminants. Multivariate analysis identified distinct associations between metals (Co, Zn, Pb, Cu) and organic carbon, pointing to different geochemical processes linked to domestic and industrial effluents, agricultural chemicals, and aquaculture discharges. The research also highlighted an environmental risk associated with copper concentrations in the Kadwip area, emphasizing the impact of anthropogenic activities on this UNESCO-recognized Human Patrimony site, particularly during monsoon periods.

Metal Products of the Alekseyevka-Sargary Culture from the Middle and Upper Tobol Areas

Saryarka – Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan — 2019 — WHE9E60FD726C

Research on metal products from the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture in Northern Kazakhstan reveals significant advancements in metallurgical techniques, including the use of sulphide ores and innovative smelting methods. The study identified a shift in metal production centers from the South Trans-Urals to Central and Eastern Kazakhstan, possibly extending to Xinjiang, China. Tools analyzed, such as daggers, spearheads, and chisels, exhibited heterogeneity in chemical composition, predominantly low-alloyed bronzes like Cu–Sn, Cu–Sn–As, and Cu–As, with traces of pure copper and complex alloys. The findings suggest experimentation with raw materials and the adoption of new metallurgical processes, marking a technological shift in the region's Bronze Age cultures.

Meteorites from the Lut Desert (Iran)

Lut Desert — 2019 — WHEC2FD305394

A new meteorite collection region in the Lut Desert, Iran, has been identified, yielding over 200 ordinary chondrites (OCs) with distinct weathering patterns. The most abundant are highly weathered H5 and well-preserved L5 meteorites, primarily found in the Kalut area. Unlike other deserts, these meteorites show unique terrestrial weathering effects, including troilite transformation into pyrite/marcasite and enrichment of mobile elements like Li, Sr, Mo, Ba, Tl, Th, and U, while V, Cr, Co, Rb, and possibly Fe decrease. Carbon and CaCO3 levels are higher than in other hot deserts, providing distinctive indicators for Lut Desert meteorites. Radiocarbon dating suggests terrestrial ages of 10–30 ka, comparable to other hot deserts except the Atacama. The study highlights the Lut Desert's potential for preserving meteorites, offering valuable material for future research.

Methane Flux and Its Environmental Impact Factors in Dajiuhu Wetland of Shennongjia

Hubei Shennongjia — 2019 — WHEF8A3C2AF31

A study on methane (CH₄) emissions in the Dajiuhu Wetland of Shennongjia, Hubei Province, China, reveals that air temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) are primary drivers controlling peatland CH₄ flux. Using the Eddy covariance technique, researchers measured seasonal and daily variations in CH₄ emissions while analyzing correlations with environmental factors such as soil temperature and rainfall. The findings suggest that these two variables significantly influence methane activity, providing critical insights into wetland ecosystem dynamics and their broader environmental impacts.

Michèle Blanchard-Lemée (1936-2017) et l’Afrique antique

Djémila — 2019 — WHE60C430364E

Michèle Blanchard-Lemée (1936–2017) made significant contributions to the study of ancient African mosaics, particularly those in Djémila, Algeria. Her groundbreaking thesis on the pavements of Djémila established her as a leading expert in the field, and her work remained central to her research throughout her career. A recent posthumous publication focused on the 'house of Bacchus' in Djémila, highlighting her deep engagement with this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Blanchard-Lemée's expertise extended beyond academic research; she played a pivotal role in the restoration and museography of Algerian mosaics, fostering collaboration between French and Algerian researchers. Her legacy includes advancements in the preservation and study of ancient African art, cementing her influence on modern archaeological practices.

Micro-Raman spectroscopy and THz time domain spectroscopic imaging of Pietra Dura marble inlay work resembling Taj Mahal architectural motifs

Taj Mahal — 2019 — WHE7CEBD7F424

Advanced spectroscopic techniques, including micro-Raman spectroscopy and terahertz time domain spectroscopic imaging, have demonstrated unprecedented capability to detect fine cracks and subtle surface changes in marble structures, such as the Pietra Dura inlays of the Taj Mahal. These non-invasive methods can identify visually imperceptible damages, offering a faster, more reliable alternative to traditional visual assessments. By mapping minute variations introduced by organic materials with high accuracy, this approach promises to revolutionize the structural assessment of heritage sites, enabling proactive conservation efforts before visible damage occurs.

Micro‐CT assessment of dental mineralization defects indicative of vitamin D deficiency in two 17th–19th century Dutch communities

Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) — 2019 — WHEA0E1DE873C

A groundbreaking study reveals that vitamin D deficiency was not only prevalent but also recurrent and seasonal among 17th–19th century Dutch communities, with some episodes occurring annually. Using microscopic computed tomography (micro-CT) to assess interglobular dentine (IGD) in teeth, researchers found that 65.5% of individuals exhibited signs of vitamin D deficiency, while a significant portion experienced multiple deficient periods. Notably, IGD was detected in the dentine formed around birth in three individuals, suggesting maternal vitamin D deficiency. This non-destructive method provides valuable insights into the influence of sociocultural practices and latitude on disease development within age and sex groups in past communities.

Microbiome of the deep Lake Baikal, a unique oxic bathypelagic habitat

Lake Baikal — 2019 — WHEADD1E8FEC8

Lake Baikal, the world's deepest lake, harbors a unique bathypelagic freshwater microbiome distinct from marine counterparts. Research reveals that Thaumarchaeota and candidate phyla radiation (CPR) dominate its deep waters, with significant activity in nitrification and methane oxidation. Unlike oceanic samples at similar depths, Baikal's microbiome is characterized by the absence of Deltaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria but the presence of Betaproteobacteriales, CPR, and DPANN superphylum. The study analyzed metagenomes from 1250 and 1350 m depths, assembling 231 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) to uncover these taxonomic and metabolic differences. Depth appears less influential than salinity in shaping the microbial community structure.

Microforaminiferal linings as proxies for paleosalinity and pollution: Danube Delta example

Danube Delta — 2019 — WHE8A46331E7A

Research on microforaminiferal linings from the Danube Delta reveals that these organic linings can serve as reliable proxies for paleosalinity and pollution, despite their low abundance compared to high-salinity environments. The study demonstrates a qualitative model linking benthic foraminifera and their linings across environmental gradients, from delta plain (-1.8 m water depth) to continental slope (>90 m), with surface salinity ranging from 5 to 17 psu. Using cold acid-treated samples, the authors describe the relationship between test ornamentation (e.g., papillate and granulate surfaces) and low-oxygen survival strategies in the Black Sea's eutrophic environment. A Dissolution Index based on organic lining-to-test ratios indicates poor calcite preservation, while deformities, large pore sizes, and pyritization suggest hypoxia and eutrophication. This baseline data enhances understanding of coastline changes and marine transgressions in Paratethyan basins.

Microgravimetry for cavity detection–an example from pilot measurements on Newgrange passage tomb (Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site, Ireland)

Brú na Bóinne - Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne — 2019 — WHE650C014F90

Pilot microgravimetric surveys at Newgrange, a Neolithic passage tomb within Ireland's Brú na Bóinne World Heritage Site, demonstrate the potential of this geophysical technique to detect subsurface cavities. The study revealed distinct gravitational anomalies corresponding to known and previously undocumented voids beneath the monument, including the central chamber and surrounding structures. Microgravimetry, which measures variations in local gravity caused by density contrasts, proved effective in identifying subterranean features without invasive excavation. This non-destructive method offers a valuable tool for archaeological prospection at heritage sites, complementing traditional survey techniques while minimizing risk to fragile monuments.

Microhabitat Utilisation of Endemic Lizard Calotes nigrilabris in the Grasslands of Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka — 2019 — WHEA07DA777DC

Research reveals that the endangered endemic lizard Calotes nigrilabris exhibits selective microhabitat preferences within Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka. The study found significant differences between available and occupied microhabitats, with vegetation type—particularly Ulex and Rhododendron cover—playing a crucial role in its habitat selection. Temporal and spatial variations in microhabitat use suggest resource partitioning among different life stages. These findings underscore the importance of targeted conservation strategies to protect this species' critical grassland habitats, offering key insights for preserving Sri Lanka's unique biodiversity within UNESCO-listed sites.

Microplastic in the Food of Small Sandeel Ammodytes tobianus from the Littoral of the Curonian Spit of the Baltic Sea

Curonian Spit — 2019 — WHE4D2A60DF9B

Research on the Curonian Spit reveals the presence of microplastic contamination in the food bolus of small sandeel (Ammodytes tobianus) from the Baltic Sea littoral. Microplastics were identified in 21% of the studied individuals, with polypropylene film being the dominant type, often found at an advanced stage of destruction. These findings highlight a previously unquantified source of microplastic ingestion in marine ecosystems, with potential implications for biodiversity and food chain dynamics. The study employed infrared spectroscopy to characterize the microplastics, providing a novel insight into their environmental impact on this critical coastal habitat.

Microplastics on the Menu: Plastics Pollute Indonesian Manta Ray and Whale Shark Feeding Grounds

Komodo National Park — 2019 — WHE0FE2E292DC

Plastic pollution, particularly microplastics, poses significant threats to marine ecosystems, yet its impact on filter-feeding megafauna remains understudied. A study conducted in Komodo National Park and nearby coastal areas of Indonesia revealed alarming levels of plastic contamination in the feeding grounds of manta rays (Mobula alfredi) and whale sharks (Rhincodon typus). Researchers found that plastic abundance varied widely, with up to 44 times more microplastics during the wet season compared to the dry season. Small plastic pieces dominated the debris, and theoretical ingestion rates suggested manta rays could consume up to 63 pieces per hour in Nusa Penida and 25 pieces per hour in Komodo, while whale sharks faced even higher exposure in Java. The study used a combination of trawl surveys and visual transects to sample microplastics and larger floating plastics, confirming plastic ingestion in manta rays through analysis of their egested material. These findings highlight the urgent need for local governments to address plastic pollution to protect these critical marine species.

Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Roman Mortars for their Restoration Case of the Historic site of Volubilis (Morocco)

Archaeological Site of Volubilis — 2019 — WHED6A1EA4F74

Roman mortars from the archaeological site of Volubilis, Morocco, were found to consist primarily of quartz and calcite, with trace amounts of feldspar, mica, and dolomite. These findings enabled the reformulation of spare mortars for restoration purposes, using a precise blend of lime (63.6%) and sand (36.4%), including varying grain sizes. Mechanical testing confirmed the performance of these reformulated mortars, providing a basis for restoring damaged Roman mosaics. The study utilized X-ray diffraction to analyze mortar samples from broken tiles and pavements, offering insights into the mineralogical and chemical composition that can guide conservation efforts at historic sites.

Middle Palaeolithic human dispersal in Central Asia: new archaeological investigations in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia

Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape — 2019 — WHEF99BE46F8A

New archaeological investigations in the Orkhon Valley, Mongolia, have uncovered well-stratified Middle Palaeolithic assemblages, providing rare insights into human dispersal routes in Central Asia. Initially studied between the 1960s and 1990s, these sites were re-examined to refine chronostratigraphic and cultural sequences. The research reveals significant data on early human presence in the region, shedding light on the timing and patterns of Middle Palaeolithic occupation. This study advances our understanding of how humans spread across Central Asia during this critical period.

Milestones near Roman Army Installations in Desert Areas of the Provinces of Palaestina and Arabia

Incense Route - Desert Cities in the Negev — 2019 — WHE7D4318C01C

Roman milestones in the Negev Desert, including those along the Incense Route, were likely erected by local Roman Army units near military installations rather than as part of the broader imperial road network. This finding contrasts with the northern and central regions of Palaestina, where such markers are more common along well-preserved roads. The study suggests that these milestones serve as evidence of localized military activity in desert areas, a pattern also observed east of the Via Nova Triana in southern Jordan. By analyzing known milestones and their distribution, the research sheds light on Roman military logistics and infrastructure in arid regions.

Military Applications of Nuclear Energy

Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site — 2019 — WHE053891A15D

The Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site stands as a critical historical and scientific landmark, where the first nuclear weapon tests exposing significant numbers of people to irradiation were conducted. The 1946 'Able' and 'Baker' tests in the lagoon demonstrated the devastating effects of nuclear explosions on both human health and marine environments, while also providing foundational data for military applications of nuclear energy. These tests, along with others in Nevada and Soviet sites like Totsk and Semipalatinsk, revealed long-term radiation consequences, including those observed on atomic submarines. The study synthesizes historical accounts, scientific observations, and modern assessments of the site's environmental and health impacts, offering a comprehensive overview of the military and civilian ramifications of nuclear testing.

Mir Jumla’s Invasion of Assam (1662–63), War Experience of a Dutch Sailor Heiden and Translator Glanius

Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty — 2019 — WHE59BF3083C8

A Dutch sailor, Frans Jansz van der Heiden, provided a firsthand account of Mir Jumla's Mughal invasion of Assam (1662–63), offering unprecedented insights into the region's history, topography, culture, and warfare. His narrative, initially attributed to an English translator W. Glanius, reveals details about Ahom burial traditions, including the plundering of royal maidams, societal customs, and the nature of Assamese people. The study clarifies that Heiden was the actual eyewitness, while Glanius served as a translator for his travelogue. This rare document enriches historical understanding of the period, blending elements of warfare, survival, and cultural observation.