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Hunters, soldiers, and holy men : an archaeological study of masculinities and male household space at Mission San Antonio de Padua, Monterey County, California

San Antonio Missions — 2018 — WHED1181BF760

Archaeological research at Mission San Antonio de Padua, California, reveals that masculinity was a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon during the 18th and 19th centuries, with discernible variations between colonizers and neophytes. The study analyzed three housing contexts—soldiers’ barracks, unmarried male neophyte dormitories (jayunte), and mixed-gender adobe housing—to explore gendered spatial organization and material culture. By synthesizing over 13,000 artifacts from 11 field seasons with historical sources, the research demonstrates that masculinity was not uniform but instead shaped both physical and social landscapes. Additionally, it argues that the concept of 'household' was strategically used by missionaries to restructure Indigenous societal frameworks, offering new insights into Spanish colonial archaeology.

Hunting scenes in Cueva de las Manos

Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas — 2018 — WHE4CF26758B6

A new analysis of painted hunting scenes in Cueva de las Manos, Argentina, reveals that the earliest depictions (dated ca. 9400–6800 bp) are uniquely preserved within this site, while later tonal series exhibit broader spatial dispersion, suggesting seasonal mobility circuits between highlands and steppe regions. Researchers examined tonal groups, superimpositions, design patterns, composition, panel locations, and micro-stratigraphy to link Cueva de las Manos with Cerro Casa de Piedra, proposing a dynamic cultural landscape during the late Pleistocene.

Hurricane‐Induced Changes in the Everglades National Park Mangrove Forest: Landsat Observations Between 1985 and 2017

Everglades National Park — 2018 — WHEAF69067F5F

A comprehensive analysis of Everglades National Park's mangrove forests reveals significant resilience and recovery following hurricane-induced damage. Between 1985 and 2017, total mangrove coverage increased by 10.2%, with notable decreases during major hurricane events such as Hurricane Andrew in 1993, which caused a 46.5% reduction in mangrove area. However, these damaged areas recovered to pre-hurricane levels within 3–4 years. The study also found that the extent of hurricane damage depends on wind speed, direction, and proximity to the storm's maximum winds. This research utilized advanced remote sensing techniques, including Landsat observations, multisensor cross calibration, spectral normalization, and pixel unmixing, to provide a detailed multidecadal record of mangrove changes in the Everglades.

Hydraulic complexities

Sacred City of Anuradhapura — 2018 — WHEC46EA0506E

Anuradhapura's hydraulic system, comprising perennial and seasonal tanks, played a pivotal role in its development as a significant Indian Ocean urban center. The city's layout included three distinct zones: the Citadel, the monumental Sacred City, and the hinterland. The Nuvaraveva, Tissaveva, and Basavak Kulam tanks were central to this system, with extensive restorations conducted by the British in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The study sheds light on the hydraulic complexities that sustained Anuradhapura's urban core, while also addressing historical narratives, such as the Culavamsa's account of the 11th-century Chola conquest, which depicted it as a violent event leading to widespread destruction and plundering.

Hydro Chemical Assessment of Agro-well Water for Irrigation in Thalawa Block in Mahaweli System-H in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka

Sacred City of Anuradhapura — 2018 — WHE70CD8C1AF2

A hydrochemical assessment of agro-well water for irrigation in the Thalawa block, part of the Mahaweli system H in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, reveals that while most water quality parameters are within acceptable ranges for crop production, 50% of the wells exhibit marginal levels of Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC). The study, conducted over ten months from October 2016 to July 2017, analyzed water samples from ten representative agro-wells and found that the mean Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) of 48.2 classifies the water as good for irrigation purposes. Despite variations in rainfall and canal water availability, sufficient water levels were maintained even during dry spells, suggesting high potential for sustainable crop production without detrimental effects on soil or plants.

Hydrochemical studies in Lake Baikal: history and nowadays

Lake Baikal — 2018 — WHECA8C07C5A8

Current hydrochemical data reveal that Lake Baikal's deep-water zone maintains stable major ion concentrations, while nutrient dynamics in the pelagic zone are primarily driven by phytoplankton growth. However, increasing nutrient levels in the littoral zone correlate with human activities and tourism expansion. The Selenga River, the lake's largest tributary, exhibits significant anthropogenic impacts from both Mongolian and Russian sources, leading to changes in major ions, nutrients, and organic matter composition. Notably, while mineral phosphorus concentrations in the Selenga show a declining trend amid low water levels, organic phosphorus compounds are rising. This study synthesizes 90 years of hydrochemical research, including long-term data from the 1950s–1960s, to assess the lake's chemical stability and anthropogenic influences.

Hydropower and irrigation development in the Omo Valley

Lower Valley of the Omo — 2018 — WHE4D793450C8

Hydropower and irrigation development in Ethiopia’s Omo Valley, exemplified by the Gibe III Dam project, pose severe risks to both social justice and environmental sustainability. The study highlights that unchecked development, without adequate consultation or compensation for displaced communities—primarily agro-pastoralists—could lead to long-term impoverishment, increased morbidity, and mortality. Additionally, planned irrigation expansion threatens to drastically reduce Lake Turkana’s water volume, endangering the livelihoods of hundreds of thousands in Ethiopia and Kenya. The research underscores the urgent need for targeted compensation programs and benefit-sharing mechanisms to mitigate these impacts, emphasizing that proactive measures could reconcile economic development with social equity.

Hyperspectral Estimation of the Chlorophyll Content in Short-Term and Long-Term Restorations of Mangrove in Quanzhou Bay Estuary, China

Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China — 2018 — WHE8B4C1745CF

Researchers have demonstrated that hyperspectral remote sensing can accurately estimate the chlorophyll content of mangroves at different stages of restoration, with higher precision for long-term restored areas. The study, conducted in Quanzhou Bay Estuary, China, used a portable spectroradiometer to measure spectral reflectance and leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value) from two mangrove species: Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum. Two models were developed using partial-least-squares stepwise regression—one based on full-wave-band spectrum data and another on red-edge position—to estimate chlorophyll content. The red-edge position model achieved a coefficient of determination (R²) exceeding 0.72, while the full-wave-band model surpassed 0.82. These findings suggest that hyperspectral techniques could be adapted to monitor biochemical constituents in mangrove leaves, offering potential for broader applications in ecological restoration assessments.

Hyrcanian forests—Stable rear‐edge populations harbouring high genetic diversity ofFraxinus excelsior,a common European tree species

Hyrcanian Forests — 2018 — WHED83E0951EB

Hyrcanian forests, part of the Caucasus biodiversity hotspot and located near the southern Caspian Sea, harbor significantly higher genetic diversity in common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) compared to European populations. This study reveals that Hyrcanian populations exhibit stable rear-edge dynamics with diverse genetic markers, including EST-SSRs, suggesting their potential as a critical reservoir for species adaptation amid global climate change and ash dieback. Population divergence between European and Hyrcanian populations was traced back to the Pleistocene epoch, with evidence of recent population size reduction across all studied regions. Additionally, substructure within Hyrcanian forests was identified, featuring distinct western-central and eastern subclusters, along with two new plastid haplotypes in the easternmost populations. These findings underscore the evolutionary significance of the Hyrcanian forests for both F. excelsior and potentially other European tree species.

I papiri ritrovati a Pompei: qualche aggiornamento

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2018 — WHE86C56137FE

For the first time, fragments of a Latin papyrus have been discovered at Pompeii, challenging the long-held belief that the unique carbonization process in the region would preclude such findings. This discovery, made during excavations in Regio I, provides new insights into the preservation potential of organic materials under extreme conditions. The study, conducted by researchers from the University of Salento, utilizes advanced documentation techniques to analyze and present these rare fragments, contributing valuable data to the understanding of Pompeii's historical and archaeological landscape.

I terremoti del I secolo d.C. a Pompei. Osservazioni intorno ai danni e consolidamenti nelle Terme Stabiane con particolare riguardo ad uno sperone nel Destrictarium

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2018 — WHE68DBA253CA

A new analysis of the Terme Stabiane in Pompeii reveals that earthquakes in the first century AD significantly damaged its masonry structures, with evidence suggesting at least two distinct seismic events. The study highlights reconstruction and strengthening efforts by Roman builders, including a buttress in the Destrictarium, which provides insights into the chronology of these events. By combining architectural observations with mechanical analysis, researchers have reconstructed the sequence of earthquakes leading up to Vesuvius' catastrophic eruption in 79 AD.

Ice-Core Evidence of Earliest Extensive Copper Metallurgy in the Andes 2700 Years ago

Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture — 2018 — WHE98B739BDCE

A groundbreaking study reveals that extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes began around 2700 years ago, predating previous archaeological estimates. Analyzing a 138.7-meter ice core from Nevado Illimani in Bolivia, researchers used inductively coupled plasma-sector field-mass spectrometry to trace copper emissions, distinguishing between natural dust and anthropogenic sources. The findings indicate that the Chiripa and Chavin cultures were among the first to engage in large-scale copper smelting, with peaks in copper pollution aligning with later high Andean civilizations like the Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari, and Inca, as well as colonial and modern periods. This ice-core evidence provides the earliest comprehensive record of copper metallurgy in South America, offering new insights into the socioeconomic development of Andean cultures.

Identify the risk for leptospirosis disease during flooding periods (Special reference to Medirigiriya Divisional Secretariat Division in Polonnaruwa district).

Ancient City of Polonnaruwa — 2018 — WHEEA61A607E0

A clear relationship between flooding and leptospirosis outbreaks was identified in Medirigiriya, Sri Lanka. The study found that areas affected by floods, particularly Atambaoya, Tissapura, Viharagama, Medirigiriya, and Diulankadawala, were more vulnerable to the disease. Farmers engaging in muddy paddy farming and livestock rearing practices were also identified as high-risk groups due to exposure to contaminated water. The research used retrospective rainfall and flooding data from 2004-2016, leptospirosis case records, and questionnaire surveys, analyzing the data with chi-square tests and ArcGIS 10.3 for map analysis.

Identities Surrounding a Cenotaph for Korean Atomic Bomb Victims

Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) — 2018 — WHEF8974DBA12

A study of the Cenotaph for Korean Atomic Bomb Victims in Hiroshima reveals that the debate over its relocation within the Peace Memorial Park during the 1990s was rooted in complex, multifaceted identities among Japanese-resident Koreans (zainichi Koreans). The research demonstrates that while collective identities tied to pro-South Korean Mindan and pro-North Korean Sōren organizations influenced social identity, personal experiences often transcended these divisions, contributing to internal dissonance within Mindan and rivalry between the two groups. This dynamic led to a deadlock in negotiations, highlighting how individual and group identities shape historical and political disputes. The analysis underscores the nuanced interplay between social and personal identity in contexts of conflict and unity.

Identity and relationships of Sempervivum tectorum (Crassulaceae) in the Rhine Gorge area

Upper Middle Rhine Valley — 2018 — WHE2805B4C7A6

A genetic analysis of Sempervivum tectorum (Crassulaceae) reveals that populations in the Rhine Gorge area form a distinct and homogeneous group, separate from those in the Massif Central, Alps, and Pyrenees. The study suggests this disjunct distribution likely reflects remnants of a once-wider range during Quaternary glaciation. Researchers used genotyping-by-sequencing on 52 accessions across the species' range to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships, finding the Rhine Gorge material is most closely related to the Massif Central clade. Taxonomic recognition for the Rhine Gorge group was dismissed due to morphological and nomenclatural reasons.

Iglesias en Tierradentro: edificación, uso y sentido entre los indios páez de la Gobernación de Popayán, siglos XVII-XVIII

National Archeological Park of Tierradentro — 2018 — WHE2F6B297DD7

Colonial-era churches in Tierradentro, once part of the Province of Páez, challenge traditional narratives by revealing their enduring significance as independent chapels, distinct from Spanish-designed 'pueblos de indios.' This study demonstrates that these structures were pivotal to the social and spatial organization of the Páez Indians, redefining village congregation with deep religious and territorial implications. Through qualitative analysis of scarce archival material, the research traces their colonial origins, architectural uniqueness, and sustained use despite limited Spanish intervention. The findings highlight how the Páez adapted and reinterpreted colonial structures, embedding them into their cultural and communal identity.

Il piombo dell’imperatore: Il relitto di Rena Maiore e le miniere del princeps in età augustea

Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments — 2018 — WHEE9CF6C4EAE

A significant discovery from the Rena Maiore shipwreck off Sardinia reveals the extent of Roman lead mining and trade during Augustus's reign. The wreck, containing 72 lead ingots and four lead tanks (cistae), provides evidence that lead was both a private commodity and a tool for political consensus under Augustus. The cistae link to workshops in Arles, France, while some ingots bear the stamp 'Augusti Caesaris Germanicum plumbum,' indicating mining sources in Germany—despite territorial losses after the Teutoburg Forest defeat. This suggests Rome's strategic planning of resource exploitation even amid military setbacks.

Il rinnovamento dei monasteri benedettini a Roma tra la fine del XII e l’inizio del XIII secolo: un’indagine preliminare

Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura — 2018 — WHE46B7AC69CC

A significant shift in monastic architecture occurred in Rome between the late 12th and early 13th centuries, marking the transition from limited Benedictine initiatives to a broader renewal phase under Pope Innocent III. This period saw the adoption of the cloister-based layout, a rare feature in central Italy at the time, with San Lorenzo fuori le Mura (1189) serving as its pioneering example. The study highlights how this architectural evolution reached its peak at San Paolo fuori le Mura, characterized by Roman antique influences such as marble cladding and sculptural decorations, alongside symbolic inscriptions. Despite challenges posed by later renovations, the research identifies a distinct 'Roman' monastic structure type, emphasizing its cultural and political ties to papal Rome. The findings are drawn from an analysis of surviving documentation and architectural remnants, offering new insights into the understudied residential areas of Benedictine monasteries.

Imaging of Lithospheric Structure Beneath Jeju Volcanic Island by Teleseismic Traveltime Tomography

Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes — 2018 — WHE29228CC3E6

A prominent low-velocity anomaly beneath Jeju Volcanic Island, identified through teleseismic traveltime tomography, reveals the presence of a magmatic system with potential partial melting at depths of 50–60 km. This anomaly branches into shallower low-velocity zones (10–45 km), suggesting complex magma interactions within the lithosphere. The study, conducted using data from 20 broadband seismometers deployed over two years, also highlights relatively high-velocity zones to the north, east, and west of the island, indicating thicker lithospheric structures at the southern margin of the continental lithosphere beneath the Korean Peninsula. These findings imply that focused decompressional melting at sublithospheric depths and intricate magma dynamics have shaped Jeju Island's unique intraplate volcanism.

Impact of anti-poaching approaches for the success of Rhino conservation in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Chitwan National Park — 2018 — WHE61518CFCBC

A study on Chitwan National Park, Nepal, reveals that frequent patrolling is more effective than the distance covered in reducing illegal activities such as poaching. Analyzing 6,593 patrols over fifteen months using logistic regression models, researchers found that areas with higher patrol frequency had a significantly lower probability of illegal occurrences (βPatrol.frequency= -8.6428) compared to patrol effort (βPatrol.effort= -4.1804). Poaching was notably high during periods of insurgency but decreased with increased security posts, community-based anti-poaching units, conservation education, and operations like sweeping/camping. The study underscores the importance of enhancing law enforcement capabilities and adopting advanced techno-based strategies in coordination with stakeholders to sustain long-term rhino conservation success.