Publications
From drought to deluge: the complex impacts of climate change on earthen heritage
Climate change poses severe and multifaceted threats to earthen heritage sites, including erosion, structural deterioration, and cultural value loss. A systematic study of four vulnerable regions—Sistan, Yazd, Persepolis, and Tchogha Zanbil—reveals that shifting precipitation patterns, extreme weather events, rising temperatures, and water scarcity exacerbate these risks. Socioeconomic factors like limited conservation resources further compound vulnerabilities. The research introduces an interdisciplinary framework to assess vulnerability, integrating physical, social, and cultural dimensions, and emphasizes the need for adaptive strategies, effective governance, and community engagement to mitigate impacts. This approach offers a novel method for evaluating climate change risks in earthen heritage, providing actionable insights for preservation efforts.
Assessment of vulnerability and site adaptive capacity to the risk of climate change: the case of Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage earthen site in Iran
Tchogha Zanbil, a UNESCO World Heritage earthen site in Iran, faces significant vulnerability to climate change due to its exposure to extreme climatic events. A novel framework was developed to assess this vulnerability and the potential adaptive capacity of traditional knowledge and ancient systems at such sites. The study found that while Tchogha Zanbil is highly susceptible to adverse effects from climate variability and temperature extremes, there exists a capacity for adaptation rooted in historical practices. This research contributes to global efforts in climate change adaptation planning for cultural heritage, particularly for earthen sites in regions with rising climate risks. Limitations included restricted data access due to COVID-19, but the methodology remains valuable for similar studies.
Water-Risk Management in Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site in Iran, with a Focus on the Ancient Management System
Archaeological research at Tchogha Zanbil, Iran, reveals an ancient surface water management system that could be adapted for modern conservation efforts. The site faces significant water-risk challenges due to heavy rainfall and insufficient runoff control strategies, which exacerbate damage to its earthen structures. By analyzing the authenticity values of the site and assessing current water-management issues, this study proposes sustainable approaches inspired by historical techniques. The findings highlight the potential of integrating ancient solutions with contemporary practices to enhance the resilience and preservation of World Heritage Sites.
Conservation and Restoration of Adobe Architectural Heritage of Bam Citadel (Iran), Affected by the 26 December 2003 Bam Earthquake: Problems and Issues
A significant finding from this study is that Iran's adobe architectural heritage, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Bam Citadel and Tchogha Zanbil, faces severe threats from seismic activity and urban development. The research highlights the vulnerability of these structures to earthquakes, as demonstrated by the devastating 2003 Bam earthquake, which caused extensive damage to one of the world's largest adobe complexes. The study critically assesses current conservation strategies in Iran, identifying deficiencies that exacerbate the risk of further deterioration. It proposes technical solutions and policy recommendations based on international best practices to safeguard these cultural treasures from future seismic events, aiming to preserve their social, historical, and economic value.
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