Publications
Geosciences Contribution to the Via Appia Regina Viarum UNESCO World Heritage Between Beneventum and Aeclanum (Southern Italy)
A multidisciplinary geoscientific approach has significantly advanced the understanding and preservation of the Via Appia Regina Viarum, contributing to its 2024 UNESCO World Heritage inscription. The study, conducted between Beneventum and Aeclanum in Southern Italy, successfully identified the ancient path of the road through geoarcheological investigations, which had been poorly documented in this region. By integrating field surveys, mapping of landforms and lithofacies, geophysical surveys, and archaeological excavations, researchers provided critical data that enhanced the road's cultural and geological heritage value. Additionally, the project emphasized public engagement through social and cultural events, disseminating scientific findings to diverse audiences, including local administrators, food and wine producers, and the general public. This work underscores the pivotal role of geoscience in both the scientific assessment and the broader recognition of Roman engineering marvels.
Mapping landscape qualities across the inner Bradano valley by integrating GIS and RS applications to support sustainable tourism strategies
A novel approach integrating Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) reveals the hidden potential of the inner Bradano Valley, southeastern Italy, for sustainable tourism. The study demonstrates how seasonal landscape phenomena—such as cropland color contrasts—transform this otherwise uniform hilly region into a visually dynamic and culturally rich destination. By mapping static heritage elements alongside dynamic seasonal changes using multispectral satellite imagery, the research identifies key infrastructure like the UNESCO-listed Via Appia Regina Viarum and historical routes that enhance accessibility and slow tourism opportunities. This method supports interactive map-based strategies to promote knowledge, conservation, and development in inner areas, offering a model for balancing heritage preservation with economic growth.
Via Appia Regina Viarum. Patrimonio UNESCO
UNESCO's 2024 inscription of the Via Appia Regina Viarum as a World Heritage Site underscores its profound cultural significance and the interconnectedness of tangible and intangible heritage. This recognition not only highlights the historical, archaeological, and landscape values of the Campanian section but also emphasizes its role in shaping collective memory and local identities. The publication, emerging from a forum organized by Rotary District 2101, explores how heritage conservation is intricately linked to sustainable development strategies, offering a layered portrait of this cultural system. By fostering community participation and growth, UNESCO's acknowledgment serves as a catalyst for strengthening the bond between heritage, place, and communities, marking a pivotal moment in the preservation and enhancement of one of the Mediterranean's most iconic routes.
A Model for Estimating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) of a Serial Cultural Heritage: The Case of the Via Appia. Regina Viarum
A new model for estimating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) of UNESCO serial sites, applied to the Via Appia. Regina Viarum, reveals that while the site's overall effective carrying capacity remains at a 'low impact' level as of 2019, significant territorial variability exists. The study found that increased infrastructure does not necessarily enhance absorption capacity in ecologically fragile areas, whereas municipalities with high ecological provision may face stress due to insufficient services and infrastructure. The model, based on Cifuentes’ carrying capacity framework and territorial indices, simulates three future scenarios (2024–2034) of rising tourist pressure across 614 municipalities and 13 gravitational areas, offering a tool for sustainable tourism planning.
Forum Novum at Mile X of Via Traiana (Italy)
Forum Novum, located at mile X of the Via Traiana, stands as a pivotal site for territorial regeneration and cultural heritage enhancement. This study proposes an integrated strategy to leverage the historical significance of Forum Novum, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site 'Via Appia. Regina Viarum,' to drive sustainable development in surrounding areas. The approach combines archaeological research, landscape reconstruction, and educational initiatives, aiming to create a model for urban regeneration that integrates public and private stakeholders. By focusing on the site's potential, the project seeks to trigger economic growth, promote tourism, and foster local businesses centered around cultural heritage. This strategy not only enhances the preservation of historical and environmental values but also establishes Forum Novum as an incubator for innovation in the cultural heritage supply chain.
XR Narratives from Informative Models: The Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella and the Castrum Caetani in the Appian Way (UNESCO)
A scalable methodology for integrating multi-scale, multi-temporal stratified layers into interactive Extended Reality (XR) platforms shows promise for enhancing cultural heritage engagement. By leveraging geoinformation systems and high-quality models derived from LiDAR, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS), and photogrammetry, researchers propose a geoXR framework that correlates informational nodes in geographic space. This approach enables users to navigate narratives within shared geospatial contexts, amplifying the impact of digital heritage efforts while supporting continuous future implementation by diverse subjects.
Chapter XV. Women’s Travel Writings in Italy
A detailed exploration of the historical and cultural significance of Via Appia, Regina Viarum, reveals its layered past as a site of ancient tombs, early Christian catacombs, and later Protestant influences. The study highlights the transformation of this route from a Roman burial ground to a symbol of religious and architectural heritage, including notable landmarks such as the Monastery of St. Francis and Guido Roni's Archangel. By analyzing historical records and travel narratives, the research reconstructs the evolution of Via Appia, emphasizing its role in connecting Rome's past with its present. The approach combines archival analysis with literary interpretation to uncover the site's multifaceted identity.
Paleomagnetic study of the Capo di Bove lava flow, Rome, Italy
A paleomagnetic study of the Capo di Bove lava flow near Rome, Italy, reveals that the ancient Appian Way's brief deviation from its straight SE-NW trajectory was not due to tectonic deformation. The research, conducted on samples collected along a 10 km transect, found no evidence of post-emplacement tectonic rotations, ruling out the presence of previously undetected faults. Instead, the bend in the Appian Way is likely attributed to pre-existing morphology and historical factors. The study employed rock magnetic, paleomagnetic, and petrographic analyses, with reliable paleomagnetic data obtained from three sampling sites indicating a consistent lava flow direction from SE to NW.
Paradata to Reuse Holistic HBIM Quality Models in the SCAN-to-HBIM-to-VR Process. The Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella and the Castrum Caetani
A novel approach to documenting survey and modeling methods through qualitative and quantitative parameters, termed paradata, has been developed to ensure the trustworthiness and reusability of digital models for UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This method, applied to the Mausoleum of Cecilia Metella and Castrum Caetani in Rome, Italy, enables diverse users—including archaeologists, designers, conservators, and XR-VR developers—to leverage holistic HBIM (Historical Building Information Modeling) quality models across multiple Levels of Development (LODs100-600) and Levels of Geometry (LOGs100-600). The study identifies critical parameters for documenting the accuracy of surveys and object models, facilitating future applications such as BIM-to-FEA analysis, seismic vulnerability planning, remote monitoring, and extended reality experiences. This framework addresses the complexity of interconnections among users and contributors over time, ensuring robust data citation and long-term management.
Geophysical investigation on the presumed Appian way
Geophysical surveys have successfully identified remnants of the ancient Appian Way, Rome's first highway built in 312 BC, in southern Puglia. The study employed a comparative approach using gradiometric and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) measurements to highlight the route of this historic road, which once stretched 644 km from Rome to Brindisi. The findings provide valuable insights into the preservation and detection of archaeological structures, contributing to our understanding of one of Europe's earliest and most significant transportation networks.
Heritage Sites, Devotion, and Quality Enhancement in Tourism: The Promotion and Management of Ancient Marian Places of Worship along the Appian Way in Puglia and Basilicata
Religious tourism, particularly Marian pilgrimage along the Appian Way in Puglia and Basilicata, emerges as a powerful driver for cultural and economic revitalization. This study reveals that integrating devotional practices with sustainable tourism strategies can enhance the quality of life for local communities while preserving spiritual values. The research identifies Marian shrines as pivotal cultural and economic poles, often overlooked by mass tourism, which hold significant potential for experiential and high-quality tourism. By analyzing pilgrimage flows and the diachronic evolution of these sites, the study proposes a serial itinerary that combines material and immaterial heritage, offering a sustainable rediscovery approach aligned with European and local guidelines. The findings underscore the importance of partnerships, local engagement, and quality assessment in managing such heritage routes effectively.
Il sistema informativo territoriale della “Carta del rischio del patrimonio culturale italiano” e i siti UNESCO italiani: un processo virtuoso per il monitoraggio della vulnerabilità dei beni patrimonio mondiale
A territorial information system, part of Italy's Risk Charter for cultural heritage, has been successfully integrated with UNESCO processes to monitor and assess the vulnerability of World Heritage Sites. This system, combining GIS-based risk mapping and alphanumeric databases, evaluates both territorial risks (e.g., natural disasters) and local risks (state of conservation and environmental factors). For the first time, it supports the assessment and potential registration of a site on the UNESCO World Heritage List, as demonstrated in the case of 'Via Appia. Regina Viarum.' The system's dual-level risk evaluation—territorial and local—enables detailed analysis of vulnerability indicators, providing a robust framework for long-term monitoring and conservation efforts.
Immersive Appian Way Health Infrastructure: Human Centric Digital Twin (The PAAA Archeological Park of the Appian Way 12km State-Own Section, UNESCO Candidature)
A groundbreaking digital twin of the Appian Way, a UNESCO World Heritage candidate, has been developed to enhance knowledge, preservation, and user experience. This immersive health infrastructure leverages mass digitization and extended reality technologies to create a virtual space that supports contemporary Vitruvian humanistic missions. The 12km state-owned section, initially conceived as an outdoor museum by Luigi Canina in the 19th century, is now being transformed into a dynamic resource for education, communication, and public engagement. This initiative aims to unlock the Appian Way's potential as a source of wealth and healthiness for all users and visitors.
Mobile Mapping for Digital Documentation of Ancient Roman Roads Within a Multi-Sensor Framework: The Appian Way in Rome
A groundbreaking digitization project of the Appian Way in Rome, spanning 12 km from Capo di Bove to Frattocchie, demonstrates how multi-sensor mobile mapping can revolutionize the documentation of complex cultural heritage sites. By integrating lidar-based Mobile Mapping Systems with spheric (360°) and digital calibrated cameras, researchers achieved high-speed data acquisition without compromising accuracy. The resulting point clouds were transformed into a GIS system, providing a powerful tool for public administration decision-making. This approach sets a new standard for precision in documenting ancient Roman roads, balancing speed and accuracy while offering scalable solutions for similar heritage preservation efforts.
Multi-Sensor HR Mass Data Models toward Multi-Temporal-Layered Digital Twins: Maintenance, Design and XR Informed Tour of the Multi-Stratified Appian Way (PAAA)
Advanced multi-sensor data models enable the creation of highly accurate, three-dimensional representations of the Appian Way, a UNESCO World Heritage Site candidate. This innovative approach integrates Mobile Mapping Systems (MMS), 360° cameras, Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), digital cameras, and drones to generate detailed, textured 3D models that outperform traditional CAD methods in maintenance, management, and design processes. The project introduces multi-temporal Digital Twins, combining historical documentation with modern data to offer immersive, XR-informed tours. These models serve as nodes within a geographic hub, enhancing public awareness and supporting conservation efforts through an interactive experience that bridges physical and virtual realms.
Multisensors for BIM modeling and digital twinning of historical buildings: preliminary results on Circus of Maxentius in Rome
A novel BIM-based methodology integrates multisensors data and structural testing to enhance the accuracy of virtual reconstructions and digital valorization of historical structures, particularly those with low conservation rates. This approach addresses a critical gap in current archaeological models by ensuring structural coherence through finite element algorithms and graphic statics techniques. Preliminary results from the Circus of Maxentius in Rome demonstrate the potential for this methodology to validate and refine hypotheses about past structural and morphological characteristics, offering a more rigorous framework for historical reconstruction.
Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis for Knowledge Creation: Architectural Representation Geared to XR Building Archaeology (Claudius-Anio Novus Aqueduct in Tor Fiscale, the Appia Antica Archaeological Park)
A novel approach to architectural representation, integrating geometric survey (laser scanning and photogrammetry) with stratigraphic analysis and semantic modeling, has been developed to enhance the understanding of complex historical structures like the Claudius-Anio Novus Aqueduct in Rome's Appian Way Archaeological Park. This methodology enables diachronic and synchronic analyses, fostering a continuous cognitive process by correlating different studies and avoiding fragmentation. The use of Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) and Extended Reality (XR) environments allows for the visualization and interpretation of architectural geometries, construction techniques, and materials, opening new avenues for knowledge creation. This approach not only supports better design decisions but also enhances tangible and intangible heritage values through advanced human-computer interaction.
Living Amidst the Ruins in Rome: Archaeological Sites as Hubs for Sustainable Development
Archaeological sites in Rome, such as the Via Appia (Regina Viarum), are emerging as pivotal hubs for sustainable development, challenging traditional perceptions of ruins as obstacles to urban transformation. A study highlights their potential to foster biodiversity and serve as social catalysts, integrating natural and built environments in a symbiotic relationship. Through three case studies—The Appian Way Park, Rome’s City Walls, and ArchaeoGRAB—the research demonstrates how landscape design can preserve heritage while promoting healthier lifestyles and strengthening local culture. This holistic approach offers innovative strategies for sustainable urban planning, leveraging the city's inherent porosity and morphological characteristics to address contemporary environmental challenges.
Berretta del Prete: A Collection and Analysis of the Literary and Visual History of the Domed Rotunda at the Appian Way
Despite its architectural significance, the Berretta del Prete—a late antique domed rotunda located along the Via Appia Antica near Rome—has been overlooked in scholarly discussions on Roman funerary architecture. This study addresses this gap by compiling and analyzing existing literary and visual records of the mausoleum, including archaeological excavation reports from the 1980s and personal observations. The research reconstructs the structure's documented history, from its original use to later modifications and decay, revealing patterns of reuse and restoration that have shaped its current form. By synthesizing fragmented sources, the study provides a comprehensive narrative of this understudied monument, offering new insights into its role within broader Roman sepulchral traditions.
Geoarchaelogical Study of the Roman Pietra Dell’Oglio Bridge at the Service of the Old Appian Way, Campania, Southern Italy
A geoarchaeological study of the Roman Pietra dell’Oglio bridge, located near the border between Campania and Basilicata, Italy, reveals that it is the only surviving Roman infrastructure crossing the Ofanto River in this region. The research identifies the bridge with the ancient Pons Aufidi, linking it to the old Appian Way route between Mirabella Eclano and Venosa. Built using opus quadratum and opus incertum techniques with local materials such as pebbles from the Ofanto River and travertine, the bridge's construction dates suggest a timeline of 2nd to 1st century BCE. The study highlights 18 original architectural elements, while noting subsequent restorations, modifications, and additions over the centuries. This work advances understanding of Roman bridge engineering in Campania, providing insights into the durability and adaptability of ancient infrastructure.
The ancient Roman gate along Appian way: San Sebastiano Gate
A groundbreaking integration of survey techniques and 3D modeling methodologies has advanced the understanding of Porta San Sebastiano, one of Rome's largest and best-preserved ancient gates within the Aurelian walls. This study reveals the gate's complex architectural evolution, from its original Roman name, Porta Appia, to its medieval transformation and unique twentieth-century residential adaptation. Through geometric analysis and parametric modeling, researchers uncovered the intricate spatial articulation and construction logic underlying this historic structure. The findings not only shed light on the gate's layered history but also propose a framework for creating a Historical Building Information Model (HBIM) tailored to existing complex artifacts. This interdisciplinary approach sets a new standard for Cultural Heritage analysis, bridging gaps between acquisition, representation, and case-specific research challenges.
The Dream of Scipio
A pioneering multimedia project, The Dream of Scipio, reimagines the 'View from Above' through a blend of classical literature and contemporary philosophy. Launched in 2018, it culminates in a virtual and physical re-enactment of the Wright Brothers' historic 1909 flight over Rome's ancient ruins, capturing the first aerial footage in film history. This collaboration between media artist Daniela de Paulis, Italian Military Aviation, and the Regional Park of the Appian Way offers a unique intersection of art, technology, and heritage, providing new perspectives on how aerial views shape cultural narratives.
Archaeomorphological and Geological Studies on the Ancient Appian Way at the Aurunci Pass: Multidisciplinary Approaches for the Investigation of Ancient Quarries Siting and Exploitation.
A study on the ancient Appian Way between Itri and Fondi, central Italy, reveals that three previously unknown quarries were strategically located along carbonatic slopes. These quarries, identified through aerial photography and photogrammetric analysis, show distinct anthropogenic features such as squared or rectangular morphological edges and regular tool-marks, confirming their use during the Roman Age. The research demonstrates that the geometric characteristics of rock masses, including bedding, joint system spacing, and brittle deformation intensity, significantly influenced the type of material extracted and the exploitation techniques employed. Quarries A and B yielded cubic and pseudo-cubic rock blocks, while Quarry C produced centimeter-sized debris from a cataclastic rock volume associated with a normal fault. This investigation lays the groundwork for further analysis of local quarry systems, potentially including minor quarries used for road maintenance and other construction projects.
The Sacred Almone River of the Appian Way Regional Park in Rome: ancient myths, a ritual link between Rome and Asia Minor and water uses in the modern age
The Almone River, though small, holds significant historical and cultural importance as it played a pivotal role in ancient Roman rituals, particularly the lavatio ceremony for the Great Mother-Cybele goddess. This study reveals its dual significance—both sacred in antiquity and practical in later periods, shaping local settlements and economies through water mills and wool-fulling mills ('valche'). The research combines historical analysis with modern observations to highlight the river's enduring legacy, from its ritual use to its role in artisanal activities during the Middle Ages, Renaissance, and beyond. One restored mill now serves as a visitor center for the Appian Way Regional Park, underscoring the river's continued cultural and tourist value.
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