Publications
Sourcing obsidian from Chogha Golan, an Aceramic Neolithic site in west-central Zagros, Iran
Aceramic Neolithic obsidian artifacts from Chogha Golan, Iran, reveal early socio-economic networks spanning the Zagros and Taurus regions. Non-destructive pXRF analysis of 45 specimens—including bladelets, tools, and knapping debris—traces their origins to three volcanic sources: Nemrut Dağ, Bingöl A, and Bingöl B in southeastern Anatolia. Excavated between 2009–2010 by the Tübingen-Iranian Stone Age Research Project (TISARP), these findings date to 9,800–9,600 cal BP, providing critical insights into prehistoric trade and technological exchange during the transition to Neolithic life in west-central Zagros.
Archaeological Rhetoric and Photographic Discovery
Photography has played a pivotal role in the discovery and global recognition of significant archaeological sites, as demonstrated by the work of renowned photojournalists Ara Güler and Josef Koudelka. Güler's groundbreaking photographs, including those of Mount Nemrut's giant statues (1958) and Mount Ararat's traces of Noah's Ark (1959), brought these sites to worldwide attention, while Koudelka's 'Ruins' project (1991-2019) updated the visibility of Mediterranean archaeological cities. The study examines how their photographic rhetoric serves as both a record and metaphor for archaeological imagination and classical values, drawing on theories by Volney, Barthes, Flüsser, Deleuze, Shanks, and Tilley. This interdisciplinary approach maps archaeological contemplation theory to photographic discourse, revealing the profound impact of visual documentation on public perception and preservation.
Chelostoma (Chelostoma) dolichocephalum Muller 2025, sp. nov.
A new species of bee, Chelostoma (Chelostoma) dolichocephalum, has been discovered and described from the UNESCO World Heritage Site Nemrut Dağı in southeastern Turkey. This species is distinguished by unique morphological traits in both males and females, such as a long, narrow head in females and distinctive antennal segments and sternal structures in males. The discovery was based on detailed morphological analysis of specimens collected from Nemrut Dağı and adjacent regions. While the pollen hosts and nesting biology remain unknown, the species is presumed to be oligolectic on Lamiaceae, similar to related species. The name 'dolichocephalum' reflects its elongated head structure. This finding contributes to the biodiversity documentation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and provides new insights into bee taxonomy in this region.
Geochemistry-based machine learning approach applied to an archaeological provenance study: the obsidian blades of Tulūl al-Baqarat (Iraq)
A groundbreaking study identifies Nemrut Dağ stratovolcano (Southeastern Turkey) as the likely source of obsidian blades found at the 4th millennium BCE archaeological site of Tulūl al-Baqarat in Iraq. Using a geochemistry-based machine learning approach, researchers analyzed nine non-destructive obsidian tools and compared their compositional data with volcanic sources across the Near East. Key elements like Zr and Rb, combined with principal component analysis (PCA) modeling, revealed that these blades match volcanic glasses from Nemrut Dağ, excluding most Turkish and Armenian outcrops. This finding provides compelling evidence for ancient trade networks linking Turkey to the Persian Gulf region during the 4th millennium BCE.
Long-Distance Obsidian Conveyance During the Neolithic: A Critical Analysis of Three Obsidian Blades Found in Poland
Three obsidian blades found in Poland, traced to the Nemrut Dağ source in eastern Anatolia, represent the furthest known western distribution of this material—approximately 2,200 km from its origin. This discovery triples the previously recorded range for Nemrut Dağ obsidian and challenges assumptions about Neolithic trade networks. The study critically evaluates contextual evidence, techno-typological features, and raw material analysis (EDXRF) to validate the artefacts' authenticity. By reconstructing their history of recovery and curation, researchers provide a nuanced interpretation of long-distance obsidian conveyance during the Neolithic period.
Machine learning approach to Nemrut Dağ and Bingöl obsidians: insights from Tūlūl al Baqarat obsidian prehistoric tools (Iraq, IV millennium BC) and volcanological implications
A machine learning approach has identified Nemrut Dağ stratovolcano in southeastern Turkey as the likely source of nine obsidian blades from the archaeological site of Tūlūl al Baqarat (Iraq), dating back to the 4th millennium BC. The study, which employed non-invasive chemical analysis and geochemical comparisons, found that these tools exhibit a unique peraluminous rhyolite composition with high zirconium content, distinguishing them from other known Turkish and Armenian obsidian sources. This discovery supports the hypothesis of extensive trade networks along the Tigris River during prehistoric times, facilitating exchange between Turkey and the South Near East as early as 4000 years ago.
Mount Nemrut: discovering the life of King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene
Mount Nemrut's Pantheon of Gods, commissioned by King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene during the Late Hellenistic period, offers a unique window into the political and cultural landscape of a lesser-known Near Eastern kingdom. This monumental structure, perched atop Nemrut Dağ in southeastern Turkey, synthesizes elements of Hellenistic, Persian, and Armenian art and culture, reflecting Antiochus's strategic use of his mixed ancestry to navigate complex alliances amid regional power struggles. The study analyzes the Pantheon's inscriptions and architectural features, revealing how Antiochus's political positioning was intricately tied to his multicultural heritage. By examining these influences, the research sheds new light on the history of Commagene, a kingdom often overshadowed by its more prominent neighbors.
A machine learning approach to Nemrut Dağ and Bingöl Obsidians: non-invasive and non-destructive geochemical analyses for provenance source of Tulūl al Baqarat tools (Iraq)
A groundbreaking analysis using machine learning has identified Nemrut Dağ, a stratovolcano in southeastern Turkey, as the likely source of obsidian tools found at the archaeological site of Tulūl al Baqarat in Iraq. The study employed non-invasive and non-destructive geochemical techniques, including SEM-EDS microprobe and micro-XRF, to analyze major, minor, and trace elements in nine obsidian blades. Unlike traditional methods, machine learning provided an exhaustive discriminative approach that confirmed the tools' composition matched Nemrut Dağ's mild alkaline rhyolitic obsidians from pre-caldera eruptions. This finding supports historical evidence of extensive trade networks spanning Turkey and the South Near East during the 4th Millennium BCE, likely facilitated by riverine routes along the Tigris and Euphrates to the Persian Gulf.
Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Nemrut Mountain, Adiyaman-Türkiye
An ethnobotanical study of Nemrut Mountain, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southeastern Turkey, identifies 82 medicinal plant taxa used by local traditional healers to treat dermatological and musculoskeletal disorders. Pistacia terebinthus L. (use value 0.34) and Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides (0.3) emerged as the most valued plants for their therapeutic properties, while Alcea apterocarpa, Brunnera orientalis, and Quercus brantii gall showed promise for wound healing and anti-inflammatory applications. The study, conducted over two years with 44 informants from 18 villages, highlights the rich ethnopharmacological knowledge of the region, suggesting these plants as candidates for further pharmacological research.
Two new species of Hilara Meigen, 1822 (Diptera: Empididae) from Mount Nemrut (Bitlis, Türkiye)
Two new species of the fly genus Hilara (Diptera: Empididae) were discovered near Nemrut Mountain Crater Lake in Bitlis Province, Türkiye. The species, Hilara nemrutica spec. nov. and Hilara derenae spec. nov., belong to the maura- and interstincta- groups, respectively. Distinguishing features such as male genitalia and forelegs were illustrated and compared with closely related species. The findings expand the known biodiversity of Empididae in the region, contributing to taxonomic research on this challenging genus.
Characterization of the Obsidian Used in the Chipped Stone Industry in Kendale Hecala
Archaeological analysis of obsidian artifacts from Kendale Hecala, an Ubaid-period settlement in Southeast Anatolia, reveals that multiple obsidian sources were utilized, including Nemrut Dağ, Bingöl B, and Group 3d. This finding sheds light on the socio-cultural organization of the region during this period by demonstrating a complex distribution network for raw materials. The study employed macro-observations and handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis to characterize the obsidian samples, followed by multivariate data analysis to identify source varieties. These techniques allowed researchers to trace the operational sequence of the lithic industry, providing insights into the settlement's technological practices and economic strategies.
Paleomagnetism of Quaternary Volcanism of the Mount Nemrut
A paleomagnetic analysis of Quaternary volcanic rocks around Mount Nemrut, Turkey, reveals no significant tectonic rotation or latitudinal movement since the Pleistocene. The study examined 11 sites, finding an average 7.3° clockwise rotation with a 60° inclination angle, within the sensitivity limits (α95 = 7.7°) of paleomagnetic detection. This suggests Mount Nemrut has remained at its original latitude, providing insights into the region's tectonic stability. The research utilized core samples analyzed in specialized laboratories to assess magnetization directions and rock magnetism, contributing to understanding the tectonic evolution of eastern Anatolia.
Analytical Investigation of Obsidian Tools from Kurdistan Province, Iran: Determination of Exchange Paths During the Chalcolithic Period
A groundbreaking analysis of Chalcolithic obsidian tools from Kurdistan, Iran, reveals distinct exchange pathways during this period. Using X-ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis, researchers traced the origins of artifacts from Namashir, Ghazikhan, and Galali to sources in Anatolia and Armenia. Notably, Early to Late Chalcolithic 1 tools from Namashir were sourced from Meydan Dağ, while Late Chalcolithic 1 tools from Galali originated from Nemrut Dağ. The study also found that during the Late Chalcolithic 2, multiple sources and exchange paths emerged, indicating evolving trade networks. This research sheds light on the complex movement of cultural materials in ancient times.
Security Issues of Archaeological Sites and the Effect of Technological Developments in the Context of Examples
Archaeological sites, particularly those of historical significance like Nemrut Dağ in Turkey, face multifaceted security risks that include institutional and structural vulnerabilities, natural threats, and human activity-related dangers. A study analyzing three prominent Turkish sites—Nemrut Dağ, the Ancient City of Perre, and Göbeklitepe—identified these risks through observational fieldwork. The research highlights the importance of leveraging technological advancements to enhance security measures, preserve cultural heritage, and ensure visitor safety while maintaining environmental integrity. These findings underscore the need for integrated strategies that address both traditional and emerging challenges in safeguarding globally significant archaeological sites.
Enzymatic Activity as a Measure of Total Microbial Activity on Historical Stone
A rapid and reliable method for assessing microbial activity on historical stones, using the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis technique, was successfully developed and validated. Applied to Mount Nemrut monuments (MNMs) in Turkey, this study found that total microbial activity on both limestone and sandstone samples was low, suggesting that microorganisms play a negligible role in stone deterioration at the site—despite the presence of lichen species. The FDA method demonstrated strong correlation with traditional plate count techniques, confirming its utility for quick, sensitive measurements even on small samples. These findings imply that while microbial activity is currently minimal, long-term monitoring is necessary to evaluate potential future risks.
Investigations on the Fauna of Pyraloidea and Geometridae (Lepidoptera) of Nemrut Caldera Natural Monument
A study conducted between May and October 2017 and 2018 has significantly expanded the known diversity of moth species (Lepidoptera) in Nemrut Caldera. Researchers identified 93 taxa belonging to Pyraloidea and 52 species of Geometridae, with 80 pyraloid and 40 geometrid species recorded for the first time in the region. This brings the total number of Pyraloidea species in Nemrut Caldera to 94 and Geometridae to 58, while also adding 20 new pyraloid and 21 geometrid species to the Bitlis province's biodiversity record. The findings highlight the rich but underexplored insect fauna of this unique volcanic landscape, emphasizing the importance of further studies in such ecologically significant areas.
On the drape and level flying aeromagnetic survey modes with terrain effects, and data reduction between arbitrary surfaces
Aeromagnetic surveys conducted at Mount Nemrut, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in eastern Turkey, reveal that level flying mode yields more accurate magnetic anomaly interpretations compared to draped flying mode. The study demonstrates that terrain effects and the distance between observation surfaces and subsurface sources significantly influence magnetic anomaly shapes and amplitudes. Using synthetic models and real data from the rugged stratovolcano, researchers found that reducing draped data to a horizontal plane or vice versa improves interpretation. A Fourier wavenumber domain method is proposed for efficient data reduction, offering a practical solution for enhancing resolution in aeromagnetic surveys over complex terrains.
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