Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska cultural landscape

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southern Poland, faces significant challenges despite its protective status. The site, a Mannerist architectural and park landscape complex attracting 1.5 million visitors annually, grapples with tensions between heritage protection, private property rights, and individual privacy. While these conflicts may intensify under human rights considerations—such as the clash between individual property rights and collective heritage enjoyment—they also present an opportunity for peaceful resolution through a human rights-based planning approach. This study highlights the need to balance legal protections with stakeholder rights to ensure sustainable management of such culturally significant landscapes.