World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 563

The Diversity and Biogeography of Western Indian Ocean Reef-Building Corals

Island of Mozambique — 2012 — WHE66712CBDD1

A core region of high coral diversity and connectivity exists in the northern Mozambique Channel, driven by unique oceanographic conditions. This study reveals that reef-building coral species richness decreases radially from this central area, challenging the notion of a distinction between mainland and island fauna. Instead, diversity patterns align with primary oceanographic drivers, including the South Equatorial Current, which maintains high diversity in the northern Mozambique Channel and exports it to surrounding regions. The Chagos archipelago was found to be more closely related to the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) than to the Maldives, India, or Sri Lanka, based on hard coral data analysis. The research sampled 21 locations between 2002 and 2011, using SCUBA diving and underwater digital photographs for species identification, with cluster analysis and multi-dimensional scaling applied to presence/absence data.

The Diversity of Sacred Lands in Europe. Proceedings of the Third Workshop of the Delos Initiative - Inari / Aanaar 2010

Delos — 2012 — WHE9EAF5EC77B

Europe's sacred natural sites, often overlooked but rich in cultural and religious significance, face growing threats while holding critical historical value. This publication from the Delos Initiative highlights their diversity, exploring their past importance and current challenges through a multidisciplinary approach. It serves as an essential resource for conservation managers and those interested in the intersection of religion, culture, and nature, offering insights that bridge scientific, historical, and practical perspectives.

The Dolmen Kolikho, Western Caucasus: Isotopic Investigation of Funeral Practice and Human Mobility

Western Caucasus — 2012 — WHEF482C4018C

A unique, undisturbed dolmen on the Black Sea coast of Russia, discovered in 2008, reveals significant insights into human mobility and funeral practices from the late Bronze Age (19th to 13th centuries BC). Strontium isotope analysis of human remains from around 70 individuals buried in the megalithic structure indicates diverse origins, suggesting that the site served as a gathering place for people from different regions. This finding challenges assumptions about regional isolation and highlights the complexity of social networks during this period.

The Dominican Studium Romanae Curiae: The Papacy, the Magisterium and the Friars

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2012 — WHE9FA95064D2

Scholastic learning and discourse in the later Middle Ages were predominantly conducted within the studia or study-houses of religious orders, which outnumbered universities and were more widely distributed across Europe. This volume challenges the conventional understanding by highlighting that most members of mendicant orders received their education in these studia rather than at universities, with notable figures like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus spending significant time teaching there. It also underscores the role of the Papal Court, particularly the Sacred Palace at Avignon, as a significant locus for Scholastic activity alongside royal courts. The research compiles essays from experts to explore the study and teaching of philosophy and theology in various religious orders' studia, as well as intellectual activities at papal and royal courts, offering a comprehensive perspective on this understudied aspect of medieval education.

The domus ecclesiae of Reims: the state of the question in the light of recent research

Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi and Palace of Tau, Reims — 2012 — WHECC2FC90B76

Recent archaeological research has confirmed the existence of Late Antique and Early Medieval structures on the site of the former archiepiscopal residence at Reims, known as the Palais du Tau. This includes a substantial two-story Carolingian building, likely the predecessor to the current north wing of the archbishop’s palace, and possibly an 9th-century archive building with a lower chapel erected by Archbishop Ebbo. The study reexamined written sources, particularly those from Gregory of Tours and Flodoard, to verify the location and internal organization of the domus ecclesiae south of the primitive cathedral. While some questions remain unresolved, this research clarifies the early history of the site, providing new insights into its architectural evolution and historical significance.

The Dutch in Seventeenth-Century Senegambia and the Emergence of Papiamentu

Island of Gorée — 2012 — WHECA6B495B24

Linguistic evidence suggests that the Dutch West India Company's (WIC) presence on Gorée Island and along the Petite Côte in 17th-century Senegambia played a pivotal role in the emergence of Papiamentu, the creole language spoken in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao. The study highlights compelling similarities between Papiamentu and Upper Guinea Portuguese Creole, indicating that Dutch traders likely facilitated language transfer during their commercial dominance from 1621 to 1677. This period of Dutch influence in the region is often overlooked but was critical in shaping the linguistic landscape of the Caribbean. The research challenges traditional narratives by emphasizing the significance of this understudied episode and its abrupt end following the loss of Gorée to the French.

The dynamics of infragravity wave transformation over a fringing reef

Ningaloo Coast — 2012 — WHEC3017E8E0A

A fringing reef at Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia, exhibits unique dynamics where infragravity waves—low-frequency ocean motions—dominate over short-period waves on the lagoon side due to efficient generation by breakpoint forcing on its steep fore-reef slope. This study, combining field observations and numerical simulations, revealed that while both wave types remain small (<0.3 m) in shallow reef waters (<2 m), infragravity waves persist further inland, their propagation modulated by tidal water levels. Frictional dissipation dampens these waves but at a slower rate than short waves, leading to the dominance of progressive (shoreward-moving) infragravity motions across the reef and lagoon. The findings challenge conventional assumptions about wave behavior in such environments, offering critical insights for understanding coastal processes in fringing reef systems.

The Early Development of the Cave 26-Complex at Ajanta

Ajanta Caves — 2012 — WHE6E1635D2F1

Ajanta's Cave 26-complex, previously believed to be a late Vākāṭaka phase caityagṛha, is now shown to be the second excavation of the Vākāṭaka period and the first major caityagṛha built after a 250-year gap. This study challenges long-held assumptions by presenting new evidence that attributes its unique four-flanked wing arrangement and subsequent additions (Caves 21, 23, 24) to a single patron, likely monk Buddhabhadra, rather than the saṅgha. The research introduces unprecedented architectural features, highlighting individual patronage in Buddhist art and architecture. It also identifies Dharmadatta and Bhadrabandhu as the first known Master Architects of Indian art, credited with executing this groundbreaking project under challenging conditions. By analyzing artistic, iconographic, and architectural data alongside practical excavation challenges, the study offers a fresh perspective on Ajanta's development.

The Early Silurian Gun River Formation of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada: A key section for the mid-Llandovery of North America

Anticosti — 2012 — WHE247DCEEDC7

A revised stratigraphic analysis of the Early Silurian Gun River Formation on Anticosti Island, Quebec, reveals a 85–100 m thick carbonate succession deposited in a deepening, tropical carbonate ramp or shelf. The formation is divided into four members (Lachute, Innommee, Sandtop, and Macgilvray), providing critical insights into the mid-Llandovery period following the Late Ordovician mass extinctions. The study demonstrates gradual faunal turnover from low-diversity Rhuddanian communities to more diverse mid-Aeronian assemblages, marked by abundant large pentamerids, indicating sustained deposition without major sedimentary gaps. Deposition occurred at 30–60 m water depths, 40–80 km offshore from the Laurentian craton, with evidence suggesting periodic sub-storm wave base conditions in southern tropical latitudes (20°–25° S). The absence of shallow-water reefs and ooid shoals further supports this interpretation.

The Editor's Notes

Baroque Churches of the Philippines — 2012 — WHE290B419DAF

The Parish Church of St. Augustine in Paoay, Ilocos Norte, stands as a remarkable example of earthquake-Baroque architecture from the Philippines' colonial era. Constructed between 1704 and 1710, this church is renowned for its intricate façade featuring five niches housing carved saints, buttressed brick-and-stone walls, and an ornate retablo mayor adorned with gold leaf. Historical documentation, including the Foronda-Manzano papers, Adaza's 1986 research, and Ragual's contributions, provides a comprehensive understanding of this architectural marvel. The church's design, characterized by its resilience to earthquakes and elaborate decoration, reflects the fusion of Spanish and local Filipino influences during the Spanish colonial period.

The effects of climate change on people in the Andes: melting glaciers mean drought, tension and conflict for Peru’s mountain people in and around Huascarán National Park

Huascarán National Park — 2012 — WHEDCC6B4DA02

Peru's Cordillera Blanca, home to the indigenous Quechua-speaking people and Huascarán National Park, is experiencing severe societal impacts due to climate change, particularly from melting glaciers. This study highlights that Peruvians face disproportionate consequences compared to other regions, yet there is a scarcity of information on human responses or societal effects in developing mountain areas. The research focuses on the tension and conflict arising from drought conditions caused by glacier retreat, offering insights into the complex interplay between environmental change and community dynamics in vulnerable regions.

The Engineering of Budj Bim and the Evolution of a Societal Structure in Aboriginal Australia

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape — 2012 — WHEA988320343

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, located in southwestern Victoria, represents one of the most sophisticated engineering achievements in pre-colonial Australia. The site's aquaculture structures, built using Budj Bim lava flows, demonstrate advanced water management and societal organization, challenging the notion that engineering was introduced to Australia by Europeans. These structures supported a permanent food supply, settlement, trade networks, and governance systems distinct from other Aboriginal societies. Recognized as an Engineering Heritage National Landmark by Engineers Australia, this research highlights the ingenuity of Indigenous Australian civilizations in sustainable resource management and societal development.

The engineering of Budj Bim and the evolution of a societal structure in Aboriginal Australia

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape — 2012 — WHEF6D1A25EF1

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape, recognized as an Engineering Heritage National Landmark by Engineers Australia, showcases advanced aquaculture engineering by Aboriginal Australians. The site's lava flow structures, dating back to southwestern Victoria, not only provided a permanent food supply but also facilitated trade and established a unique form of governance distinct from other Aboriginal societies. This study challenges the notion that engineering began with European arrival in Australia, highlighting sophisticated pre-historic civil engineering practices that may even predate those in northern hemisphere civilizations.

The Enormous Room

Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas — 2012 — WHE63FDF9F85D

A striking contrast emerges between the Copper Age and Bronze Age architectural traditions of Sardinia, revealing distinct societal shifts. While Bronze Age Sardinia is renowned for its monumental 'Great Houses,' the earlier period's domestic architecture is primarily understood through underground tombs known as domus de janas. These tombs, part of the Ozieri Culture, were intricately decorated and served as realistic replicas of domestic interiors, offering insights into Copper Age living spaces. Radiocarbon dating suggests these structures were contemporary with Western Europe's later megalithic art phases. Notably, most Sardinian domus de janas were square or rectangular, with only a minority designed to mimic roundhouses, reflecting the limited survival of settlements from this period. The study also compares these Mediterranean sites with similar structures in Britain and Ireland, exploring their potential ceremonial significance.

The Epidemiology of Extreme Hiking Injuries in Volcanic Environments

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2012 — WHEB43DC1EBBA

Extreme hiking in volcanic environments, particularly in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, poses significant risks due to the inexperience of hikers and their unfamiliarity with volcanic hazards. Studies highlight common injuries such as respiratory irritation from volcanic gases, dehydration, and extremity injuries like scrapes, lacerations, and thermal burns, ranging from treat-and-release incidents to fatalities. The research underscores a critical gap in epidemiological data from other volcanic destinations and the need for preventive strategies to mitigate injury occurrence and severity.

The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, Final Reports, Volume VIII

Archaeological Site of Cyrene — 2012 — WHE29D64D380F

The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya, provides critical insights into the architectural and religious evolution of one of the most significant Greek colonies in North Africa. This study reveals how the sanctuary's design and development from 31 B.C. to A.D. 365 mirrored broader trends in Demeter sanctuaries across the Mediterranean, while also reflecting Cyrene's unique cultural and historical context. By analyzing architectural features, inscriptions, and comparative data from other Demeter sites, the research offers a comprehensive understanding of the sanctuary's role in religious practice and urban life during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

The extrinsic in the architectural thinking of Leon Battista Alberti: a reading of Sant'Andrea in Mantua

Mantua and Sabbioneta — 2012 — WHEE755F55364

Leon Battista Alberti's architectural theory, often perceived as focused solely on material and formal aspects, is revealed to also prioritize extrinsic elements—contextual, social, and moral dimensions—that are crucial to architecture's character. Through an analysis of his writings, including the treatise De re aedificatoria and his description of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, this study demonstrates that Alberti's naturalism extends to considering how architecture serves functional, conceptual, material, and moral purposes. His use of metaphor, such as 'roof,' 'hearth,' and 'table,' transcends literal meaning to encapsulate broader social and ethical significance. By reinterpreting Sant'Andrea through this lens, the study refutes claims of rhetorical insincerity in Alberti's later work, highlighting his innovative approach to integrating extrinsic factors into architectural thought.

The Eye of God: Tranquility and Tradition . . . Mata Ortiz Pottery in Harmony with the Ancients

Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes — 2012 — WHE83A8B8326B

A significant pottery tradition from the ancient city of Paquimé, inhabited between AD 900 and 1450, has been identified as one of the highest forms of prehistoric North American art. This tradition is reflected in the contemporary Mata Ortiz pottery, which draws inspiration from Paquimé's iconography and techniques. The study highlights the cultural continuity and economic impact on the community of Mata Ortiz, where over 400 residents are potters, with some achieving global recognition. However, it also notes a darker historical practice of digging up ancient pots to sell them as new ones, which persists today. The research combines ethnographic observation, archaeological collaboration, and oral history, providing insight into the complex heritage of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Fern GenusPolystichum(Dryopteridaceae) in Costa Rica1

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park — 2012 — WHEBCB383CC07

Costa Rica is home to 12 species of the taxonomically challenging fern genus Polystichum, including three allopolyploids. This study provides a taxonomic identification guide for these species, focusing on key morphological characters such as petiole and pinna-rachis scales, ultimate segment shape, and indusium. The research also evaluates the distribution patterns of the genus in the Neotropics, revealing that while five species are widespread across Tropical America, two extend to the southern range limits, and three—including two allopolyploids—are confined to Costa Rica and Panama. Additionally, the study lectotypifies three names: P. aculeatum var. flavidum, P. nudicaule, and P. opacum. The genus is predominantly found in high-elevation rainforests and páramos of the Cerro de Talamanca, highlighting its ecological preference for wetter montane regions.

The feudal principalities: the west (Monferrato, Saluzzo, Savoy and Savoy-Acaia)

Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato — 2012 — WHE2E604E415C

During the late Middle Ages, three feudal principalities—Monferrato, Saluzzo, and Savoy—shaped the political landscape of modern Piedmont. While Savoy expanded steadily under its powerful dynasty, Monferrato and Saluzzo faced territorial constraints due to rival powers like France and the Visconti–Sforza state. These dynasties, rooted in rural governance, maintained feudal loyalty to the emperor until 1530, demonstrating a strict and juridically aware approach to feudal investiture. This study clarifies their political dynamics, emphasizing Savoy's strategic position between stronger rivals and its enduring imperial precedence.

The first microbeam synchrotron X-ray fluorescence beamline at the Siam Photon Laboratory

Ban Chiang Archaeological Site — 2012 — WHE2B731C6E24

A groundbreaking microbeam synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (µ-SXRF) beamline at the Siam Photon Laboratory has demonstrated its capability to distinguish elemental distributions on ancient pottery from Ban Chiang. This advancement leverages synchrotron radiation focused to micrometer precision using an X-ray capillary half-lens, enabling non-destructive analysis of cultural heritage materials. The beamline, initially designed for deep X-ray lithography, was adapted for µ-SXRF and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD) through strategic modifications, including the installation of a Si(111) crystal and specialized end-stations. Performance testing on Ban Chiang pottery confirmed the technique's ability to resolve elemental surface profiles with high precision, marking a significant leap in archaeological material analysis.

The first record of living “Fossil” species (Laonestes aenigmanus) in Phong Nha - Ke Bang, Quang Binh province, Vietnam

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park — 2012 — WHE6635470AFB

Researchers confirm the presence of Laonestes aenigmamus, a living 'fossil' species thought extinct since the Miocene, in Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam. This discovery extends its known range from Hin Nam No National Biodiversity Conservation Area (Lao PDR) to central Vietnam, marking it as the sole surviving member of an ancient rodent family. The study identified four specimens through morphological and skull analysis, proposing the Vietnamese name 'Truong son Rat' (Annamite Rat). Threats include hunting and forest destruction, with urgent conservation action recommended due to its limited distribution and ecological significance.

The Founding of Tiwanaku

Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture — 2012 — WHEB46D8634F2

Recent excavations at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Tiwanaku, one of the most significant Andean sites, challenge long-standing assumptions about its founding. Using new radiocarbon dating and stratigraphic analysis from the Kk'araña sector, researchers determined that the site's earliest material culture dates to the first or second century A.D., refuting earlier estimates around 300 B.C. This refinement suggests Tiwanaku emerged rapidly during the Late Formative period, offering critical insights into its ceramic chronology and state formation processes.

The Franciscan studium generale: A New Interpretation

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2012 — WHE4D4207683A

A new interpretation of the Franciscan studium generale challenges traditional views on medieval Scholastic learning, revealing that these study-houses, rather than universities, were the primary sites for philosophical and theological education. The research demonstrates that most mendicant order members received their education in these studia, and prominent scholars like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus spent more time teaching there than in universities. This volume, drawn from a 2008 colloquium, explores Scholastic activity across various religious orders' studia, as well as at Papal and royal courts, including Avignon's Sacred Palace. Contributions analyze the institutional contexts of learning, highlighting the interconnectedness of these venues and their role in shaping medieval intellectual discourse.

The Gardens of Suzhou

Classical Gardens of Suzhou — 2012 — WHE754E8E63D8

Suzhou's classical gardens, recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, offer a unique blend of artistic and horticultural mastery. This guidebook provides an in-depth exploration of seventeen garden masterpieces through meticulously drawn plans, maps, and original photographs. It reveals the intricate design principles and symbolic elements that define these gardens, offering insights into their historical significance and cultural value. The approach combines scholarly analysis with landscape architecture expertise, delivering a comprehensive visual and textual narrative that enhances understanding of Suzhou's garden heritage.

The genus Afrasura Durante, 2009 in Gabon, with description of five new species and a new species group (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)

Ivindo National Park — 2012 — WHE0912F57B52

A groundbreaking study on the genus Afrasura Duringte, 2009, conducted within Gabon's Ivindo National Parkreveals five previously unknown species of moths (A. trunca, A. camilla, A. duplex, A. aetheria, and A. fracta), along with the description of the female of A. emma. The research also introduces a new species group, A. submarmorata, significantly expanding our understanding of biodiversity in this region. The study, based on two field surveys, employs detailed morphological analysis to distinguish these taxa, contributing critical data for conservation efforts in Ivindo National Park.

The Giant Stelae of Aksum in the Light of the 1999 Excavations

Aksum — 2012 — WHEB7779473F3

1999 excavations at Aksum, Ethiopia, revealed the original foundation of Stela 2—later removed to Rome in 1937—enabling its precise re-erection in 2008. The study also challenged long-held assumptions about the design, construction, and destruction of Aksum’s three giant stelae, offering new insights into their historical significance.

The Greater Stonehenge Cursus – the Long View

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites — 2012 — WHE70691B31CA

A significant alignment between the Greater Stonehenge Cursus and Mesolithic post-holes suggests a deliberate, long-lasting cultural pattern. This finding implies a shared mental template across generations, likely tied to seasonal cycles such as April sunrises or October sunsets, which align with pastoral rhythms. The study proposes that simple luni-solar calculations—similar to those used in ancient festivals like the Olympics or modern Easter—rather than precise astronomical measurements, could explain the clustering of henge alignments in western lowland Britain. This research offers a new perspective on the celestial and seasonal significance of Stonehenge's design.

The Hemingses of Monticello as an African American Novel

Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville — 2012 — WHEEFB96852A2

Annette Gordon-Reed's 'The Hemingses of Monticello' revolutionizes the understanding of early American history through its literary and archival rigor. The work, spanning approximately 700 pages, employs a multigenerational family biography approach, combining psychological depth, detailed historical analysis, and narrative flow reminiscent of classic realist novels like Charles Dickens's 'Bleak House' and Thomas Mann's 'Buddenbrooks.' It also draws parallels with nineteenth-century African American novels such as William Wells Brown's 'Clotel,' which fictionalized accounts of Thomas Jefferson's alleged relationship with Sally Hemings. Gordon-Reed's meticulous evidence sifting in her 1997 work, 'Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy,' predated the genetic testing that confirmed this relationship in 1998, demonstrating the complexity of interracial relationships in slave culture. Her narrative style, respectful of historical uncertainties, invites readers to grapple with the motivations and complexities of characters like Sally Hemings, who chose to return to Virginia despite the potential for freedom in Paris.

The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church — 2012 — WHE8A68083EDB

Gervase of Canterbury's Historical Works offer a unique and detailed insight into the political, ecclesiastical, and social dynamics of 12th-century England. His Chronica provides a comprehensive account of the reigns of Stephen, Henry II, and Richard I, capturing significant events such as the great fire of 1174. Additionally, his Imaginaciones document the contentious dispute between Baldwin and Christ Church, shedding light on the shifting power structures within the church during this period. Edited by William Stubbs in two volumes (1879–1880), this collection combines Gervase's Latin works with marginal English notes, preserving a valuable historical record that spans over a century of English history.

The History and Current Status and Distribution of Beavers in Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2012 — WHE54A03F0341

Beaver populations in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) have exhibited significant fluctuations over nearly a century, with a notable decline followed by recovery. Research analyzing surveys conducted from the 1920s to the 2000s reveals that beavers were abundant in the northern range during the early surveys but declined by 1953, with no active colonies at previously recorded sites and reduced willow use. Subsequent aerial surveys from 1996 to 2009 documented a rising trend in active colonies, peaking at 127 in 2007, likely due to willow recovery. This study provides critical insights into the ecological dynamics of beavers as keystone species in YNP, highlighting their role in vegetation and ecosystem shaping.

The Hydroarchaeological Method: A Case Study at the Maya Site of Palenque

Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque — 2012 — WHE1521740E94

Contrary to the long-held belief that drought forced the abandonment of the Maya city of Palenque, research employing hydroarchaeological methods reveals that water scarcity was not a primary factor. The study integrates hydrologic modeling with watershed analysis to demonstrate how local water systems, land-use patterns, and ecological conditions interacted with regional climate changes. By applying this multidisciplinary approach, researchers identified periods of community stress, estimated population based on water availability, and clarified settlement dynamics. This noninvasive method also offers practical insights for modern populations, enhancing understanding of water cycles in historical contexts.

The hydrology in huge burial mounds built of loamy tills: a case study on the genesis of perched water tables and a well in a Viking Age burial mound in Jelling, Denmark

Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church — 2012 — WHEF6E83A3BC5

A perched water table, long assumed to form only through iron pan development in Bronze Age burial mounds, has been identified in Viking Age royal mounds at Jelling, Denmark. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about the hydrological processes governing such features. Through a series of borings and an in situ experiment conducted in 2009, researchers found that perched water tables developed at the bottom of the bioturbation zone in both mounds, with one mound containing a well fed by this water table. The well's formation is attributed to an unrepaired intrusion into the mound, highlighting the persistence of conditions that support such structures even after large-scale excavations. This study provides new insights into the hydrology of Viking Age burial mounds and their long-term stability.

The hypogeal necropolis with domus de janas at Birgusa, Corraile – Thiesi (SS)

Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas — 2012 — WHE255FB51A1D

The hypogeal necropolis at Birgusa, Corraile (Thiesi, Sardinia) stands out as the largest domus de janas grave complex in its region, featuring eight monumental tombs and a natural cave. These structures, dating back to the 5th–4th millennium BCE during the San Michele Ozieri culture, exhibit architectural consistency with other necropolises in the area while incorporating unique symbolic and monumental elements linked to burial cult practices. The site's strategic location on the Corraile plateau (480 m asl) suggests its significance within a broader settlement context. This study highlights the necropolis's role in understanding Neolithic funerary traditions, burial symbolism, and cultural continuity in central Sardinia.

The Impact of Tourism on the Patagonian Coast, Argentina

Península Valdés — 2012 — WHE49326B763E

Tourism significantly impacts the Patagonian Coast, particularly the Valdés Peninsula, with visitor numbers reaching 164,269 in 1998. The study highlights that both tourists and local residents from Puerto Madryn, Rawson, and Trelew contribute to this impact. While the research does not delve deeply into specific effects, it underscores the importance of monitoring tourism's role in shaping the region's social and environmental landscape.

The importance of Silk Road, and Merv in the great Seljuk state's commercial life

State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv” — 2012 — WHE62E013CD99

The Great Seljuk State's commercial policies, centered around the Silk Road and Merv, significantly advanced trade and economic welfare nearly a thousand years ago. This study reveals that the Seljuks not only protected the Silk Road but also prioritized facilitating transit caravans and providing necessary resources for merchants. By analyzing commercial policies, the role of the Silk Road in trade, and Merv's contributions as a commercial hub, the research highlights the Seljuks' strategic approach to commerce. The findings, derived from Turkmen sources primarily written in Cyrillic, suggest that modern developed nations could learn valuable lessons from these historical practices.

The Important Role of Chogha Zanbil in Earth Architecture Based on Material, Structural and Architectural Aspects

Tchogha Zanbil — 2012 — WHEB8D87F7095

Chogha Zanbil stands out as a significant example of earth architecture due to its innovative use of mud bricks and other earth-based materials. Research demonstrates that these materials not only provide structural integrity but also offer sustainable building solutions applicable in modern construction. The study highlights the durability and adaptability of Chogha Zanbil's earthen elements, suggesting their potential for development in contemporary architectural practices. By analyzing material composition, structural techniques, and architectural design, the research underscores the site's historical and practical relevance in advancing earth architecture.

The influence of aeolian dust in non-allophanic Andosols on Yakushima Island

Yakushima — 2012 — WHE32F723904C

Non-allophanic Andosols on Yakushima Island, primarily derived from Holocene volcanic ash, show significant influence from aeolian dust, as indicated by the δ18O composition of quartz and clay mineral d(060) values. The study found that aerosol-sized quartz in these soils, with δ18O values ranging from 14.7‰ to 17.4‰, matched or slightly exceeded those in loess-derived soils on nearby Tanegashima Island, suggesting strong aeolian dust input. However, the presence of coarse quartz and trioctahedral clay minerals confirmed additional contributions from biotite-granite materials. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed mixed dioctahedral and trioctahedral clay minerals, further supporting dual influences on soil formation. This research highlights the complex interplay between aeolian dust and local geology in shaping Yakushima's unique non-allophanic Andosols.

The influence of fire frequency on the abundance of Maerua subcordata in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Serengeti National Park — 2012 — WHEF64E66F660

Invasive woody shrubs, such as Maerua subcordata, pose significant threats to the Serengeti National Park's ecosystem by altering vegetation composition and providing little nutritional value while potentially being toxic to wildlife. Research reveals that increased fire frequency in the park correlates with higher abundance of M. subcordata, with burned transects showing significantly greater presence compared to unburned ones. The study, utilizing seven years of MODIS imagery (2000–2006), found a positive relationship between burn frequency and shrub abundance, while the number of years since the last fire had a negative effect on abundance. These findings highlight the ecological risks posed by invasive species in protected areas, emphasizing the need for further research to mitigate potential expansion and its consequences.

The influence of ice melange on fjord seiches

Ilulissat Icefjord — 2012 — WHEA7573C94DE

Ice melange in fjords, such as Ilulissat Icefjord in Greenland, significantly influences the behavior of seiches—standing waves in water bodies. This study reveals that icebergs slow down both external and internal seiches, creating band gaps where energy propagation vanishes. When energy is introduced within these band gaps, it becomes trapped near its source, leading to localized dissipation and fragmentation of ice/melange. The research used numerical simulations of an idealized one-dimensional channel to model the fjord's hydrodynamic behavior, despite uncertainties in bathymetry and stratification details.

The International Politics of Vaccine Testing in Interwar Algiers

Kasbah of Algiers — 2012 — WHEB4B9DDC0F5

The Algiers BCG trial, conducted by Albert Calmette and his team at the Pasteur Institute between 1930 and 1934, was a groundbreaking effort to establish the efficacy of the tuberculosis (TB) vaccine BCG. It marked one of the first large-scale randomized clinical trials with a control group, setting a precedent for future medical research. The trial took place in the Kasbah neighborhood of Algiers, a densely populated and predominantly Muslim area that offered unique advantages: robust civil records and minimal resistance from local doctors or patients. Over 40,000 children were vaccinated, and their health was monitored over four years. While the trial ultimately failed to definitively prove BCG's efficacy due to methodological challenges—such as insufficient long-term follow-up and political interference—the study laid critical groundwork for modern clinical trial standards, including randomized designs and control groups. This research also highlighted the complex interplay between international scientific politics, colonial power dynamics, and public health in interwar Algiers.

The intriguing case of silicon crystals unveiled in ancient mosaic tesserae

Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios — 2012 — WHEDBD7372DDB

A groundbreaking analysis of ancient mosaic tesserae from the 11th-century Daphni Monastery (Greece) has revealed silicon nanocrystals embedded within the glass matrix, challenging traditional assumptions about the origins of raw materials. Using micro-Raman spectroscopy, researchers identified these nanocrystals in all samples, suggesting a local glass production site rather than imports solely from the Middle East or Egypt. Statistical analysis further supported this finding, implying that the monastery may have had its own glassmaking capabilities.

The King's High Table at the Palace of Westminster

Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church — 2012 — WHE4A01C81807

Archaeological and engineering work in Westminster Hall (2005–6) uncovered additional remnants of the King's High Table, complementing earlier discoveries from 1960. This Purbeck marble table, a symbol of English monarchy for four centuries, played pivotal roles in coronation feasts and legal proceedings. The study reconstructs its original form and later expansions using recovered fragments while tracing its historical evolution within Westminster Hall and the Palace of Westminster. It also examines evidence for its construction, usage, and eventual destruction, contextualizing these findings against the site's broader history. Recent rediscovery and exhibition further highlight its significance.

The LanceletAsymmetron lucayanumComplex in Cocos Island National Park, Pacific Costa Rica

Cocos Island National Park — 2012 — WHE48131284C0

Researchers document the first occurrence of the lancelet Asymmetron lucayanum complex in the eastern Pacific, specifically within Cocos Island National Park. This discovery is significant as it expands the known distribution of this circumtropical species, which was previously unrecorded in the region. The study, conducted during a benthic survey, analyzed taxonomically significant characters such as myotome count and gonad placement to confirm the identification. Lancelets were found in subtidal sandy bottoms (5–42 m) with slightly gravelly, poorly sorted sediment. This finding contributes valuable baseline data for understanding marine biodiversity in this remote and ecologically important site.

The Large Chilean Historical Earthquakes of 1647, 1657, 1730, and 1751 from Contemporary Documents

Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville — 2012 — WHE2B0FE4E95A

A groundbreaking seismological study reveals that four major historical earthquakes in central Chile—1647, 1657, 1730, and 1751—were significantly larger in scale and impact than previously documented. The research, the first to directly analyze contemporary documents from the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, provides unprecedented detail on these events, including their destructive power, regional damage patterns, and associated tsunamis. Notably, the 1730 earthquake, the largest of the four, caused widespread devastation spanning over 1000 km, while the 1751 Concepcion earthquake was comparable in magnitude to the 2010 Maule earthquake, leading to the relocation of the city. This study underscores the importance of historical records in modern seismic risk assessment and understanding long-term tectonic activity.

The Legacy of the Bologna studium in Peter Auriol’s Hylomorphism

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2012 — WHEAA229ADE94

A significant portion of Scholastic learning and literature during the later Middle Ages was produced in the studia or study-houses of religious orders, rather than in universities. These studia, which outnumbered and were more widely distributed across Europe than universities, served as primary educational institutions for members of mendicant orders, including prominent figures like Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, and John Duns Scotus. Additionally, the Papal Court, notably at the Sacred Palace in Avignon, played a crucial role in Scholastic discourse alongside royal courts. This volume highlights the institutional contexts and intellectual activities of these venues, featuring contributions from leading scholars.

The Lepidoptera of White Sands National Monument 5: Two new species of Cochylini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae, Tortricinae)

Carlsbad Caverns National Park — 2012 — WHE433EA9BB73

Researchers have identified two new species of moths, Eugnosta brownana and Cochylis yinyangana, belonging to the genus Cochylini within the family Tortricidae. These discoveries were made through a decade-long study initiated in 2006, focusing on the Lepidoptera (moths) of two U.S. National Park Service sites: White Sands National Monument and Carlsbad Caverns National Park, both located in southern New Mexico. The study provides detailed illustrations of adult moths and their male and female genitalia, contributing to the taxonomic understanding of this region's biodiversity.

The Limits of Public Policy Intervention in Urban Logistics: Lessons from Vicenza (Italy)

City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto — 2012 — WHE1202792BD6

Public policy regulations restricting vehicle access to promote urban consolidation centers (UCCs) may face significant legal and practical challenges, as demonstrated by the case of Vicenza, Italy. The study analyzed municipal regulations and court rulings from 2006 to 2009, following a lawsuit by freight transport carriers against restrictive measures. While Vicenza's approach aimed to reduce urban traffic, it encountered legal resistance, highlighting the complexities of implementing such policies. The research identifies key lessons for other European cities, emphasizing the need for balanced regulations that consider both economic and technical feasibility, as well as legal implications.

The Lion-Bull Motifs of Persepolis: The Zoogeographic Context.

Persepolis — 2012 — WHE385A4BE50A

A groundbreaking analysis of the lion-bull motifs at Persepolis reveals that these iconic Achaemenian sculptures reflect a blend of near-natural zoomorphology and cultural symbolism, offering new insights into ancient Persian faunal representation. Unlike previous interpretations linking the motifs to astronomical or seasonal cycles, this study demonstrates that sculptors achieved remarkable precision in depicting lion and bull morphology, suggesting a combination of observational accuracy and mythological influence. The research integrates iconographic evidence with skeletal records and biogeographical data, highlighting the importance of non-skeletal faunal evidence—such as ancient texts, coins, and ceramics—in reconstructing holistic views of ancient animal populations. This approach provides a novel framework for understanding subsistence practices and socio-religious structures in protohistoric and early historic Iran.

The Long and Winding Road that Leads to Angkor

Angkor — 2012 — WHEB41C5BBC4E

Research in the upper Mun Valley of northeast Thailand reveals that the genesis of Angkor's civilization can be traced to two distinct surges in social complexity, both coinciding with the availability of exotic goods through exchange. The first surge occurred during the initial Bronze Age (11th century BC), while the second, more significant one took place in the late Iron Age, leading directly to the formation of powerful chiefdoms that laid the foundation for early civilizations in Southeast Asia, including Angkor. This study documents the entire prehistoric cultural sequence from late hunter-gatherers to the end of the Iron Age, challenging earlier narratives of Indianization and providing a new framework for understanding the region's complex history.