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Testing marine conservation applications of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) in a remote marine protected area

Papahānaumokuākea — 2015 — WHE1B5C1106BD

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) show significant promise for marine conservation, particularly in remote and expansive protected areas. A 2014 study in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument demonstrated that UAS platforms, such as the Ikhana and Puma AE, can effectively collect high-quality imagery of marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, marine debris, and coastal habitats. While both systems performed well, the Puma AE was deemed more suitable for resource monitoring due to its superior image resolution and adaptability to environmental conditions. Key findings highlighted the importance of pre-mission planning, operator-scientist coordination, weather considerations, and post-processing efficiency to optimize data collection. This research underscores the potential of UAS technology to enhance maritime surveillance and marine resource assessment in challenging environments.

The ‘Feast of the Liberation of Jerusalem’: remembering and reconstructing the First Crusade in the Holy City, 1099–1187

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls — 2015 — WHE1665A6F620

A key insight from this study reveals that the 'Feast of the Liberation of Jerusalem,' celebrated annually on 15 July, was not only a commemoration of the First Crusade's capture of Jerusalem in 1099 but also a deliberate ritual reconstruction of biblical history. The feast, established within years of 1099, involved processions that mirrored the actions of the First Crusaders while aligning Latin Jerusalem with significant Old and New Testament sites. This alignment was intended to frame the Crusade as a continuation of biblical narrative, providing a unique lens through which the inhabitants of twelfth-century Jerusalem interpreted their historical moment. The study analyzes liturgical programs and ritual processes to uncover this interpretive framework.

The "Binding of the Years" and the "New Fire" in Teotihuacan

Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan — 2015 — WHE9C462531C4

Archaeological evidence reveals that the Aztec ritual of 'Binding of the Years,' involving the burial of a symbolic bundle and the ceremony of 'New Fire,' traces its origins to the early Classic period of Teotihuacan. Iconographic representations, such as twisted cords and knots, correspond to stone sculptures resembling bundles of firewood, symbolizing a 52-year cycle. While the exact duration of these cycles remains uncertain, the study suggests that the practice was initially a priestly affair before becoming a broader societal event during the late Classic period. The earliest depiction of 'New Fire' in central Mexico is found at Xochicalco, post-dating Teotihuacan's decline, while a Teotihuacan-style frieze from Veracruz may depict the distribution following such ceremonies.

The “Beauty of Palmyra” and Qasr Abjad (Palmyra): new discoveries in the archive of Harald Ingholt

Site of Palmyra — 2015 — WHE4940AA5A8F

Harald Ingholt's previously overlooked excavation diaries from Palmyra (1924–1928) have revealed new insights into the city's funerary art and sculpture contexts. These diaries, held at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, document unpublished finds—including sculptures and inscriptions—that were not included in his 1928 book or subsequent publications in Berytus. By cross-referencing these records with his extensive archive of Palmyrene funerary portraits (photographs, datings, and bibliographic notes), researchers have identified additional tombs and reconstructed original contexts for key artifacts. This work complements Ingholt's foundational studies on Palmyra's art, offering a deeper understanding of its chronological development and cultural significance.

The “written landscape” of the central Sahara: recording and digitising the Tifinagh inscriptions in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains (Chapter 1)

Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus — 2015 — WHE80BA328870

A pioneering project has successfully recorded and digitized Tifinagh inscriptions in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains, revealing previously inaccessible historical documentation. This effort, part of the Endangered Archives Programme at the British Library, highlights the significance of preserving vulnerable archives that hold key insights into Saharan history. By employing advanced recording techniques, researchers have safeguarded a wealth of information that could redefine our understanding of past civilizations in the central Sahara. The study underscores the importance of digital preservation as a tool for both academic research and global heritage conservation.

The 12 prophets dataset

Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas — 2015 — WHE3A79C9957D

The 'Ajeijadinho 3D' project successfully created a comprehensive dataset of 3D digitized artworks by the renowned Brazilian sculptor Aleijadinho, including the 12 prophets at the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas. This initiative leveraged advanced 3D scanning technology to non-invasively capture intricate details from distances of 10 to 30 meters, eliminating the need for site preparation or isolation. The dataset, accessible via a web portal (http://www.aleijadinho3d.icmc.usp.br), enables detailed visualization and interaction with these cultural treasures, fostering preservation and dissemination. Collaborative efforts between the University of São Paulo and Imprimate ensured meticulous processing of the 3D meshes, highlighting the potential of digital technology in safeguarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The 2013 Judgment of the ICJ in theTemple of Preah VihearCase and the Protection of World Cultural Heritage Sites in Wartime

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2015 — WHEE775E16561

A critical analysis of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) 2013 judgment in the Temple of Preah Vihear case reveals its narrow interpretation of states' obligations under the World Heritage Convention, particularly concerning the protection of cultural heritage during wartime. While the ICJ emphasized cooperation between Cambodia and Thailand for safeguarding the temple—a site of 'outstanding universal value'—it overlooked the applicability of wartime heritage protection regimes. This study dissects the Court's jurisprudence, highlighting its implications for international cultural heritage law and broader legal frameworks. By contextualizing the judgment within evolving global standards, it underscores gaps in the ICJ's approach that could compromise the preservation of vulnerable sites during conflicts.

The Advantages of Prambanan Temple Existence and Its Conservation

Prambanan Temple Compounds — 2015 — WHE68392BADE3

Prambanan Temple faces significant challenges due to its rapidly increasing visitor numbers, which threaten its sustainability. Research indicates that while Prambanan offers substantial economic and tourism benefits, its conservation is critical to maintaining its structural integrity and cultural value. The study highlights the need for robust conservation efforts to ensure the temple remains stable and undamaged, balancing the demands of tourism with preservation requirements. This balance is essential not only for sustaining economic activities but also for preserving a site of immense historical and educational significance.

The Advantages of Using Laser Scanners in Surveying in Protected Sites

Historic Areas of Istanbul — 2015 — WHE1C4238065D

Terrestrial laser scanning offers significant advantages for documenting historical edifices in protected areas, providing highly accurate three-dimensional point cloud data that can be transformed into detailed 3D models and orthophotographs. This technology mitigates challenges associated with large-scale surveying, saving time while capturing intricate details of structures. A case study from the Historic Peninsula in Istanbul demonstrates its application, showcasing how laser scanning was used to generate comprehensive 3D point clouds of street silhouettes and facades, which were then transposed into survey images and drawings. The findings highlight the potential of this method for preserving and analyzing historical sites with unprecedented precision.

The Advent and Schisms of Sufi Orders in Mozambique, 1896–1964

Island of Mozambique — 2015 — WHEA87AA01DA1

Sufi orders, particularly the Shadhuliyya and Qadiriyya, experienced significant expansion among local Muslims in Mozambique during the colonial era (1896–1964), leading to the formation of eight autonomous branches. This study reveals that their growth was driven by historical context and internal schisms, while Portuguese colonial officials only began closely monitoring Sufism late in the period due to its role in the independence struggle. The research combines archival work from Mozambique and Portugal with fieldwork across key sites, including Mozambique Island, Angoche, Nampula, Pemba, and Maputo, offering a rare in-depth look at Sufi identity and rituals in the region.

The aftershock processes of strong earthquakes in the Western Caucasus

Western Caucasus — 2015 — WHE99D20B52CA

Strong earthquakes in the Western Caucasus can disrupt gas hydrate layers along fault zones, leading to nonrelaxation aftershock processes. Researchers analyzed four significant quakes—including the 1991 Racha and 2012 East Black Sea events—and found that the latter deviated from typical aftershock behavior due to fluid-dynamic instability caused by main shock destruction of gas hydrates. Using the LPL relaxation model and ETAS triggered seismicity model, they revealed distinct aftershock characteristics tied to fault zone properties, highlighting a rare seismic mechanism linked to subsurface geological changes.

The Anti-Adherent Activity of Plant Extracts onPenicillium CommuneSpores Causing Cedar Wood Decay: An ESEM Analysis

Medina of Fez — 2015 — WHEE3DA80A68B

Plant extracts from Myrtus communis and Thymus vulgaris demonstrate significant anti-adhesion activity against Penicillium commune spores, which cause cedar wood decay—a critical issue due to microbial resistance. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis revealed that ultrasonication-extracted samples reduced spore adhesion by up to 67% compared to traditional maceration methods, with M. communis showing particularly strong efficacy at 20 mg/mL concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of these extracts as bioactive agents for novel wood preservation formulations, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional antimicrobial treatments.

The Application of qInternet plus Old Town Protectionq in Old Town of Lijiang

Old Town of Lijiang — 2015 — WHE385FFF0ABA

A groundbreaking approach using 'Internet plus Old Town Protection' has been successfully implemented to safeguard the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Old Town of Lijiang. This method leverages Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to collect and analyze data in real-time, enabling effective management and protection of this culturally significant site. The integration of IoT facilitates comprehensive monitoring, ensuring that the historical integrity and natural features of the town are preserved while addressing its vulnerability and non-renewable nature. This innovative strategy offers a model for other heritage sites facing similar challenges.

The Archaeological Site of Persepolis (Iran): Study of the Finishing Technique of the Bas-Reliefs and Architectural Surfaces

Persepolis — 2015 — WHE1ABD525BD7

Research at Persepolis reveals that the dark grey limestone used in its imperial monuments was intentionally covered with a thin, whitish layer containing fluorapatite and calcite. This layer likely originated from calcined animal bones, with slaked lime serving as a binder. The discovery of a kiln with calcined bone remains and a waste pit further supports this finding. Additionally, a second white layer, possibly barium sulphate, was found beneath surface encrustation, suggesting remnants of a polychrome finishing. The study, part of the 'From Palace to Town' project, involved petrographic analysis, decay assessment, and conservation treatment testing.

The archaeology of Bindjarran rockshelter in Manilikarr Country, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory

Kakadu National Park — 2015 — WHE8B387E48C5

Archaeological excavations at Bindjarran rockshelter in Kakadu National Park have uncovered evidence of continuous human settlement on the East Alligator River floodplain from the terminal Pleistocene era to the twentieth century. This finding aligns with previous regional studies, providing significant insights into Aboriginal societal structures during the Big Swamp phase, Freshwater phase, and the last 600 years. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating archaeological, ethnographic, and rock art data, with a focus on dated distributions of stone artifacts to reconstruct historical patterns of human activity in the region.

The Arthur of the Italians: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Italian Literature and Culture ed. by Gloria Allaire, and F. Regina Psaki (review)

Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena — 2015 — WHE77329CB46D

A comprehensive exploration of the Arthurian legend's influence on medieval Italian literature and culture reveals its significant yet understudied presence. The study, edited by Gloria Allaire and F. Regina Psaki, highlights that while Arthurian themes were more prevalent in prose romances, cantari, and Renaissance works rather than long verse romances, they played a crucial role in shaping Italian literary traditions. It also notes the complex linguistic landscape of early medieval Italy, where Arthurian texts emerged in Hebrew, Greek, and French before developing distinctly in Italian. The research employs comparative analysis to trace the evolution of Arthurian narratives across genres, including lyric poetry and prose, and examines their diffusion through key geographical centers. This volume fills a critical gap by providing the first full-length study on Italian Arthuriana since 1936, offering insights into its development, reception, and cultural significance.

The Avignon Bridge: a 3D Reconstruction Project Integrating Archaeological, Historical and Gemorphological Issues

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2015 — WHE1A1AD686D5

A groundbreaking interdisciplinary project has successfully reconstructed the Avignon Bridge using advanced 3D digital modeling techniques. This reconstruction integrates archaeological, historical, and geomorphological data to virtually restore the bridge's connection between Avignon and Villeneuve-lez-Avignon, which once served as a critical link between Lyon/Vienna and the sea after the Roman bridge of Arles disappeared. The project, spanning four years and involving five laboratories, employed satellite imagery, UAV-based acquisitions, terrestrial laser scanning, and photogrammetry to create a 50 km² digital model. Additionally, this research has been integrated into an augmented reality application, enabling tourists to explore the virtual reconstruction through tablets. This work not only enhances our understanding of the bridge's historical and geomorphological significance but also sets a new standard for interdisciplinary heritage preservation.

The Basis and Operation of Windcatcher in Architecture of Iran's Lut Desert Suburbs: Case Study of Shahdad, Iran

Lut Desert — 2015 — WHE32A3DB27A1

Iran's traditional windcatchers, used for centuries to harness desert winds for natural ventilation and cooling, remain a highly efficient architectural solution despite advancements in technology. A study focusing on the Lut Desert, particularly the city of Shahdad, demonstrates that these structures can effectively mitigate the region's harsh climatic conditions by providing passive cooling for both public and private spaces. The research, employing descriptive-analytic methods to review past studies, highlights the enduring value of windcatchers in modern architecture, offering a sustainable alternative to mechanized cooling systems. This approach not only preserves historical architectural practices but also addresses contemporary challenges of energy efficiency and adaptability in extreme environments.

The Bayreuth Festspielhaus: The Metaphysical Manifestation of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen

Margravial Opera House Bayreuth — 2015 — WHE5F775703BE

Contrary to Wagner's theoretical advocacy for equality among operatic art forms, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus design elevates music above other elements, as demonstrated by its unique architecture. This study challenges the prevailing belief that Bayreuth and Der Ring des Nibelungen embody Gesamtkunstwerk, instead arguing that they internalize drama to prioritize musical supremacy. The research juxtaposes Wagner's theoretical writings with modern interpretations, such as those of Daniel Barenboim, while tracing Wagner's philosophical influences from Feuerbach and Schopenhauer. By analyzing the architectural and performance dimensions, this work encourages a critical reevaluation of how theatre design, composition, and performance interact to manifest artistic works.

The Best Laid Plans

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2015 — WHE72614D12BD

A critical analysis reveals that conservation efforts at the iSimangaliso Wetland Park inadvertently restrict local communities' agency despite South Africa's strong human rights framework. The study identifies a conceptual conflict between human rights and the capability approach in the park's market-driven sustainable development strategy, which constrains the freedom of inhabitants like KwaDapha village to pursue their values and norms. This finding underscores the unintended consequences of conflating these distinct frameworks in conservation management.