Publications
Clustering tourists’ perceptions of Marine Protected Areas: A comparative study in Southern Africa
A comparative analysis of tourists' perceptions of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Southern Africa reveals a stark contrast between South African and Mozambican visitors. While both groups recognize the ecological value of MPAs, South African tourists predominantly exhibit strong support for conservation efforts, whereas Mozambican tourists tend to be more skeptical or passive. This study, conducted through quantitative surveys of 504 participants at Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (Mozambique) and Table Mountain National Park MPA (South Africa), underscores the need for targeted communication strategies that emphasize the broader social, economic, and cultural benefits of MPAs to foster sustainable stakeholder support. The findings highlight regional differences in conservation attitudes and provide actionable insights for marketing and management practices.
Critical inquiry into ecologicalally responsive architecture : a case study of the Isimangaliso Wetland Park (KwaZulu-Natal)
A critical inquiry into ecologically responsive architecture at iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa, reveals that integrating traditional building techniques with modern sustainable technologies can significantly enhance conservation efforts and support the park's vision as a UNESCO World Heritage site. The study found that existing architectural structures in the park lack consistency and cultural identity, highlighting the potential for a 'Hybrid Model'—proposed by Yahya and Hassanpour (2022)—to bridge this gap. This model combines traditional indigenous practices from communities like the Thonga and Zulu with ecological principles, promoting the use of locally sourced materials and advancing sustainability. The research emphasizes the importance of preserving South Africa's natural resource base, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 11, and advocates for a shift toward a green economy to ensure the long-term viability of heritage sites.
Molecular detection and characterisation of Theileria parva and other Theileria species in cattle-associated ticks from southern Mozambique
A study investigating tick-borne protozoa in southern Mozambique confirms the presence of Theileria parva, a pathogen responsible for East Coast fever (ECF), in local cattle-associated ticks. Researchers analyzed 326 ticks from six farms, identifying four species: Rhipicephalus microplus, R. evertsi, Amblyomma hebraeum, and R. appendiculatus. Molecular screening detected T. parva in 11 ticks, with phylogenetic analysis revealing low genetic diversity among isolates, except for one divergent isolate found in A. hebraeum. Additionally, Theileria velifera was identified in a single specimen. These findings underscore the need for ongoing surveillance to monitor the spread and impact of these pathogens on cattle production in the region.
Participação comunitária na gestão das áreas de conservação
A study on the iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park reveals that while community participation is integral to sustainable conservation governance, it faces significant constraints. The research highlights that mechanisms such as Community Management Committees and benefit-sharing programs are in place but are hindered by limited decision-making influence for local communities, human-wildlife conflicts, insufficient capacity building, and lack of transparency in benefit management. These findings underscore the need to strengthen community participation to achieve more inclusive governance, balancing biodiversity conservation with sustainable development. The study employed a qualitative approach, including bibliographic research, direct observation, and semi-structured interviews with park administrators and community residents, analyzed through content analysis and information triangulation.
Structure and Composition of a Coastal Dune Forest in Maputo National Park, Mozambique
A coastal dune forest in Maputo National Park, Mozambique, exhibits remarkable species adaptability to high environmental heterogeneity, marked by low water availability and few nutrients. The study identified 89 tree species, with Drypetes natalensis, Diospyros inhacaensis, and Vepris lanceolata being the most abundant. Contrary to expectations, no significant relationship was found between tree community structure and environmental variables, suggesting that these species thrive in diverse and challenging conditions. This insight underscores the resilience of coastal dune forests and their potential for conservation strategies on the east and southeast coasts of Africa. The research employed 20 plots across the forest, sampling 2,524 individuals with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 2.5 cm to assess species composition and environmental interactions.
The Ethical Behaviour Paradox in Protected Areas: A Study of Visitor Conduct at Isimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa
A significant ethical paradox exists between visitors' strong pro-environmental values and their actual behavior at UNESCO World Heritage Site iSimangaliso Wetland Park. Despite expressing high support for conservation ethics, visitors often fail to translate these values into practice on-site. The study, based on a questionnaire with 23 ethical behavior (EB) indicators and responses from 323 participants, used paired-sample t-tests to confirm this gap statistically. Findings suggest that management strategies—such as nudging techniques and enhanced environmental interpretation—are needed to bridge the divide between visitors' stated intentions and real-world actions.
Tsetse flies, trypanosomes, hosts and microbiome diversity at agricultural–conservation interfaces in Mozambique
A comprehensive molecular analysis of tsetse flies, trypanosomes, and their hosts at the agricultural–conservation interface in Mozambique reveals complex diversity patterns shaping African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) transmission. Four tsetse species were identified, with trypanosome prevalence ranging from 65% to 90%, dominated by Trypanosoma brucei and T. godfreyi. Wildlife hosts, particularly warthogs, and humans emerged as key contributors to parasite cycles, while microbiome profiling highlighted dominant symbionts like Wigglesworthia and Wolbachia. The study demonstrates that tsetse species strongly influence trypanosome diversity and host selection, with location playing a secondary role. These findings underscore the intricate dynamics of AAT transmission at human–wildlife–livestock interfaces, providing critical insights for One Health control strategies.
A new species of Myrmeleon from Mozambique (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)
Researchers have identified and described a new species of ant lion, Myrmeleon milibangalala sp. nov., from Maputo National Park in Mozambique. This discovery adds to the diversity of small-sized Myrmeleon species found in southern Africa and provides insights into the genus's distribution and habitat preferences, particularly in coastal zones. The study compares the new species with closely related ones, such as Myrmeleon obscurus, Myrmeleon caliginosus, and Myrmeleon stigmalis, highlighting key morphological differences. Detailed illustrations of the species' characteristics are included to aid in its identification.
Assessing the Resilience of Diving Tourism Systems to Complex Change: A Case Study of Southern Mozambique
Diving tourism systems, particularly in Least Developed Countries (LDCs), demonstrate resilience to complex changes such as the COVID-19 pandemic, urban development, and governance transformations. A study of Ponta do Ouro, Maputo National Park, Southern Mozambique, engaged 71 stakeholders from the diving industry, businesses, park authorities, and communities in 2022 and 2023. Stakeholders identified interconnected changes with both negative and positive effects, highlighting the importance of stakeholder engagement in planning resilience strategies. The research underscores that participatory approaches can mitigate conflicts and benefit small communities in LDCs, ensuring sustainable development for diving tourism systems.
Reptile demographics on paved roads in protected (Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, iSimangaliso Wetland Park) and unprotected areas (Giba Rural Community) in northeastern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Roads pose significant threats to reptile populations, with paved roads in protected and unprotected areas causing substantial mortality. A study conducted between 2021 and 2023 along the R618 in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park and the R22 through iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Giba Rural Community, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, found that 78.3% of observed reptiles were road mortalities. While total reptile numbers did not differ significantly between protected and unprotected areas, snake species dominated observations (70.3%). Reptile presence decreased with habitat degradation and lack of water but increased with vehicle density. The findings underscore the need for mitigation strategies to protect reptile species in both conserved and rural landscapes.
Unravelling genetic differentiation between Glossina brevipalpis populations from two distant National Parks in Mozambique
A genetic analysis of Glossina brevipalpis populations from iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Maputo National Park) and Gorongosa National Park, separated by an 840 km tsetse-free zone, reveals strong genetic differentiation with minimal gene flow between the two. The study suggests that undocumented pocket populations or human-driven animal transportation may facilitate rare exchanges of individuals. These findings highlight potential challenges for tsetse eradication efforts, emphasizing the need to assess re-invasion risks via motorized transport and explore nearby sites within a 30 km radius to ensure sustained control.
Effects of public roads on wildlife-vehicle collisions in two protected areas, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park and iSimangaliso Wetland Park, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Public roads within and around protected areas significantly threaten wildlife through wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVCs), with mortality rates reaching up to 13 carcasses per kilometer. A study conducted in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP) and iSimangaliso Wetland Park (ISWP) in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, found that small-bodied vertebrates (<5 kg), particularly amphibians, were the most affected, accounting for 1066 mortalities out of 1606 recorded. High mortality levels were linked to unsloped road surfaces and increased vehicle traffic within HiP, while habitat surrounding ISWP had a larger influence on WVCs. The research, conducted monthly from 2022 to 2023, used species composition data and heat maps of mortalities combined with ecological factors to identify drivers of these collisions. Mitigation measures are urgently needed, particularly during the wet season, to reduce wildlife mortalities along high-risk road sections in both protected areas.
The impact of Eucalyptus plantations on herpetofaunal diversity, Maputo National Park, Mozambique
A study in Maputo National Park, Mozambique, reveals that derelict Eucalyptus plantations significantly reduce herpetofaunal diversity compared to natural sand thicket vegetation and cleared woodlots. While species richness was highest in untransformed habitats (17 ± 2.34 species), derelict plantations hosted only 13 ± 2.24 species, with the lowest diversity indices recorded. Surprisingly, a fossorial anuran thrived in plantations, warranting further investigation. The research suggests that clearing abandoned Eucalyptus plantations could serve as a rehabilitation strategy to restore herpetofaunal biodiversity, aligning with broader findings on exotic afforestation impacts.
The movement and distribution of pregnant spotted ragged-tooth sharks, Carcharias taurus, in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa
A five-year study in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa, revealed that Raggie Reef serves as a critical aggregation site for pregnant spotted ragged-tooth sharks (Carcharias taurus), a globally Critically Endangered species. Using remote underwater photography (RUP) and in-situ surveys, researchers identified 574 individuals—97% of which were noticeably pregnant—across three reefs over 2018–2023. The findings demonstrated consistent movements among the monitored sites, with Raggie Reef being the most frequently occupied (90% of sampling days). This highlights the park's vital role in the species' conservation, particularly for reproductive females, while also suggesting variability in their reproductive cycle.
Visitors’ perspectives of ethical behaviour at the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa
A study at the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa reveals that while visitors widely recognize the importance of ethical visitor behavior (EVB), they apply these principles heterogeneously and with limited active engagement. The research, based on surveys of 323 respondents, found significant variations in perceptions across different socio-demographic groups. These insights suggest that authorities could leverage this understanding to develop more effective strategies for promoting EVB at World Heritage Sites, particularly in developing countries where such studies remain scarce.
First mesophotic Ecklonia radiata (Laminariales) records within the iSimangaliso Wetland Park marine-protected area, east coast, South Africa
A dense kelp forest of Ecklonia radiata (Laminariales), extending at least 35 kilometers, has been discovered between 45 and 60 meters depth within the mesophotic zone of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park marine-protected area (MPA) on South Africa's east coast. This marks the first visual confirmation of E. radiata beds in subtropical South Africa, significantly expanding its known distribution more than 350 kilometers north of its previously documented range. The kelp was found to be dense primarily in the southern Natal bioregion, with sparse occurrences observed elsewhere on soft-coral and sponge-dominated reefs. The discovery was made through remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and drop camera surveys conducted in November 2020, May 2021, and November 2022. This finding contributes to the understanding of Laminariales populations in deep tropical and subtropical settings and highlights the biodiversity within South Africa's largest coastal MPA.
Inclusive, Participatory Approaches to Tourism Rebuilding and Recovery of Coastal Tourism Destinations from the Impacts of COVID-19: The Case of iSimangaliso Wetland Park
Inclusive and participatory approaches significantly enhance the resilience of coastal tourism destinations when recovering from exogenous shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. A study focusing on iSimangaliso Wetland Park (IWP) found that most businesses within the park had limited adaptive capacity due to their size and nature, making recovery challenging. The research highlights that collaborative efforts are crucial for implementing effective recovery plans. This exploratory case study used purposive sampling, questionnaires with open-ended questions, and content analysis to gather and analyze qualitative data, providing insights into adaptive strategies for tourism-dependent regions.
Seasonal changes characterise the shark and ray assemblages in a subtropical shallow sandy habitat in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa
Seasonal variations significantly influence the abundance and composition of shark and ray assemblages in the subtropical shallow sandy habitats of iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa. The study found that while species richness remained consistent across seasons, total elasmobranch abundance was notably higher in winter compared to summer. Species assemblage composition also varied seasonally, with the Human’s whaler shark (Carcharhinus humani) prevailing in summer and the Critically Endangered whitespotted wedgefish (Rhynchobatus djiddensis) more abundant during winter. Most species were observed throughout the entire depth range, but rays were more common in shallower waters (< 25 m), while C. humani and R. djiddensis were more prevalent in deeper zones. This research provides critical baseline data for a previously unexplored sandy habitat within a marine protected area (MPA) of regional and global significance, emphasizing the importance of protecting such environments for conservation efforts.
Conflicts between conservation and community livelihoods
A study reveals that conservation efforts at iSimangaliso Wetland Park (Maputo National Park) and tourism revenue generation disproportionately benefit the park while leaving the adjacent KwaNibela community economically marginalized, leading to significant socio-economic conflicts. The research employed qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews with 50 randomly selected community members and three purposely chosen park officials. Findings indicate that limited access to natural resources and lack of economic opportunities from tourism exacerbate poverty in KwaNibela, fueling resentment against the park. To foster sustainable conservation, the study recommends integrating local communities into decision-making processes and creating livelihood opportunities linked to tourism and conservation, ensuring equitable benefits for both stakeholders.
Two new Erichsonius species of iSimangaliso Wetland Park in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae)
Two new species of the beetle genus Erichsonius (Sectophilonthus) have been discovered within the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Maputo National Park, located in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The species, named E. (S.) sodwanaensis sp. nov. and E. (S.) muellerae sp. nov., were identified through detailed morphological analysis and distinguished from similar species based on key characteristics. This discovery expands the known biodiversity of the region and contributes to the understanding of beetle diversity in these ecologically significant areas. The research employed a combination of field collections, microscopic examination, and comparative analysis with existing species descriptions.
Community-Based Tourism in Protected Areas: Elaborating A Model from A South African Perspective
Community-based ecotourism (CBET) can thrive in conservation areas, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, if stakeholders collaborate effectively to balance poverty alleviation and environmental management. This study proposes a framework for CBET ventures, outlining a pathway from internal partnerships to external models, ultimately achieving self-sufficiency. It highlights that despite challenges—such as governance constraints and social hierarchies—CBET remains viable in South Africa when aligned with conservation goals. The research synthesizes existing literature on community-based tourism (CBT) and CBET, using iSimangaliso as a case study to develop a generalizable model for similar regions.
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