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Analyzing the relationship between forest fragmentation and post-hurricane damage and recovery

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2014 — WHE89932DA196

Forest fragmentation exacerbates vulnerability to hurricanes, slowing recovery and undermining resilience. A study of the Calakmul biosphere reserve in Mexico revealed that fragmented forest stands suffered more severe damage from Hurricane Dean (2007) and recovered more slowly than contiguous forests over a five-year period. Using remote sensing data, land cover products, and field sampling, researchers analyzed changes at multiple spatial and temporal scales, linking human-driven fragmentation to increased ecological vulnerability. These findings highlight the need for targeted conservation strategies to mitigate fragmentation and enhance forest resilience in tropical regions facing dual pressures from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.

Anatomy and phylogenetic position ofVenaticosuchus rusconiiBonaparte, 1970 (Archosauria, Pseudosuchia), from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic), La Rioja, Argentina

Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks — 2014 — WHEBD771610DB

A new phylogenetic analysis confirms that Venaticosuchus rusconii, a Late Triassic pseudosuchian archosaur from the Ischigualasto Formation in Argentina, is a valid ornithosuchid with unique morphological traits. The study, based on a rediscription of its incomplete skull and postcranial elements, identifies distinctive features such as ventrally directed basipterygoid processes, an expanded dentary margin, and the absence of specific foramina that distinguish it from other ornithosuchids like Riojasuchus tenuisceps and Ornithosuchus longidens. Phylogenetic placement shows V. rusconii is more closely related to R. tenuisceps, supported by shared traits in the antorbital fenestra and jugal structure. This research clarifies the evolutionary relationships within Ornithosuchidae, contributing to our understanding of Late Triassic archosaur diversity.

Ancestor portraits at Mogao Cave 231

Mogao Caves — 2014 — WHE945E54D148

The ancestor portraits in Mogao Cave 231 challenge traditional views on the separation between familial commemoration and Buddhist devotion. These murals, dated to circa 839 C.E., depict a blend of secular and religious elements that contradicts both medieval Chinese perspectives and modern scholarly interpretations. The study reveals the fluidity and contingency of these practices, complicating the rigid categorization of Confucian filial piety as secular and Buddhist devotion as sacred. This insight is derived from analyzing the figural group on the eastern wall of Cave 231, part of a larger collection of nearly 500 decorated caves at Dunhuang, which collectively offer a window into Chinese Buddhist practices from the fifth to fourteenth centuries.

Andean grasslands are as productive as tropical cloud forests

Manú National Park — 2014 — WHE38EDCCF6BB

Andean grasslands exhibit net primary productivity (NPP) comparable to tropical montane cloud forests, challenging assumptions about carbon cycling in these ecosystems. The study, conducted in southeastern Peruvian Andes including sites within Manu National Park, found NPP ranging from 4.6 to 15.3 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in grasslands and 7.05 to 8.0 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ in cloud forests, with no significant differences between the two. Undisturbed grassland sites showed significantly higher productivity than disturbed ones, though grazing and fire effects varied. Soil carbon stocks were substantial (126–285 Mg C ha⁻¹), but grasslands demonstrated faster above-ground biomass turnover compared to below-ground biomass. Seasonal shifts in NPP allocation were observed, particularly at the onset of austral summer. These findings highlight the resilience and productivity of high-elevation tropical grasslands, contrasting with the carbon retention properties of cloud forests.

Animal, Human, God: Pathways of Shang Animality and Divinity

Yin Xu — 2014 — WHE1478C38BB4

A groundbreaking analysis of the Shang dynasty's cultural practices reveals intricate connections between animals, humans, and deities at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Yin Xu. The study highlights how chariots, dogs, and trophy deer skulls were integral to ritualistic and social hierarchies, serving as symbols of power and spiritual significance. Through meticulous examination of archaeological artifacts—including bronze bells, inscribed oracle bones, and monumental contexts such as slab burials—the research reconstructs the afterlife practices and divinity pathways of the Shang elite, particularly focusing on figures like Fu Hao. The approach combines spatial analysis of excavated sites with iconographic studies, offering a nuanced understanding of animality and divinity in ancient Chinese society.

Annotated catalogue of Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)

Heard and McDonald Islands — 2014 — WHE0C1D192E3D

A comprehensive catalogue of Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) reveals that 4,111 species across seven families, 20 subfamilies, and 94 tribes inhabit mainland Australia and its offshore islands, including the subantarctic Heard and McDonald Islands. This first-ever inventory identifies 16 new genera and six new species while proposing significant taxonomic changes, such as 72 new species synonymies and 189 new combinations. The study also clarifies nomenclatural issues for 356 taxa and lists non-established or introduced species, providing a robust framework for future research on Australian weevil biodiversity.

Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport and barotropic transition at Macquarie Ridge

Macquarie Island — 2014 — WHE1F2DE1552F

A deep, high-speed jet within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transports substantial water volumes through a 50 km-wide gap north of Macquarie Island, revealing critical insights into how the ACC navigates large topographic obstacles. The study, combining direct velocity measurements, satellite altimetry, and ocean state estimates, demonstrates that the Subantarctic Front crosses the Macquarie Ridge through this gap, where the ACC becomes more barotropic. The deep jet's acceleration is balanced by ageostrophic pressure gradients, zonal momentum convergence, and dissipation, highlighting the role of local nonlinear processes in the dynamical balance of the ACC. This research provides observational evidence to support theoretical predictions about topographic interactions shaping the ACC's dynamics.

Anticipating post-automobility: design policies for fostering urban mobility transitions

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls — 2014 — WHE3D8FD99CF9

A shift away from private car dependency is emerging, offering cities opportunities to prioritize non-motorized transport. This study identifies three urban archetypes—heritage cities, modern green metropolises, and eco-cities—as models for post-automobility design policies. Using the Old City of Jerusalem, Copenhagen, and Masdar City as case studies, researchers applied 10 planning criteria to assess built and human dimensions, aiming to guide future urban reconfiguration efforts. The scoring system highlights actionable strategies for planners seeking to reduce car reliance while enhancing sustainable mobility.

Antimicrobial resistance in faecal samples from buffalo, wildebeest and zebra grazing together with and without cattle in Tanzania

Ngorongoro Conservation Area — 2014 — WHEB004BEDAAA

A study on antimicrobial resistance in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area found no significant increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria among wild ungulates (buffalo, wildebeest, and zebra) that co-graze with cattle compared to those without such interaction. While wild ungulates harbored higher levels of resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococci, including vancomycin-resistant strains, resistance patterns did not differ significantly between sites where cattle were present or absent. The research suggests that co-grazing is not a frequent route for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to wildlife, though resistant strains like cefotaxime- and enrofloxacin-resistant E. coli were detected in wild ungulates but not in cattle.

Antlions (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontidae) from ornithological traps on the Curonian Spit: A three-species community containing a new species

Curonian Spit — 2014 — WHE90CBB90342

Researchers have identified a new species of antlion, Myrmeleon tschernovi, within a three-species community on the Curonian Spit. The study, conducted at the Fringilla Research Station and Rybachii Biological Station in Kaliningrad Province, Russia, used ornithological traps to capture adult antlions and observed larvae on sand dunes. Myrmeleon tschernovi dominates the community with a 100:3:2 ratio compared to Myrmeleon formicarius and Euroleon nostras, respectively. The new species is morphologically similar to Myrmeleon bore but distinguished by male genitalia and larval head chaetotaxy and color pattern. Additionally, the other two species were recorded in Kaliningrad Province for the first time. This discovery sheds light on the biodiversity of the region's unique dune ecosystems.

Aphrodisias School of Sculpture

Aphrodisias — 2014 — WHE55DBC086AC

Aphrodisias, renowned for its rich historical and cultural heritage, was not merely a Roman-established school of sculpture but a vibrant center of art and education that synthesized Anatolian traditions. This study reveals that the Aphrodisias School of Sculpture, through its unfinished works and proportion challenges, showcases the labor-intensive nature of ancient stone carving, highlighting the significant role of human skill and effort in sculptural art. By analyzing images of sculptures created by local artists, researchers deduce that Aphrodisias was a hub of artistic innovation, influencing Roman culture rather than being influenced by it. The research provides insight into the educational and artistic practices of ancient times, contrasting them with modern techniques that rely on electrical tools.

Application of a new cultivation technology, I-tip, for studying microbial diversity in freshwater sponges of Lake Baikal, Russia

Lake Baikal — 2014 — WHEDA15F05D0F

A novel cultivation device, the I-tip, significantly enhances the recovery of microbial diversity from freshwater sponges in Lake Baikal. Unlike conventional plating methods, which yielded only 16 species from three major phyla, the I-tip method successfully cultivated 34 species across five phyla, closely matching the richness detected by pyrosequencing-based molecular surveys. This approach bridges the gap between traditional culture techniques and molecular methods by allowing microorganisms to grow in situ using natural chemical compounds, thereby capturing a broader spectrum of microbial diversity. The findings suggest that the I-tip method is particularly effective for studying challenging microbial communities associated with animal hosts.

Application of calcifying bacteria for remediation of stones and cultural heritages

Taj Mahal — 2014 — WHE789AB781FE

A novel approach using calcifying bacteria to remediate stone degradation in cultural heritage sites, including the Taj Mahal, shows promise as a sustainable solution. The study highlights that microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation can effectively counteract biotic and abiotic factors causing deterioration, offering a more durable alternative to traditional conservation methods. This technique not only preserves the aesthetic appeal of historic monuments but also strengthens their structural integrity. The research emphasizes its potential as a future-oriented technology for heritage preservation, addressing both practical and theoretical aspects of cultural conservation.

Application of energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to polychrome terracotta sculptures from the Alcobaça Monastery, Portugal

Monastery of Alcobaça — 2014 — WHE8FC8C10530

Researchers used portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) to analyze polychrome terracotta sculptures from the Alcobaça Monastery, revealing that these 17th-century artworks underwent at least two subsequent interventions: a likely 19th-century refurbishment and an 18th-century repolychroming. By comparing elemental compositions across statues, the study provided the first material characterization of the coatings, offering new insights into their conservation history. The findings highlight the potential of EDXRF for non-invasive analysis of layered chromatic materials in cultural heritage.

Application of remote sensing techniques to discriminate between conventional and organic vineyards in the Loire Valley, France

The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes — 2014 — WHE58B971E65B

Remote sensing techniques can effectively differentiate between conventional and organic vineyards, achieving a 91.4% success rate in identifying both viticultural methods and grape varieties in the Loire Valley. The study analyzed ASTER satellite imagery, focusing on spectral reflectance patterns influenced by chemical treatments and inter-row vegetation. Key findings indicate that conventional vineyards exhibit distinct spectral signatures, particularly in short-wave infrared bands, due to chemical impacts on leaf composition and structure. Organic vineyards, lacking these treatments, show different reflectance characteristics, highlighting the potential of remote sensing as an early indicator for viticultural monitoring. This approach offers a non-invasive method to assess agricultural practices, complementing field inspections or laboratory analyses.

Applied Ethnobotany

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew — 2014 — WHEA752DBF24B

Applied Ethnobotany provides the first practical guide to sustainably managing wild plant species, crucial for billions who rely on them for building materials, fuel, food, medicine, and income. The manual bridges conservation, research, and local resource use through participatory methods, empowering communities to assess pressures on plant resources and implement strategies for their long-term availability. Supported by extensive illustrations and data, it offers actionable insights for conservationists, rural development practitioners, and park managers worldwide. Published in collaboration with WWF, UNESCO, and the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, this guide stands as an invaluable resource for those navigating the intersection of biodiversity conservation and human livelihoods.

Applying QFD and Kano Model to Experience Design for Cultural Tourism on Mobile Device: An Example of Leifeng Pagoda, Hangzhou, China

West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou — 2014 — WHE944390D8EC

A combination of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Kano model, and scenario-based design effectively guides the development of user-friendly mobile applications for cultural tourism. The study highlights that prioritizing controls design, navigation, information architecture, text content accuracy—especially regarding pagoda culture—and precise GPS positioning significantly enhances software usability and tourist experience at Leifeng Pagoda, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Hangzhou, China. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of providing historical context, site details, and essential services like traffic, catering, and accommodation information to meet tourists' core needs.

Appreciating a World Heritage Site using Multisensory Elements: A Case Study in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia

Kinabalu Park — 2014 — WHE6398E34113

Visitors to Kinabalu Park can deeply appreciate its natural heritage through multisensory experiences, though taste is notably absent. A study found that five sensory elements—visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, and mobility—enhance visitor engagement, creating lasting memories that facilitate learning over time. Unlike some destinations, Kinabalu Park restricts interaction with flora, limiting the potential for gustatory experiences. The research employed participant observation to assess how these sensory inputs shape visitors' perceptions, highlighting their role in fostering meaningful connections with natural heritage.

Aquatic tardigrades in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, North Carolina and Tennessee, U.S.A., with the description of a new species of Thulinius (Tardigrada, Isohypsibiidae)

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHE51DF08F3C3

Researchers have identified a new species of aquatic tardigrade, Thulinius romanoi, within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), adding to the park's biodiversity record. This discovery, part of the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory, also confirmed the presence of Thulinius augusti in the U.S., previously unrecorded, and documented nine specimens of a third species, Thulinius cf. saltursus, with slight morphological variations from known records. The study employed combined morphological and molecular analysis to distinguish these species, updating the list of tardigrades in GSMNP streams to 44 species, 22 of which are predominantly or exclusively aquatic.

Archaeological Evidence for Peach (Prunus persica) Cultivation and Domestication in China

Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City — 2014 — WHE1F7FBC52EA

Archaeological evidence from Zhejiang Province, China, reveals that peach (Prunus persica) cultivation and domestication began around 8000 BP, primarily along the Yangzi River valley. The study analyzed five populations of ancient peach stones, showing early selection for preferred types at sites like Kuahuqiao (8000-7000 BP) and Tianluoshan (7000-6500 BP). Peach stone morphology suggests an unknown wild ancestor, with significant changes in size and shape by the Liangzhu culture period (ca. 5300 to 4300 BP), indicating advanced domestication. Similar stones found in Japan (6700-6400 BP) imply a shared source population linked to the Liangzhu culture, reinforcing the lower Yangzi River valley as a key region for early peach domestication.