Publications
Revisiting the Freshwater Ichthyofauna in Sayap Substation, Kinabalu Park: A Thirty-One-Year Update
A 31-year study of freshwater fish populations at Sayap Substation, Kinabalu Park, reveals significant shifts in community composition, with the dominant genus Parhomaloptera disappearing and being replaced by Glaniopsis and Protomyzon. The research, using electrofishing and environmental parameter collection, found that while Gastromyzontidae remains the most abundant family (96.7%), its subgenera have fluctuated, with Glaniopsis declining from 58.9% in 2007 to 30.6% in 2023. These changes coincide with rising water temperatures and total suspended solids, indicating potential ecological stress on the freshwater system. The study underscores the need for regular monitoring to address emerging threats and conserve biodiversity in Kinabalu Park's transition zone between sub-montane and lowland forests.
The Ecology and Conservation of Orchids in Ultramafic Habitats of Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia
Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia, hosts up to 340 orchid species in its ultramafic zones, characterized by high nickel and magnesium levels, low calcium, and poor nutrient retention. A notable discovery is the locally endemic Dendrobium maraiparense Wood and Chan, first described at Marai Parai, a site with the highest orchid density (136 species). The study highlights significant threats to these orchids, including excessive collection, illegal trade, poaching, and climate change, emphasizing the urgent need for stronger conservation measures. It advocates for in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies, community education, and legal enforcement to protect orchid biodiversity and maintain ecological health. This analysis is based on a comprehensive review of existing scientific literature, including articles, books, journals, and herbarium records.
Effects of microclimate factors on the distribution of Araceae in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia
Araceae species in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Borneo, show strong adaptability to microclimatic variations driven by complex topography. This study identified 88 Araceae species across seven areas, with Schismatoglottideae tribe and genus Schismatoglottis being most prevalent. Microclimate factors, particularly temperature (r²: 0.8898) and relative humidity (r²: -0.8764), significantly influenced species distribution, as revealed by Canonical Correspondence Analysis with an inertia value of 84.96%. Species turnover was low to moderate (Jaccard similarity index: 23.08-56.10%). The findings underscore the ecological significance of microhabitats in promoting Araceae diversity, emphasizing the need for conservation strategies that account for these environmental interactions.
Mountain Guiding in Kinabalu Park: An Evaluation of Visitor Satisfaction
A study reveals that mountain guides in Kinabalu Park, Malaysia's tallest peak, develop critical professional and personal skills—such as communication, decision-making, problem-solving, and leadership—that significantly enhance visitor satisfaction. These skills improve the quality of climbing services, contributing to the park's growing appeal as a tourism destination. The research, based on qualitative interviews with guides, highlights how training and experience foster expertise that benefits both local employment and visitor experiences in this UNESCO-listed site.
Tourist Satisfaction Dimension in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia
A study on tourist satisfaction at Kinabalu Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Sabah, Malaysia, reveals that 'scenery enjoyment' is the primary factor contributing to positive visitor experiences. The research employed Herzberg’s Critical Incident Technique (CIT) through in-depth interviews with mountain climbers, analyzing their recollections of exceptional moments—both satisfying and dissatisfying—to identify key satisfaction dimensions. Thematic analysis using Driver’s Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scale highlighted 'scenery enjoyment' alongside three other emerging domains that shape tourist satisfaction. This finding underscores the critical role of natural beauty in enhancing visitor experiences, offering valuable insights for developing responsible tourism frameworks at the site.
Fish Biodiversity and Water Quality of Tropical Forest Streams Adjacent to the Western Boundary of Kinabalu Park, Sabah
A study on the fish biodiversity and water quality of tropical forest streams adjacent to Kinabalu Park, Sabah, revealed that fish diversity and abundance decrease with elevation, while water quality remains generally good but is threatened by domestic impacts downstream. The three most abundant fish species were Tor tambra (34.4%), Barbodes sealei (19.5%), and Lobocheilos ovalis (12.4%). Tor tambra exhibited poor to fair condition, indicating potential health issues. Water quality metrics such as turbidity, orthophosphate, and ammoniacal nitrogen were higher near Podos village, with ammoniacal nitrogen classified as Class III by Malaysian standards. The study highlights the need for regular water quality monitoring in downstream rivers to mitigate domestic impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.
The mosses of Mount Tambuyukon, Kinabalu Park, Malaysian Borneo
Mount Tambuyukon, located within Kinabalu Park in Malaysian Borneo, sustains a rich and diverse moss flora. A 2008 study identified 103 species, two subspecies, and two varieties of mosses across 55 genera and 26 families, representing approximately 16.3% of Sabah's moss diversity and 13.9% of Borneo's. Notably, three species were recorded for the first time in Sabah: Acroporium aciphyllum, Garovaglia baeuerlenii, and Macromitrium angustifolium. The Sematophyllaceae family was the most diverse, with 13 taxa, followed by Leucobryaceae (11 taxa) and Dicranaceae/Orthotrichaceae (10 taxa each). This study highlights Mount Tambuyukon's ecological significance as a hotspot for rare and endemic moss species.
A preliminary survey of Araceae of Kadamaian-Kinabalu Park, Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia.
A preliminary survey of the Araceae family, conducted between October 14th and 20th, 2019, in Kadamaian-Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia, revealed a rich diversity of 25 species across nine genera, including at least two undescribed species. This discovery underscores the unique forest ecology of the park, suggesting it should be recognized as a protected area to preserve its biodiversity. The survey covered four trails with varying elevations, from 220 meters to 670 meters above sea level, providing valuable insights into the plant diversity and ecological significance of this region.
Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of Kadamaian, Kinabalu Park, Sabah
A survey conducted in Kadamaian, Kinabalu Park, Sabah, during the Borneo Geographic Expedition 2019, recorded 23 species of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) across nine families. Notably, one species, Pericnemis dowi, was identified as a new record for Kinabalu Park, bringing the total known Odonata species in the park to 71. The survey, conducted at altitudes ranging from 400 m to 850 m above sea level, highlights the biodiversity of this lower-altitude region within the park. This study underscores the need for further exploration to comprehensively document the Odonata fauna of Kinabalu Park.
Exploring Tourists’ Knowledge, Perceptions and Willingness to Pay on Biodiversity Conservation: Insights from Kinabalu Park, Borneo
Tourists visiting Kinabalu Park, Borneo, show strong willingness to contribute financially to biodiversity conservation. Over half of the surveyed respondents—both local and international—expressed a desire to pay for conservation efforts, with average contributions of RM5 per person for locals and RM84.05 for international tourists. The study used the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to estimate this willingness, incorporating five bid prices tailored to each group. Principle Component Analysis revealed that environmental attitudes significantly influence tourists' preferences for biodiversity conservation over social factors. These findings highlight the potential for ecotourism to support financial planning and governance in conservation programs at Kinabalu Park.
Floristic Community Composition in Rafflesia’s Habitat at Kinabalu Park, Sabah
A study at Kinabalu Park, Sabah, identified two Rafflesia species—Rafflesia pricei and R. keithii—with 19 individuals (3 flowers, 16 buds) detected across five plots. The research revealed a high tree density of 1238 individuals per hectare, dominated by Lauraceae (11.05%) and Annonaceae (8.61%). Notably, Xantophyllum macrophyllum (3.60% prevalence) and Baccaurea lanceolata were found in close proximity to Tetrastigma hosts, suggesting a strong ecological association with Rafflesia habitats. While family similarity between plots was high (70.19–48.23%), species similarity was low (4.31–1.54%), indicating limited overlap at the species level despite shared floral communities. The study highlights the importance of these plant species in supporting Rafflesia ecosystems.
Kinabalu National Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site: Assessment of Environmental Issues, Tourist Satisfaction and Park Management
A strong link exists between park management and tourist satisfaction, with environmental issues acting as a mediator. This finding emerges from a study of 351 visitors to Kinabalu National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Malaysia. The research used Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyze survey data, revealing that effective park management not only enhances tourist satisfaction but also mitigates environmental concerns. These insights underscore the importance of balancing economic productivity with ecological preservation in managing such sites.
Rapid Assessment of Nocturnal Sciurid and Avifauna Diversity in Kadamaian – Kinabalu Park for Ecotourism Potential
A rapid assessment conducted in Kadamaian – Kinabalu Park, Sabah, identified 5 species of sciurids and 58 species of avifauna, highlighting the region's rich nocturnal biodiversity. The study, carried out from October 14–20, 2020, utilized high-precision binoculars (Swarovski 8x30 and Bushnell 10x42) and digital SLR cameras with telephoto lenses (Canon 7D/Tamron 150-600mm and Nikon D500/Nikkor 200-500mm) to document species diversity. The findings underscore the importance of continuous biodiversity surveys in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, which holds significant potential for ecotourism development while emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to sustain its ecological value.
Soil Physico-Chemistry in the Habitat of Rafflesia in Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia.
Rafflesia habitats in Kinabalu Park exhibit distinct soil relationships, with no single factor universally influencing Tetrastigma sp., the host plant. Soils are predominantly sandy loam (65.40–79.25% sand) with low moisture (14.89–27.96%) and fertility (organic matter: 1.12–1.40%), featuring slightly acidic pH (4.08–4.73). While Sayap Substation correlates with specific chemical elements, Langanan and Losou Podi are shaped by physical properties alone. Gansurai and Losou Minunsud reflect combined physical-chemical influences. This study, analyzing five sites using targeted sampling of infected hosts, reveals complex, site-specific soil-host dynamics critical for Rafflesia conservation.
Tourism Stakeholders’ Perspective of Sustainable Practices at Kinabalu Park
Government agencies managing Kinabalu Park demonstrate a clear understanding of sustainable tourism, emphasizing the importance of good visitor and risk management practices. This insight is supported by qualitative interviews with stakeholders, conducted online and analyzed using NVIVO software. The study highlights the significance of regular training and capacity building in adopting sustainable ecotourism practices, especially relevant given the shift towards nature-based tourism post-COVID-19 pandemic. The findings provide valuable information for enhancing sustainable management strategies at Kinabalu Park.
Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentration Using Transplanted Lichen Usnea Misaminensis at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah (Malaysia)
A significant variation in heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cr) was detected in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with iron (Fe) showing the highest levels at 84.43 µg/g and chromium (Cr) the lowest at 0.66 µg/g. The study used transplanted lichen Usnea misaminensis to assess urban air pollution, exposing samples for 4-6 weeks across 15 stations before analyzing them via ICP-MS. Statistical analysis confirmed that Fe concentrations were significantly higher than other metals (P < 0.05), correlating with increased motor vehicle emissions due to rapid urbanization. This method offers a viable alternative for monitoring heavy metal pollution in Malaysian cities.
Frequency distribution of foliar nickel is bimodal in the ultramafic flora of Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Malaysia)
Research on Kinabalu Park's ultramafic flora reveals a bimodal frequency distribution of foliar nickel (Ni), indicating distinct ecophysiological behaviors in plants growing in similar soils. This finding contrasts with other elements like magnesium and manganese, which exhibit unimodal or log-normal distributions. The study analyzed 1533 foliar samples from ultramafic soils and 177 from non-ultramafic soils, alongside corresponding soil samples, to test for departure from unimodality. The bimodal Ni distribution suggests a threshold between 250 and 850 μg g-1, supporting the established empirical threshold (>1000 μg g-1) for hyperaccumulator species. This research highlights the unique physiological responses in plants adapted to nickel-rich environments.
Identification and Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Isolated from Recreational Parks around Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
A study on antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from recreational parks around Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, found that these common bacteria exhibited variable resistance to four antibiotics: ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. While neither bacterium showed 100% resistance, the majority required a minimum inhibitory concentration of just 0.1 mg/mL for suppression, indicating potential public health risks. The research employed selective media (Baird-Parker agar, Brain Heart Infusion agar, MacConkey agar, and Eosin-Methylene Blue agar) to isolate and identify bacteria based on distinct morphological traits—black-shiny growth for S. aureus and a metallic-green sheen for E. coli—followed by microscopic confirmation of gram staining and cellular structure. The findings underscore the need for further molecular-based strain identification to inform public health strategies, particularly in urban areas with high visitation rates like Kinabalu Park.
The Impact of Tourism Activities on the Environment of Mount Kinabalu, UNESCO World Heritage Site
Noise and air pollution are the most significant environmental impacts of tourism activities at Mount Kinabalu. This finding comes from a study analyzing tourist behavior and its effects on the park's sustainability. Researchers surveyed 383 participants to assess their activities—primarily mount climbing and wildlife sightseeing—and their awareness of environmental concerns. While tourists recognize the need for conservation, they perceive the park as overcrowded. Using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method, the study quantifies these impacts, emphasizing the urgency for stricter policies to mitigate tourism's negative effects while preserving the site's ecological integrity and economic contributions.
Tourist engagement and loyalty: gender matters?
A significant gender disparity exists in how tourist engagement influences loyalty at UNESCO World Heritage Site Kinabalu Park. Male tourists exhibit stronger loyalty when engaged through attention, while female tourists display greater heterogeneity and complex sufficient configurations for achieving high loyalty levels. The study analyzed 210 questionnaires using partial least squares–structural equation modeling and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis, revealing nuanced differences in engagement behaviors between genders that could inform targeted strategies to enhance tourist loyalty.
Foliar elemental profiles in the ultramafic flora of Kinabalu Park (Sabah, Malaysia)
Research on the ultramafic flora of Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia, reveals significant hyperaccumulator behavior in numerous plant species. The study identified 38 species accumulating aluminum (Al) at concentrations exceeding 1000 μg g⁻¹, along with notable accumulators of manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Specifically, 24 species exhibited extreme Ni accumulation (>1000 μg g⁻¹), with a striking phylogenetic pattern where 75% of these Ni hyperaccumulators belonged to the order Malpighiales. This discovery underscores the unique ecological adaptations of Kinabalu's flora, particularly in ultramafic soils. The study analyzed foliar elemental profiles of 594 plant species (1710 samples), comparing ultramafic and non-ultramafic soil types to elucidate element-specific uptake patterns, including exclusion of phytotoxic elements like Ni and Mn.
New Lichen Records from the Mountains Kinabalu and Tambuyukon (Kinabalu Park, Malaysian Borneo)
A significant discovery of 126 new lichen species in the Kinabalu region, including six previously unknown to Sabah and 90 to Malaysia, underscores the rich biodiversity of Kinabalu Park. Among these, 15 are novel to Southeast Asia and another 15 to Asia, highlighting the area's unique ecological significance. The research, conducted by Paukov et al., employed systematic field surveys and taxonomic analysis to document this lichen diversity, contributing valuable data for conservation efforts in one of the world's most biodiverse regions.
Characteristics of Malaysian ecotourist segments in Kinabalu Park, Sabah
A study of Malaysian ecotourists in Kinabalu Park, Sabah—a UNESCO World Heritage Site and global biodiversity hotspot—identified three distinct segments: hard, structured, and soft ecotourists. Discriminant analysis revealed that 82% of the variance in segment differentiation was explained by trip characteristics, including expectations for services and preferences for arranged travel. Notably, 60% of respondents fell into the structured or soft ecotourist categories, reinforcing established ecotourism typologies across regions. The findings highlight common traits among ecotourists along a hard-soft spectrum, offering insights for sustainable tourism management in protected areas.
Eriobotrya balgooyi (Rosaceae), a new obligate ultramafic endemic from Kinabalu Park, Borneo
A new species of Eriobotrya, named Eriobotrya balgooyi (Rosaceae), has been discovered in Kinabalu Park, Malaysian Borneo. This obligate ultramafic endemic is restricted to ultramafic soils on Mount Kinabalu and nearby Mount Tambuyukon, both within the UNESCO World Heritage Site. The discovery highlights the significant but understudied flora of ultramafic outcrops in northern Borneo, emphasizing the need for urgent conservation efforts. Taxonomic analysis using herbarium material from multiple collections confirmed its novelty.
Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) from Kinabalu Park, Borneo
Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) have been identified from Kinabalu Park, Borneo. These include T. abanii, T. beamanii, T. bullatus, T. kinabaluensis, T. leopoldii, T. ophioliticus, T. pannosus, T. stenolobus, and T. tambuyukonensis. Six of these species are believed to be endemic to the Kinabalu massif, while four are found exclusively on ultramafic soils. The discovery highlights the rich biodiversity of the region and underscores the importance of Kinabalu Park as a conservation priority.
Rural Tourism at its Peak: Socio-Cultural Impacts towards Host Communities of Kinabalu Park, Sabah (Malaysian-Borneo)
Kinabalu Park, the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in Malaysia, has significantly influenced its host communities through tourism. The study reveals that while tourism brings economic benefits and cultural exchange, it also poses socio-cultural challenges for nearby villages. Researchers found varying perceptions among locals, with some embracing tourism's positive impacts—such as improved livelihoods and cultural exposure—while others expressed concerns about environmental degradation and loss of traditional values. The research employed qualitative methods to gather insights from host communities, aiming to balance conservation efforts with sustainable tourism principles. Recommendations for continuous improvement in tourism management are proposed to ensure long-term benefits while mitigating negative effects on local cultures and ecosystems.
Sustaining Tourism Development in Protected Areas. A Case of Kinabalu Park
Kinabalu Park, Malaysia's first UNESCO World Heritage Site, faces dual challenges: balancing tourism growth with conservation goals. Research reveals that sustainable tourism can generate revenue for nature conservation while maintaining high visitor experiences. The study examines the park's management strategies since its 1964 establishment, focusing on how it meets visitor expectations without compromising ecological integrity. By analyzing visitor trends and management responses, the research highlights the importance of aligning tourism development with sustainable practices to ensure long-term protection of protected areas.
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