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Estimating quantitative genetic parameters in wild populations: a comparison of pedigree and genomic approaches

St Kilda — 2014 — WHE8FBC415F61

A groundbreaking comparison of pedigree and genomic approaches reveals that genomic relatedness provides more precise estimates of quantitative genetic parameters, particularly in distinguishing maternal genetic effects from direct genetic effects. The study, conducted on the Soay sheep population at St Kilda, found that heritability estimates were consistent across methods but had lower standard errors when using SNP-derived relatedness or whole-genome data. Notably, maternal genetic effects became more pronounced with increased accuracy of relatedness information, suggesting these effects are often confounded with direct genetic effects in less precise pedigree analyses. The research also demonstrated that high-density marker panels may not be necessary for unbiased heritability estimates, as precision asymptotes at around half the available SNPs.

Estimating standing biomass in papyrus (Cyperus papyrus L.) swamp: exploratory of in situ hyperspectral indices and random forest regression

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2014 — WHE960AD1BC4D

Research demonstrates that narrow-band vegetation indices, particularly the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), combined with random forest regression, can accurately estimate above-ground biomass (AGB) in dense papyrus swamps. The study identified optimal spectral bands—blue, red, red-edge, and near-infrared—as critical for biomass estimation, achieving high predictive accuracy (R² = 0.90; RMSEP = 0.289 kg/m²). This approach outperformed traditional NDVI-based methods, addressing a longstanding challenge in monitoring complex wetland ecosystems like the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Maputo National Park. The findings highlight the potential of hyperspectral indices for precise biomass assessment in high-density vegetation, offering a robust tool for conservation and management.

Estudio del Comportamiento Estructural de Bóvedas y Cúpula de la Estancia Jesuítica Santa Catalina, Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina

Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba — 2014 — WHE0BE1B20E4A

A structural analysis of the dome and vaults of the Jesuit Santa Catalina Estate in Córdoba, Argentina, reveals critical insights into their stability and preservation needs. The study, conducted using digital surveying, soil analysis, and finite element modeling (via Algor software), identified vulnerabilities such as cracks and foundation depth concerns. Findings underscore the urgency of targeted interventions to safeguard this UNESCO World Heritage Site's structural integrity, balancing historical conservation with modern engineering standards.

Ethiopia's Pastoralist Policies: Development, Displacement and Resettlement

Lower Valley of the Omo — 2014 — WHE6C5D9365D0

Ethiopia's development plans, particularly along the Omo and Awash Rivers and in Gambela Region, are displacing pastoralist communities despite international criticism. These projects, aimed at hydroelectric power generation and large-scale agriculture, threaten the livelihoods of distinct ethnic groups. The study reviews these developments and highlights alternative resettlement approaches proposed by NGOs and human rights organizations, challenging the government's assertion that such projects will benefit both affected populations and the nation.

Ethno-meteorology and scientific weather forecasting: Small farmers and scientists’ perspectives on climate variability in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Okavango Delta — 2014 — WHE91A98EE42F

A significant increase in annual rainfall and rain days, alongside a reduction in dry spell duration, has been observed in the Okavango Delta over the past decade. However, rising temperatures are concurrently increasing potential evaporation, posing challenges for agricultural production. Farmers' ability to anticipate weather changes through ethno-meteorological knowledge allows them to adjust farming practices effectively. The study analyzed satellite rainfall data and climate services records while surveying 592 households and 19 scientists across eight communities. Findings revealed that farmers' age, education, farming experience, and access to weather information significantly influence their perceptions of both local and scientific weather knowledge. While there is a notable disparity between farmers' and scientists' views on the nature of this knowledge, the integration of ethno-meteorological insights with scientific forecasting emerges as a crucial adaptation strategy for climate variability.

Eubostrichus fertilis sp. n., a new marine nematode (Desmodoridae: Stilbonematinae) with an extraordinary reproductive potential from Belize, Central America

Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System — 2014 — WHE234CB46DFA

Scientists have identified Eubostrichus fertilis, a new species of marine nematode from the Belize Barrier Reef, distinguished by its small size (1.88–3.03 mm), stout body, and extraordinary reproductive potential—females can carry up to 18 eggs simultaneously. The discovery, supported by microscopic imaging and genetic analysis (18S rRNA gene sequencing), reveals unique morphological traits, including crescent-shaped bacteria spirally attached to its cuticle. Phylogenetic studies confirm Eubostrichus as a distinct genus, with E. fertilis closely related to E. parasitiferus and E. hopperi, differing in vulva position, amphid size, and tail shape. Additionally, the study proposes a taxonomic correction for Eubostrichus gerlachi, previously misclassified as E. parasitiferus.

Europe: The Birthplace of Mining?

Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) — 2014 — WHEC8407D8349

Archaeological evidence suggests Europe, not the Middle East, was the birthplace of organized mining, with flint and metal extraction beginning as early as 7000 BC. The transition to farming during the Neolithic period intensified mining activities, particularly for flint used in tools, at sites like Spiennes (Belgium) and Grimes Graves (England). Europe also pioneered copper mining, with thousands of objects dating back to the Chalcolithic period (6th–3rd millennia BC), facilitating trade networks that spanned the continent. The discovery of copper and tin sources enabled bronze production by 2000 BC, further shaping European societies during the Bronze Age (5500–500 BC).

Evaluating protected area effectiveness using bird lists in the Australian Wet Tropics

Wet Tropics of Queensland — 2014 — WHE2D2511AF69

Protected areas in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia, appear to offer better habitat for most endemic bird species compared to unprotected areas, but they do not significantly improve their long-term survival. Using a novel approach called list-length analysis (LLA), researchers estimated population trends of 21 endemic bird species from volunteer-collected data. The study found that while 16 species were more likely to be recorded in protected areas and the prevalence of most species has remained stable since 1998, there was no significant difference in their long-term survival between protected and unprotected areas, provided forests outside protected zones remain intact. This suggests that citizen-collected data can effectively inform conservation decisions when formal data is scarce.

Evaluating the Impacts of Urban Regeneration Companies in Portugal: The Case of Porto

Historic Centre of Oporto, Luiz I Bridge and Monastery of Serra do Pilar — 2014 — WHE13D938609B

Urban regeneration companies (SRUs) in Portugal, established to revitalize historic city centers, have shown mixed effectiveness. A study evaluating Porto Vivo SRU in Porto found that while these entities facilitate urban renewal, their impact is constrained by limited financial resources and bureaucratic challenges. The research analyzed Porto Vivo's operations from 2004 to 2013, highlighting its role in preserving UNESCO-listed sites like the Historic Centre of Porto, Luiz I Bridge, and Monastery of Serra do Pilar, but also noting inefficiencies in implementation. The study suggests that SRUs require stronger governance and funding to achieve sustainable urban regeneration.

Evaluation and Development of Coastal Protection Measures for Small Islands in the Wadden Sea

Wadden Sea — 2014 — WHE2357F0A8C7

Small undiked marsh islands in the Northfrisian Halligen, part of the UNESCO-listed Wadden Sea, face increasing flood risks due to climate change. A study led by RWTH Aachen University developed and evaluated new coastal protection measures and strategies for these vulnerable islands, where dwelling mounds are the only dry areas during storms. The research combined technical assessments with economic evaluations and included social measures to raise flood awareness and acceptance. By integrating hydraulic modeling and field studies, the team proposed adaptive solutions tailored to the unique morphology of Hallig islands, offering a model for balancing ecological integrity with human safety in low-lying coastal regions.

Evaluation of Cryphonectria Parasitica Isolates Collected from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHEA430E05E86

A high level of vegetative compatibility (vc) diversity exists among Cryphonectria parasitica isolates in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, potentially restricting hypovirus spread. Researchers analyzed 159 cankers from 139 American chestnut trees along hiking trails in Tennessee and North Carolina over two years (2010-2011). While C. parasitica was recovered from nearly all samples, only one isolate showed signs of hypovirulence, suggesting naturally-occurring hypoviruses are rare in this region.

Evaluation of Four New Rootstock Genotypes Obtained by Back Cross

Castel del Monte — 2014 — WHEC6E5AE2497

Four new rootstock genotypes derived from backcross breeding programs demonstrate superior qualitative performance compared to commercial rootstocks, including enhanced accumulation of soluble sugars and modulation of cultivar vigor. These findings were observed across multiple vineyards in prestigious Italian wine regions, including Castel del Monte (A.O.C.), where the rootstocks were grafted onto Cabernet Sauvignon and local cultivars. The study, conducted from 2007 to 2009, evaluated agronomic parameters such as Ravaz index, bud fertility, and production weight per plant, alongside qualitative metrics like pH, titratable acidity, polyphenols, and anthocyanins in berry skins. Microvinification and sensory evaluations further confirmed the improved performance of the new genotypes, suggesting their potential for both productivity and wine quality.

Evaluation of genetic introgression from domesticated pigs into the Ryukyu wild boar population on Iriomote Island in Japan

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHEECDAC49198

A study on Iriomote Island, part of Japan's Ryukyu Archipelago, reveals significant genetic introgression from domesticated pigs into the Ryukyu wild boar (RWB) population. Analysis of 130 RWB samples using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers identified six distinct haplotypes, with 14% of the population showing European domestic pig lineage traits, particularly in the Panari Islands region. The research also found low genetic diversity and high inbreeding in the Iriomote Main Island (IMI) population, along with substantial genetic distance from Asian domesticated pigs like Meishan. Structure analysis further indicated admixture between RWBs and domestic pigs, suggesting gene flow. These findings highlight the impact of human activities on wild boar genetics and underscore the need for conservation efforts to preserve the unique genetic makeup of these populations.

Evaluation of Mercury Stress in Plants from the Almadén Mining District by Analysis of Phytochelatins and Their Hg Complexes

Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija — 2014 — WHEAFA83F3F18

Plants growing in the Almadén mining district, one of the world's most mercury-contaminated sites, exhibit a strong biochemical response to Hg stress. Research shows that phytochelatins (PCs) and their mercury complexes play a crucial role in capturing and fixing mercury from highly contaminated soils, allowing plants to mitigate heavy metal toxicity. While soil Hg concentrations can reach over 4,000 μg g⁻¹, only a small fraction is bioavailable to plants. The study used HPLC with amperometric detection to analyze PCs, glutathione, and their Hg complexes in Asparagus acutifolius, revealing that root Hg levels are higher than in aerial parts—a protective mechanism for sensitive plant tissues. This highlights the importance of thiol compounds in plant adaptation to extreme mercury pollution.

Evaluation of radionuclides in the terrestrial environment of Western Ghats

Western Ghats — 2014 — WHEC0E4601A3F

A study evaluating radionuclides in the Western Ghats reveals elevated activity concentrations of thorium-232 and outdoor terrestrial gamma dose rates compared to global averages. These findings suggest significant radiological risks to local populations from naturally occurring radionuclides, despite other hazard indices remaining within permissible limits. The research employed gamma-ray spectrometry to measure soil samples, estimating annual effective dose equivalents and radiation hazard indices to assess potential harm. This study underscores the need for further monitoring of environmental radioactivity in this ecologically sensitive region.

Evidence of Sympatric Speciation in Cyathea sinuata Hook. & Grev. from Lowland Rainforests of Sri Lanka

Sinharaja Forest Reserve — 2014 — WHED728A55185

Research on Cyathea sinuata, a unique tree fern endemic to Sri Lanka, reveals evidence of sympatric speciation—a process where new species evolve within the same geographic area. Cluster analysis of 23 individuals identified two distinct subgroups within C. sinuata: one with typical characteristics and another exhibiting morphological differences such as dentate leaf margins, irregular crown shapes, and variations in veinlets and spore arrangement. These findings suggest that Subgroup II may represent an early stage of speciation, potentially a new morphotype or species. The study highlights the significance of Sri Lanka's ecological isolation, which fosters diverse fern morphology. Continuous monitoring is recommended to further elucidate this evolutionary process within Sinharaja Forest Reserve and other protected areas.

Evolution of the hydro-climate system in the Lake Baikal basin

Lake Baikal — 2014 — WHEF1D0C90083

Lake Baikal, the deepest and largest freshwater reservoir on Earth, is experiencing rapid warming at nearly twice the global average rate. A study analyzing hydro-climatic trends from 1938 to 2009 in the Selenga River Basin—Lake Baikal's largest sub-basin—reveals significant permafrost degradation, indicated by reduced intra-annual river discharge variability. Projections using CMIP5 models suggest continued warming and permafrost thaw, though future runoff changes remain highly uncertain due to model discrepancies. The research combines long-term monitoring data with historical observations and climate model projections (1961–2099) to assess these trends.

Evolutionary dynamics of birch (Betula aetnensis Rafin) coppices on the Mount Etna (Sicily)

Mount Etna — 2014 — WHE7920DC083F

Research on Mount Etna reveals three distinct evolutionary dynamics for birch (Betula aetnensis Rafin) coppices following the cessation of silvicultural activities. Stable birch stands persist in high mountain areas, potentially representing an edapho-climax forest. In intermediate zones, birch populations show progressive depletion, replaced by monospecific or mixed stands of Calabrian pine, beech, and oaks. Pure birch stands tend to regress under stress, transitioning to xerophilous grasslands. The study highlights that reintroduction of adapted coppice selection systems could sustain traditional forest landscapes while minimizing environmental impact. Investigations focused on forest structure, natural regeneration, vegetation, and deadwood across different stand types.

Ex Oriente Ad Danubium; The Syrian Units on the Danube Frontier of the Roman Empire

Frontiers of the Roman Empire — 2014 — WHE4BB16FB8DC

Roman military strategy on the Danube frontier incorporated Syrian units, as revealed by historical and archaeological evidence. These units played a crucial role in securing the empire's northern border, blending Eastern tactical innovations with Roman organizational frameworks. The study analyzes their deployment, training, and cultural integration through textual sources, inscriptions, and material culture, offering new insights into the Roman army's adaptability and multicultural dynamics during the 2nd to 4th centuries CE.

Examining the Impact of Brand Equity and Value Proposition of Ecological Destination on Eco-tourists' Loyalty

Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex — 2014 — WHE560F13B894

Brand equity and value proposition significantly influence eco-tourists' loyalty towards Kaeng Krachan National Park, as demonstrated by this study. Key factors such as brand image, brand awareness, functional benefits, and emotional benefits were found to be critical determinants of future revisit intention. Additionally, brand awareness, functional value, and emotional benefits serve as prerequisites for word-of-mouth recommendations. The research employed a questionnaire-based approach with 419 Thai tourists, focusing on two specific destinations within the park: Kaeng Krachan Dam and Praneun Trung Hill. This study highlights the importance of these elements in fostering long-term loyalty among eco-tourists, offering valuable insights for marketing strategies in ecological destinations.