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Publications

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In situ Measurements of Oxygen Dynamics in Unsaturated Archaeological Deposits

Bryggen — 2014 — WHE192BB73B55

A year-long study at Bryggen, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Bergen, reveals significant spatial and temporal variations in oxygen concentrations within unsaturated archaeological deposits. Oxygen levels are primarily driven by soil air content exceeding 10–15% volume, with dissolved oxygen in rainwater playing a minor role. The findings, based on continuous monitoring using optical sensors, correlate oxygen dynamics with soil characteristics, precipitation, water content, and organic material degradation. This research advances the understanding of oxygen's role in archaeological material preservation, offering critical insights for conservation strategies.

Incorporating Indigenous Australian knowledge and perspectives into planning practice: past, present and future

Budj Bim Cultural Landscape — 2014 — WHEC51C60EE56

Despite significant legal and policy advancements, such as the recognition of native title and the UN Declaration on Indigenous Rights, there has been minimal integration of Indigenous Australian knowledge into contemporary planning practices. This study highlights the persistent gap between reconciliation policies and practical implementation, emphasizing the need for a paradigm shift in planning that values Indigenous place-making. Through a case study of Lake Condah in South West Victoria, the research documents the Gunditjmara and Budj Bim peoples' historical and ongoing planning practices, contrasting them with Western models to illustrate ontological, epistemological, and axiological differences. The paper advocates for a future where Indigenous perspectives are not just acknowledged but actively incorporated into urban and regional planning, moving beyond superficial tokenism.

Indices of Water Footprint on the Basis of the Concept of Acceptable Delay in Water Use: Their Application to Evaluation of Agricultural Production

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHE362F936067

A new approach to assessing water resource consumption, using extended (EWF) and occupied water footprint (OWF) indices, reveals critical insights into the sustainability of agricultural practices. Unlike conventional methods that rely on fixed timeframes like months or years, EWF and OWF analyze water use based on the concept of 'acceptable delay,' enabling more precise temporal analysis. Applied to sugarcane production for biofuel on Tokunoshima Island, this study found that while blue water (BW) consumption peaked during high evapotranspiration periods—sometimes exceeding actual cultivation areas by eight times—the total annual OWF remained sustainable with proper management. The findings highlight the potential of EWFs and OWFs as robust indicators for life cycle assessment (LCA), particularly in fine-grained water stress analysis, though challenges remain in database preparation and methodology refinement.

Indigenous Intellectuals

City of Cuzco — 2014 — WHE2069089C7A

This edited volume reveals the significant but often overlooked contributions of Indigenous intellectuals during the colonial era, demonstrating their pivotal role in shaping knowledge, law, and history across Andean cities like Cuzco. It challenges traditional narratives by highlighting how Indigenous scholars, trained in both European and native traditions, mediated between colonial institutions and Indigenous communities through genealogy, cartography, and archival practices. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, analyzing primary sources such as genealogical records, legal texts, and manuscripts to uncover the complex networks of Indigenous intellectuals who preserved and adapted their cultural heritage while navigating colonial structures.

Indigenous Modernities and the Performance of the Music of Bolivian Mission Archives the Ensamble Moxos

Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos — 2014 — WHEB854270008

The performance practices of the Ensamble Moxos, an Indigenous ensemble from Bolivia's Jesuit missions, defy conventional categorization as either 'traditional' or 'modern.' This study reveals how their interpretations of 17th-century Baroque mission music—preserved in Chiquitos and Moxos archives since the Jesuits' expulsion in 1767—reflect Indigenous experiences of modernity and cultural identity. By analyzing repertoire performed by Ensamble Moxos, the research demonstrates that these practices embody a unique 'Indigenous modernity,' blending historical continuity with contemporary globalization. The study highlights the resilience of mission music as both a tool for evangelization and a living tradition, offering insight into the complexities of Indigenous engagement with globalized modernity.

Indirect evidence of cataract surgery in ancient Egypt

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2014 — WHE2487845E15

A critical analysis of evidence suggests that while direct proof remains elusive, ancient Egypt likely performed cataract surgery. The study highlights indirect clues, including the discovery of a 4000-year-old tomb containing surgical tools and medical texts describing eye procedures. Notably, the tomb of Skar, chief physician to a fifth-dynasty ruler, contained instruments resembling those used in modern ophthalmology, hinting at early surgical practices. Additionally, historical accounts describe Nebenchari's successful treatment of Persian royalty through an unspecified eye procedure, while medieval illustrations mirror ancient depictions of ocular surgery. Despite the lack of definitive evidence, these findings imply that cataract surgery may have been practiced in ancient Egypt.

Individual Heterogeneity in Use of Human Shields by Mountain Nyala

Bale Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHEA8F4CCF62D

Mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, strategically use human settlements as protective shields against nocturnal predation by spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), demonstrating a nuanced, scale-dependent response to human presence. While nearly all individuals occasionally move closer to human settlements at night—when they are most vulnerable to hyena attacks—the frequency of these excursions varies significantly among individuals, ranging from 0% to 71%. This behavior persists year-round and is not tied to seasonal crop availability, suggesting a deliberate adaptation rather than opportunistic foraging. The study, which radio-marked 15 nyala (seven females and eight males) over two years, also confirmed that hyena activity decreases near human settlements, validating the existence of a lower-risk zone. This finding contrasts with previous research showing negative large-scale impacts of humans on nyala distribution, highlighting how wildlife may exploit localized human presence for survival benefits.

Industrial Organisms

Aalto Works — 2014 — WHE75A82BF9B7

Alvar Aalto's industrial works, particularly his Sunila pulp mill and associated projects, were central to his creative oeuvre and reflected a sustained approach to modernisation. Contrary to prevailing scholarship, these projects were not secondary but represented a coherent response to the urban challenges of the time. Aalto's exposure to Sigfried Giedion's ideas and his international profile allowed him to frame industrial development within broader European historical issues. His work at Sunila served as a model for balancing the interests of bourgeois industrialists with those of a migratory proletariat, offering an expanded social and cultural context for modernism. This paper investigates how industry shaped Aalto's architectural approach and its significance in architectural history.

Influence of CDOM and particle composition on ocean color of the Eastern New Caledonia Lagoon during the CALIOPE cruises

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems — 2014 — WHEED110D19E1

The ocean color of the Eastern New Caledonia Lagoon, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its marine biodiversity, is significantly influenced by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and particle composition. High rainfall events can introduce substantial CDOM and particulate loads, impacting ecosystem functioning and potentially causing localized effects from river runoff and sewage effluents. The study, conducted during two oceanographic cruises (CALIOPE 1 in 2011 and CALIOPE 2 in 2014), employed multi- and hyper-spectral radiometers alongside inherent optical property measurements to assess these influences. Findings highlight the importance of spatial variations in flushing times on trophic states, while also evaluating the performance of ocean color algorithms using a Linear Matrix Inversion method. This research provides critical tools for remote sensing in this under-sampled coastal region, offering insights into the complex interactions between optical properties and ecosystem dynamics.

Influence of grasslands management on diversity of the diurnal butterflies of Vlkolínec Village (Central Slovakia)

Vlkolínec — 2014 — WHEE7F449F4B9

Extensive grassland management significantly enhances butterfly biodiversity, particularly for specialized and protected species, while intensive practices like mulching and overgrazing lead to habitat degradation. A two-year study (2011–2012) in Vlkolínec, Slovakia, found that late-successional grasslands and extensively managed pastures hosted the highest diversity of diurnal butterflies, including rare species like Phengaris arion and Melitaea aurelia. Researchers used transect surveys and multivariate analysis (RDA) to assess how abandonment, mulching, and grazing affected butterfly communities. Results revealed that intensive management disrupted vegetation structure, negatively impacting stenotopic species, whereas extensive practices correlated with increased diversity and abundance of indicator butterflies. The study underscores the critical role of traditional land management in sustaining biodiversity within UNESCO-recognized landscapes.

Influence of slope on physical soil disturbance due to farm tractor forwarding in a Hyrcanian forest of northern Iran

Hyrcanian Forests — 2014 — WHE9ADB62970E

Farm tractors, commonly used for timber forwarding in the Hyrcanian forests of northern Iran, significantly increase soil bulk density and penetration resistance while decreasing total porosity with repeated passes. The study found that uphill forwarding on gentle slopes (0-10%) causes the most severe soil disturbance, with large increases in compaction even after 10 machine passes. While changes in bulk density and porosity occur primarily within the first few passes, penetration resistance continues to rise with increased traffic. These findings underscore the need to limit tractor operations to downhill or flat terrain to minimize soil damage in this UNESCO-listed forest ecosystem.

Informe de las posibles capacochas del asentamiento arqueológico de Choquepujio, Cusco, Perú

City of Cuzco — 2014 — WHED882B6BDFC

Archaeological evidence from the site of Choquepujio, Cusco, Peru, reveals a probable Inca 'capacocha' ritual involving child sacrifices. The study identifies two monumental temple complexes (A and B) from the Late Intermediate Period, with Group A containing burials of children accompanied by extensive offerings. These findings align with historical accounts of capacocha rituals and share striking parallels with high-altitude Andean sacrificial practices. Radiocarbon dating and artifact analysis support the conclusion that these sacrifices occurred during Inca control over the Lucre basin, suggesting continued sacred significance despite shifts in political power.

Insanitary City: Henry Littlejohn and the Condition of Edinburgh

Old and New Towns of Edinburgh — 2014 — WHE56E6FDD313

Henry Littlejohn's groundbreaking 1865 report on Edinburgh's sanitary conditions marked the first comprehensive analysis of urban health challenges, spanning from densely packed slums to more spacious suburbs. His meticulous work, compiled amidst multiple professional roles and a growing family, revealed critical insights into the city's public health landscape. The report, totaling over 190 pages, laid foundational knowledge for urban sanitation policies, addressing issues across Edinburgh's diverse neighborhoods, including Old Town, New Town, Canongate, Tron, Morningside, and Grange. Littlejohn's dual role as Medical Officer of Health and Police Surgeon, combined with his academic and advisory positions, underscored the urgency and complexity of tackling sanitary issues in a rapidly growing city.

Inscribed and Uninscribed Spaces in Al Untash Napirisha: Interaction and Segregation in a Late Second-MillenniumDe NovoCapital

Tchogha Zanbil — 2014 — WHE0CC8DF54F3

Archaeological evidence from Tchogha Zanbil, a late second-millennium BC city in southwestern Iran, challenges the long-held assumption that it was uninhabited and served solely for religious pilgrimages. Instead, the site reveals extensive residential and commercial areas, indicating a dynamic urban space with complex social organization. This study analyzes diverse datasets to explore how inscribed and uninscribed spaces interacted within the city and its surrounding region, shedding light on the development of a newly founded capital under the Elamite ruler Al Untash Napirisha.

Installation of an environmental monitoring system in the Chapel of Our Lady Guia, Macao

Historic Centre of Macao — 2014 — WHEAD522BFA4A

A novel environmental monitoring system was successfully installed in the Chapel of Our Lady Guia, Macao, to assess and mitigate the impacts of indoor climate conditions on its historic fabric. The system, designed to track parameters such as temperature, humidity, and air quality, provides real-time data crucial for preserving this 17th-century heritage site. By integrating sensor technology with conservation science, researchers demonstrated a proactive approach to safeguarding cultural assets in challenging urban environments. This study highlights the importance of adaptive monitoring solutions in protecting small yet significant World Heritage Sites from environmental degradation.

Instituições educativas em Portugal na segunda metade do século XVI: Universidade de Coimbra e Universidade de Évora

Historic Centre of Évora — 2014 — WHE765397C6CD

Two Portuguese universities, Coimbra and Évora, played pivotal roles in shaping the intellectual and professional landscape of the 16th-century Lusitanian Empire. This study reveals their function as key institutions for training civil and ecclesiastical professionals, including those destined for colonial service in Brazil. By analyzing historical sources, the research sheds light on the educational needs and societal demands that influenced their curricula and operations during this formative period. The findings underscore the universities' enduring impact on the cultural, religious, and scientific foundations of the Empire, offering insights into the origins of Brazilian educational history.

Institutional Design and Its Constraints: Explaining ASEAN's Role in the Temple of Preah Vihear Dispute

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2014 — WHE530C3D69C4

ASEAN played a crucial but limited role in managing the Temple of Preah Vihear dispute, successfully preventing escalation through negotiation while facing institutional constraints that hindered deeper conflict resolution. The study highlights ASEAN's effectiveness in crisis mediation, particularly during its renewed efforts to address the conflict, yet underscores structural weaknesses in its institutional design that restrict its ability to settle disputes and maintain long-term peace. By analyzing ASEAN's responses—from initial inaction to later intervention—the research identifies key challenges, including institutional rigidities, and proposes reforms to enhance regional security governance.

Insurmountable Tension? On the Relation of World Heritage and Rapid Urban Transformation in Istanbul

Historic Areas of Istanbul — 2014 — WHE28102F2090

Heritage management in Turkey, particularly in Istanbul's UNESCO World Heritage Sites, is not merely about conservation but also serves as a tool for urban transformation. While international organizations and preservationists often criticize the Turkish system for its structural deficits, this study argues that these practices can be seen as an integral part of a flexible management approach. This duality allows for both heritage preservation and rapid urban development, appealing to investors while simultaneously hindering effective opposition to transformation projects in historic neighborhoods.

Integrated Geophysical and Geological Investiga-tions of Karst Structures in Komberek, Slovakia

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2014 — WHEF091AF17C5

Integrated geophysical and geological investigations in Komberek, Slovakia, have revealed subsurface cavities at depths of approximately 50 to 60 meters below the surface. The study utilized a combination of dipole electromagnetic profiling, radiometric mapping, high-definition magnetometry, microgravity, and electrical-resistivity tomography (ERT) to create a detailed near-surface geological model. These methods distinguished between natural sinkholes and man-made lime-kilns, while ERT and gravity modeling identified cavities characterized by contrasting geophysical properties—ranging from highly resistive air-filled voids to low-resistivity loamy water-filled fractures. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of multi-method geophysical approaches in accurately mapping karst structures, providing critical insights for geological studies in protected areas like UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Integrated Management of Borobudur World Heritage Site: A Conflict Resolution Effort

Borobudur Temple Compounds — 2014 — WHE2EE6D5C7B3

Current management of the Borobudur World Heritage Site, focusing solely on the temple compounds while neglecting its hinterland and surrounding communities, is identified as inefficient, ineffective, and conflict-inducing. The study proposes an integrated, unified management model that includes central and local governments, businesses, and local communities through shared responsibility. This approach aims to resolve conflicts and ensure fair benefit redistribution among stakeholders. Data were collected via observation, surveys, brainstorming, expert meetings, and focus group discussions. The proposed governing body for Borobudur should prioritize a public service agency (PSA) status with financial application patterns, avoiding regular working unit or state company statuses, aligning with global best practices in cultural heritage management.