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Spatial variations of nitrogen trace gas emissions from tropical mountain forests in Nyungwe, Rwanda

Nyungwe National Park — 2012 — WHE5848ED288C

A study on Nyungwe National Park reveals significant spatial variability in nitrogen trace gas emissions from tropical mountain forest soils, with nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions ranging widely depending on soil moisture levels. Emissions increased with higher soil moisture, suggesting climate-driven variations between dry and wet seasons. Biological processes, linked to soil carbon and nitrogen content, primarily control N2O and NO production, but chemical pathways, particularly involving free iron and low pH, may also contribute, especially for N2O. The research highlights the need for spatially explicit emission models that differentiate biological and chemical pathways to improve understanding and modeling of trace gas emissions from tropical forests.

Spatial-temporal variation in sex ratio and group size of ostriches (Struthio namelus) in the Serengeti National Park and environs in Northern Tanzania

Serengeti National Park — 2012 — WHE168D5CE224

A significant female-skewed sex ratio was observed in ostrich populations within the Serengeti National Park, contrasting with male-biased ratios in adjacent partially protected areas. This spatial variation (χ² = 48.041, p < 0.001) suggests differential survival or movement patterns influenced by habitat protection levels. Group sizes remained consistent across areas (median: 3 birds), though larger groups formed during the wet season (p < 0.05). Predation pressure was notably higher inside the park, potentially driving these dynamics. The study analyzed data from 2005–2006 along 388 km of roads, revealing how sex ratios and group behavior vary with protection status and seasons.

Species diversity and abundance of butterfly fauna in four selected habitats in Sinharaja man and biosphere (MAB) reserve

Sinharaja Forest Reserve — 2012 — WHE4C3C20B312

A comprehensive study of butterfly fauna in Sinharaja Forest Reserve, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and Man and Biosphere Reserve, reveals significant rediscoveries and habitat-specific diversity patterns. The research recorded 124 butterfly species across four habitats—primary forest, secondary forest, disturbed areas, and Pinus plantations—including 10 endemic and 32 nationally threatened species. Notably, the Brown Onyx (Horaga albimacula) was rediscovered after 80 years, while the Banded Redeye (Gangara lebadea subfasciata) and Lesser Gull (Cepora nadina) were found after 65 years. Secondary forests exhibited the highest species diversity (H′ = 2.169), with Satyridae and Nymphalidae being the most abundant families, though their dominance varied by habitat type. The study highlights the critical role of secondary forests in maintaining butterfly biodiversity while underscoring the need for conservation efforts to protect these threatened species.

Species level conservation of four rare endangered medicinal plants in Wadi Rum, southern Jordan

Wadi Rum Protected Area — 2012 — WHE611A832274

Four rare and endangered medicinal plants in Wadi Rum, Jordan, are under severe threat due to heavy local usage, with their traditional knowledge at risk of erosion. The study highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts and documentation of ethnopharmacological practices to preserve these species and their cultural significance. Investigating the ecological value and indigenous knowledge surrounding these plants, the research emphasizes the importance of prioritizing their protection in Wadi Rum and Jordan more broadly.

Species of Rhytismataceae on Lithocarpus spp. from Mt Huangshan, China

Mount Huangshan — 2012 — WHE854D203DB4

A study on Mount Huangshan, China, identifies seven species of Rhytismataceae fungi associated with tanoak leaves (Lithocarpus spp.). Notably, it introduces two new fungal species—Coccomyces mucronatoides and Terriera coacervata—and proposes a new combination for Terriera illiciicola. The research provides detailed descriptions, discussions, and a dichotomous key for these fungi, contributing to the global understanding of Rhytismataceae diversity on tanoaks. This work enhances taxonomic knowledge and aids in the identification of these species worldwide.

Species richness of tree and shrub layers in riparian forests of the Western Caucasus dominated by alien species

Western Caucasus — 2012 — WHE123DAC9BFC

Invasive alien species, including Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia, do not always outcompete native species in riparian forests of the Western Caucasus. However, when they dominate, these invasive species reduce community species richness by aggressively partitioning environmental resources, leaving fewer for associated species. The study analyzed tree and shrub layers in these forests, revealing that while alien species may not always be more abundant, their competitive dominance negatively impacts biodiversity.

Speech at Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Independence Hall — 2012 — WHEC9A0F50149

A notable historical analysis reveals the enduring influence of the Declaration of Independence on Lincoln's political philosophy and the United States' trajectory. The study highlights Lincoln's profound admiration for Jefferson and the principles enshrined in the Declaration, emphasizing its role as a unifying force that transcended mere colonial separation. It underscores how this document inspired not only American democracy but also global aspirations for liberty and equality. The research approach centers on Lincoln's 1861 speech at Independence Hall, where he articulated his political sentiments as directly derived from the Declaration's ideals, illustrating its foundational significance in shaping national identity and values.

Speleogenesis along deep regional faults by ascending waters: case studies from Slovakia and Czech Republic

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2012 — WHEA8A0995CEF

Caves in the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst regions, previously attributed to phreatic or vadose processes linked to Pleistocene geomorphic evolution, are now recognized as products of ascending (perascensum) speleogenesis driven by deep regional faults. This study identifies nine key characteristics shared by these caves, including their development along major fault zones, dominance of 3D mazes and labyrinths in morphology, and diagnostic speleogens indicative of slow ascending groundwater. The findings challenge traditional models, suggesting that these caves are substantially older than the current landscape (Pliocene or Miocene) and are not directly linked to thermal waters or hydrothermal processes. The research employs a comparative analysis of six case studies from Slovakia and the Czech Republic, integrating geological and hydrological data to elucidate the complex interplay between deep fault systems and speleogenesis.

Spontaneous Cities

City of Bath — 2012 — WHEE6213BC4DC

A rapid and unprecedented urbanization occurred in Britain between 1740 and 1850, driven by industrial growth and population increase. Contrary to expectations of 'unchecked growth,' this period saw the spontaneous development of cities without extensive top-down planning, resulting in successful housing provision and architectural achievements like those in Bath, London, and Edinburgh. The study highlights how voluntary urbanization processes can effectively meet demands, offering insights into historical and contemporary urban development dynamics.

Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka — 2012 — WHE5A8DA0063E

Archaeological evidence indicates that Sri Lanka has been inhabited since at least 34,000 years ago, likely by ancestors of the Vedda people. The island's recorded history begins in 483 BC with the arrival of Prince Vijaya from Bengal, leading to the establishment of Anuradhapura as a principal settlement. Buddhism, introduced in 250 BC by Emperor Ashoka, became central to Sinhalese culture despite its decline in India. Elaborate irrigation systems enabled rice cultivation and prosperity in the northern plain around Anuradhapura, which faced raids from south Indian Chola kings until King Dutugemunu reclaimed control in 161 BC.

Stable Carbon Isotopes Applied to Vegetation Reconstruction in the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico

Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan — 2012 — WHEB18B49FA5A

Research at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Teotihuacan reveals significant variability in vegetation composition during its pre-Hispanic occupation (ca. AD 1-650). Stable carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) of soil organic matter (SOM) indicates a predominance of C4-CAMS plants, particularly in the Tlajinga and San Pablo regions, while phytolith analysis shows varying proportions of C3 and C4 grasses. This suggests that local environmental conditions influenced vegetation dynamics, with C4-CAMS plants dominating SOM but C4 grass phytoliths exhibiting greater variability. The study combines isotopic and phytolith data to reconstruct past vegetation changes in the Teotihuacan Valley, offering insights into the region's ecological response to irrigation and other anthropogenic factors.

Stable isotope analysis of archaeological oak charcoal from eastern Anatolia as a marker of mid‐Holocene climate change

Arslantepe Mound — 2012 — WHECBBB5AFABD

A comparison of stable carbon isotopes (Δ13C) between modern and archaeological oak charcoals from Arslantepe Mound, Turkey, reveals that the mid-Holocene climate was less arid than today. The study identifies three distinct climatic phases spanning 3350–2000 BC: an initial period of instability (ca. 3200–2900 BC), followed by relative stability until ca. 2350 BC, and a final increase in aridity. This finding contrasts with the current semi-arid conditions, suggesting that human-induced landscape changes during this era may have interacted with natural climate variations. The research employs stable isotope analysis to distinguish climate-driven environmental shifts from those influenced by past human activities, offering insights into the complex interplay between climate and human settlement in eastern Anatolia.

Standpoints on quality: Listening to children in Verona, Italy

City of Verona — 2012 — WHE59B5C87770

A groundbreaking study reveals that young children in Verona, Italy, prioritize their relationships with teachers as a key indicator of quality in early childhood education. By employing the mosaic approach—combining photography, mapping, and conversations—the research challenges adult-centric definitions of educational quality, instead centering children's perspectives on moral, ethical, and social justice dimensions. This method underscores young children's competence to articulate their experiences symbolically, advocating for their contributions to be integral in shaping policies and practices. The findings carry significant implications for educators and policymakers, urging a shift toward more inclusive, child-driven approaches to early learning environments.

Stanislas 1er, roi de Pologne : le pouvoir littéraire d’un roi déchu

Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy — 2012 — WHE8240F32BC1

Stanislas I, once king of Poland and later Duke of Lorraine, left an indelible mark on Nancy's urban landscape through his ambitious architectural program. Despite the French monarchy's efforts to dismantle much of his legacy, notable structures like Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière, and Place d'Alliance endure as masterpieces of 18th-century design. Commissioned from architect Emmanuel Héré, these works represent a unique blend of Baroque and neoclassical styles, showcasing Stanislas's visionary approach to urban planning and cultural heritage preservation.

Static and dynamic analysis of the old stone bridge in Mostar

Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar — 2012 — WHEA5897B033D

A numerical model developed for static and dynamic analysis of masonry structures successfully predicts the behavior of Mostar's iconic 16th-century stone bridge under vertical loads, temperature changes, and seismic activity. The study compared two geometric models—micro and macro—and validated its findings against observed deflections and crack patterns in the bridge's arch, confirming the model's reliability. This approach offers a robust method for assessing the structural integrity of historic masonry bridges, particularly those designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Statische Besonderheiten bei der Sanierung des Pergamonmuseums

Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin — 2012 — WHE0529FBA8D7

A comprehensive renovation of the Pergamonmuseum, part of Berlin's UNESCO-listed Museum Island, is underway to modernize its infrastructure while preserving its historical integrity. The project involves extensive structural repairs and the construction of new annexes, ensuring the museum remains operational during transformations. Key challenges include balancing contemporary museological needs with stringent heritage conservation standards set by UNESCO. This adaptive reuse exemplifies how world-class cultural sites can evolve without compromising their authenticity, serving as a model for similar global preservation efforts.

Status, biology, and conservation priorities for North America's eastern Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) population

Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge — 2012 — WHE6DFB65CECE

Eastern North America's Golden Eagle population, estimated at 1,000–2,500 individuals, has shown long-term declines but recent short-term increases post-DDT ban. This enigmatic and poorly understood population faces unique threats like incidental trap mortality and lead poisoning, unlike western populations threatened by wind turbines. The study, led by the Eastern Golden Eagle Working Group (EGEWG), identifies critical knowledge gaps in their ecology, migration routes, and habitat use, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to ensure long-term sustainability. Key findings include diverse breeding habitats ranging from tundra interfaces to disturbed wetlands, and complex migratory pathways with 'leapfrog' migration patterns. The research highlights the urgency of addressing demographic vulnerabilities and specific regional threats to protect this flagship species.

Stauromenia australis, a new genus and species in the family Kallymeniaceae (Rhodophyta) from southern New Zealand

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2012 — WHEDB80FB8B81

Scientists have identified Stauromenia australis, a novel genus and species of red algae (Rhodophyta) within the family Kallymeniaceae, discovered off southern New Zealand and its subantarctic islands. This discovery was made through molecular analysis and examination of herbarium specimens, revealing unique morphological traits such as a foliose habit, multiaxial structure with distinct cortical cells, and filamentous medulla. Unlike other members of its family, S. australis exhibits atypical postfertilization development, lacking connecting filaments and instead forming gonimoblasts directly from vegetative cells near the auxiliary cell system. Its phylogenetic distinctiveness and morphological differences underscore its status as a novel genus in the Southern Hemisphere, contributing to our understanding of red algae diversity in this region.

Stipa narynica sp. nov. (Poaceae) from the western Tian‐Shan Mountains

Western Tien-Shan — 2012 — WHED01C7071CB

A new species of grass, Stipa narynica, has been discovered and described from the western Tian-Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan. This species is morphologically distinct from its closest relative, S. aktauensis, due to longer glumes (41–55 mm), anthecium (12.0–14.2 mm), and seta hairs (6.0–8.0 mm). Additionally, the lemma of S. narynica is either glabrous or has a poorly developed ring of short hairs, unlike the distinctly pilose lemma of S. aktauensis. The study also examined the lemma and leaf blade structure using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to further differentiate these species. A key for identifying similar middle Asian species in the sect. Smirnovia is provided.

Stonehenge Has Got a Younger Sister Ales Stones in Sweden Decoded

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites — 2012 — WHECEA28624CD

A groundbreaking discovery reveals that Stonehenge in England and Ales Stones in Sweden share the same fundamental geometry, both constructed using the megalithic yard as a standard unit of measurement. This finding challenges conventional notions about the independence of these ancient sites and suggests significant cultural exchange, travel, and trade during the Bronze Age. The study employed comparative analysis of geometric patterns and measurements to establish this connection, offering new perspectives on the interconnectedness of prehistoric societies across Europe.