Publications
Integrating Swin Transformer and UPerNet for high-resolution forest-type mapping in support of ecosystem monitoring
A novel deep learning framework integrating Swin Transformer and UPerNet achieves high accuracy in fine-scale forest-type mapping, addressing challenges posed by complex mountainous terrain. The model, trained on 2-meter resolution Gaofen-1 imagery from the Dabie Mountains, distinguishes four forest types with a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 83.17% and overall accuracy (OA) of 93.72%, outperforming other state-of-the-art segmentation models. Cross-validation across regions confirms its robustness, with OA values exceeding 83%. This approach offers significant advancements for ecological monitoring, forest resource assessment, and sustainable management in mountainous UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Mount Huangshan.
Nocturnal Mating Behavior in Tibetan Macaques: The Low‐Ranking Male's Path to Mating Success
Nocturnal mating behavior in Tibetan macaques offers low-ranking males equal mating success to high-ranking ones, challenging traditional dominance-based reproductive strategies. A four-year study (2021-2025) at Mount Huangshan, China, using solar-powered night-vision cameras, revealed that nocturnal mating follows a bimodal pattern and is more frequent, prolonged, and non-forceful in the absence of high-ranking individuals. Lunar illumination positively correlated with mating frequency, suggesting darkness as an adaptive tactic for subordinates to increase reproductive opportunities. This research expands understanding of behavioral flexibility in diurnal primates and provides new insights into human mating behavior.
Awe-Inspiring Environmental Engagement: Unveiling the Impact of Awe on Pro-Environmental Behavior in Nature-Based Tourism Destinations
Awe, a powerful emotional experience, significantly enhances tourists' pro-environmental behavior (TPEB) at nature-based tourism destinations. This study introduces an expanded model of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), integrating awe to better predict TPEB compared to the original TPB framework. Conducted at Mount Huangshan in China, the research found that awe is primarily influenced by the perception of the natural environment (PNE) and strongly predicts TPEB. The findings bridge psychological and philosophical perspectives on the sublime, offering a comprehensive framework to understand the drivers of pro-environmental behavior. This study underscores the potential of nature-based tourism to foster positive environmental attitudes and behaviors among tourists.
Case Study on the Evaluation of Tourism Comprehensive Competitiveness of Mount Huangshan as a World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site Based on Factor Analysis
Mount Huangshan, a UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage site, has demonstrated a significant upward trend in tourism competitiveness from 2015 to 2024. A study analyzing 22 indicators through factor analysis revealed two key factors: 'Core Development and Service Competitiveness' and 'Industrial Investment and Market Competitiveness,' which together account for 97.62% of the variance. Notably, the latter showed strong resilience, rapidly recovering after pandemic-related fluctuations. The comprehensive tourism competitiveness score rose from -1.16 to 1.39 over the decade. This research provides actionable insights for enhancing the sustainable development of dual-heritage sites, emphasizing strategies such as consolidating protection foundations, deepening cultural-tourism integration, and fostering diversified business models.
Harnessing GPS Spatiotemporal Big Data to Enhance Visitor Experience and Sustainable Management of UNESCO Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Mount Huangshan, China
A novel analysis of GPS and geo-tagged photo data from Mount Huangshan reveals distinct spatiotemporal patterns in tourist behavior that can inform sustainable management strategies. The study identifies a 'double-peak, double-trough' seasonal pattern and pronounced elevation-dependent visitor preferences, with hotspot detection techniques efficiently mapping hierarchical interest zones. These findings provide actionable insights for crowd diversion, spatial planning, and the optimization of secondary tour routes, offering a scientific foundation for alleviating pressure on core areas and advancing sustainable development in heritage sites.
Analyzing the Construction of Local Cultural and Tourism Propaganda Image Based on Framework Theory ——Take Mount Huangshan Cultural Tourism as an Example
A comprehensive analysis of Mount Huangshan's cultural and tourism propaganda reveals the critical role of strategic publicity in shaping its global image. By leveraging framework theory, content analysis, text analysis, and control experiments, researchers identified key pathways that enhance the site's promotional effectiveness. The study highlights how targeted efforts in online media can significantly influence audience perception and engagement, offering actionable insights for other UNESCO World Heritage Sites aiming to strengthen their cultural tourism presence.
Capturing mobile, situational, and multi-dimensional tourist experience: an integrated approach
Tourist experiences on Mount Huangshan, China, are revealed to be mobile and situational, evolving dynamically through geographic, sensory, social, and emotional dimensions. This study introduces an integrated methodology combining GPS tracking, sound level sensing, wearable physiological sensors, Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) surveys, in-situ photos/videos, and photo/video-elicited interviews to capture these multi-dimensional aspects in real-time. The approach demonstrates how tourist experiences shift throughout their journey, offering a comprehensive framework for future research on the dynamics of tourism. Practical implications include enhanced understanding of visitor behavior, which can inform conservation efforts and site management at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Mount Huangshan.
Estimation of NPP in Huangshan District Based on Deep Learning and CASA Model
A novel framework combining deep learning and the CASA model (HRNet-CASA) achieves highly accurate estimation of net primary productivity (NPP) in Huangshan District, offering a precise tool for assessing forest ecosystem health. The study leverages high-resolution remote sensing images to classify six forest types using HRNet, then integrates climate data with the CASA model to simulate NPP. Validation against field data confirms the framework's reliability, demonstrating its potential to advance ecological research and environmental conservation efforts in complex forest landscapes.
Research on the Integration of Green Finance and Rural Revitalization Assisted by Banks: A Case Study of "Village Huizhou"
A novel integration of green finance and rural revitalization, exemplified by the 'Village Huizhou' project at Mount Huangshan, demonstrates significant potential for driving local economic growth while preserving intangible cultural heritage. This initiative, supported by the Agricultural Development Bank of China, leverages bank-assisted strategies to boost tourism, repair villages, and increase household incomes, aligning with national rural revitalization goals. PEST model analysis confirms the project's feasibility, suggesting it could serve as a scalable model for other regions. The study highlights the importance of sustained cooperation between banks, governments, and local communities to enhance credit support and loan issuance, ultimately fostering financial empowerment that bridges traditional culture with modern economic development.
The Path of Digital Economy Enabling Rural Tourism and Increasing Farmers' Income: A Case Study of Hongcun Village in Mount Huangshan
Rural tourism in Hongcun Village, Mount Huangshan, can be significantly enhanced through the integration of digital economy strategies, leading to increased farmers' income and sustainable development. The study identifies three key pathways for future growth: diversifying tourism models (e.g., 'tourism+'), leveraging intelligent digital infrastructure to improve rural governance efficiency, and expanding tourism formats to enrich visitor experiences. Using SWOT analysis and mixed online-offline methods, researchers highlight current challenges—such as resource constraints and governance inefficiencies—and propose actionable solutions. These include optimizing existing assets (e.g., scenic landscapes) while adopting smart technologies to streamline operations. The findings underscore the potential of digital innovation to drive high-quality tourism development in UNESCO-listed sites like Mount Huangshan, offering a scalable model for other rural destinations.
The roles of environmental filtering and competitive exclusion in the plant community assembly at Mt. Huangshan are forest-type-dependent
At Mount Huangshan, environmental filtering dominates plant community assembly in evergreen broadleaf and mixed needleleaf-broadleaf forests, while competitive exclusion plays a stronger role in deciduous broadleaf forests. Researchers analyzed 176 species from these forest types, measuring six functional traits and constructing molecular phylogenies to assess trait-phylogenetic distances. They found that certain traits were more phylogenetically convergent than expected, with functional distances being particularly important for tree and shrub layers. Spatial drivers explained community structure better than environmental ones, suggesting that management strategies should focus on species coexistence mechanisms to protect biodiversity and predict future responses to environmental changes.
Geochronology, geochemistry, and mineral chemistry of the Lingshan-Huangshan complex, South China: Insights into Nb and Ta enrichment
A comprehensive analysis of the Lingshan-Huangshan complex in South China reveals that Nb and Ta enrichment in the Huangshan deposit is closely linked to highly fractionated magma and elevated volatile elements, particularly fluorine (F) and lithium (Li). The study, using petrography, geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, and mineral compositions, found that different phases of the complex formed around 133.4–132.7 million years ago. These phases exhibit geochemical affinities to A-type granites, originating from the Proterozoic crust with some input of juvenile or mantle-derived materials. The research suggests that the decreasing Nb/Ta and Zr/Hf ratios, along with increasing Hf, Th, U, Y in zircon and Rb, Nb, Ta in mica, indicate significant fractional crystallization, especially in the late phases. This process, combined with the enrichment of F and Li, enhances the solubilities of Nb and Ta in the melt, contributing to their concentration in the Huangshan deposit.
Grassroots Values and Local Cultural Heritage in China
Official heritage projects often exacerbate displacement and dispossession of local communities, undermining grassroots values and cultural practices. This study reveals how 'heritage fever' can function as epistemic violence, eroding locals' ontological and affective ownership of their cultural lifeworlds. Through ethnographic case studies across China—including Mount Huangshan—researchers demonstrate that heritage discourses, driven by state, entrepreneurial, and translocal interests, frequently marginalize local communities, particularly in urban planning and space management. The findings highlight the need for heritage justice to balance global/national capitalism pressures with grassroots needs, emphasizing the importance of local agency in preserving cultural ecology and identity.
Research and Evaluation of the Mountain Settlement Space Based on the Theory of “Flânuer” in the Digital Age —— Taking Yangchan Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, as an Example
A novel approach to evaluating mountain settlement spaces, particularly those with cultural and historical significance like Yangchan Village in Huangshan City, Anhui Province, has been developed using the theory of "flânerie". This method integrates phenomenological space research with data-driven analysis, transforming it into a scientific framework that combines subjective experience with objective metrics. The study found that the spatial characteristics of Yangchan Village, a mountainous Tulou settlement, are deeply rooted in the interaction between aboriginal people and their environment, which triggers tourists' flânerie experiences and fosters emotional associations. By leveraging multiplatform data mining and analysis, the research objectively assesses the value of such settlements, providing insights for their protection and sustainable development. This approach enhances the multidimensional methodological framework of flânerie in the digital age, offering a subjective yet data-driven assessment tool for mountain settlements.
Scale‐dependent effects of species diversity on aboveground biomass and productivity in a subtropical broadleaved forest on Mt. Huangshan
A positive relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning exists in subtropical broadleaved forests, but this effect varies with scale. Research on Mount Huangshan found that while species richness correlates positively with productivity at medium and large scales, other diversity indices show ambiguous relationships. Elevation emerged as a key abiotic factor influencing biomass and productivity, suggesting that biodiversity's impact on ecosystem functioning is mediated by environmental conditions. The study used generalized linear regression and structural equation modeling to analyze these scale-dependent effects, revealing that species diversity alone does not determine biomass or productivity.
Spatial-temporal pattern and influencing factors of tourism ecological security in Huangshan City
A recent study reveals that Huangshan City's tourism ecological security (TES) has shown rapid improvement, yet disparities between districts and counties are widening. The research, using the PSR-EES model combined with entropy weight TOPSIS, traditional and spatial Markov chains, and panel quantile regression, found that TES levels exhibit stability and path dependence in their spatial-temporal dynamics, with lower-level areas showing a higher probability of upward transfer influenced by neighborhood background. Key drivers include environmental pollution and economic development, which negatively impact TES but decrease in effect as security levels improve. Conversely, government intervention and educational levels positively influence TES, with regional greening and government efforts having stronger effects on lower-level areas. This study highlights the complex interplay between ecological, economic, and social factors in sustaining tourism ecological security.
Study on the Diversified Combination and Inheritance of Modern Popular Elements Driven by Chinese Opera Culture and New Media
A study reveals that Huangmei Opera, recognized as national intangible heritage, effectively integrates the scenic beauty of Mount Huangshan and the cultural depth of Huizhou into modern artistic expressions. This integration is driven by the opera's unique singing style and innovative clothing, making it accessible to diverse audiences. The research highlights the potential of blending Chinese opera culture with new media and music education in universities as a pathway for contemporary artistic innovation. By analyzing real-life elements and emotions through an artistic lens, the study underscores the importance of adapting traditional forms to modern sensibilities while preserving cultural heritage.
The Impacts of Ecotourists’ Perceived Authenticity and Perceived Values on Their Behaviors: Evidence from Huangshan World Natural and Cultural Heritage Site
Ecotourists' perceived authenticity significantly enhances their perceived values, which in turn positively influences revisit intentions and environmentally responsible behaviors. This mediation effect underscores the importance of authenticity in fostering sustainable tourism practices at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Huangshan. The study employed survey research and structural equation modeling to analyze these relationships, revealing that authenticity not only drives value perception but also encourages repeat visits and eco-friendly conduct. These findings provide actionable insights for tourism managers to strategically protect natural resources, cultural heritage, and promote sustainable development through interactive experiences.
Understanding tourist experiences of sounds at nature-based destinations: from a relational perspective
Tourists' experiences of sounds at nature-based destinations, such as Mount Huangshan, are dynamic and contextual, shaped by ongoing interrelationships among individuals, sounds, and their surroundings rather than intrinsic sound properties. Natural silence is perceived only when human voices and visual stimuli are absent, highlighting the contingency, temporality, and heterogeneity of these interactions. The study employed a mixed-methods approach—combining in-situ photos/videos, real-time portable sound sensing, GPS tracking, wristband wearing, and in-depth interviews with 34 participants—to uncover how diverse sounds influence mobile tourist experiences. This research advances theoretical and methodological understanding while offering practical insights for destination planners to enhance tourist engagement by reconnecting visitors with natural sounds in varied contexts.
Utilization and Protection of the World Heritage - Mixed Property in Huangshan Mount
Mount Huangshan, a UNESCO World Heritage Site recognized for its unique blend of natural and cultural significance, faces critical challenges in balancing utilization and protection. The study reveals that while Huangshan's granite peak forest landform, distinctive flora like the 'peculiar pine,' and cultural heritage such as ancient buildings and poetry contribute significantly to its value, it also grapples with water quality pollution, ecological threats, and tourism-related environmental degradation. By analyzing data from UNESCO and employing a comparative approach, the research highlights Huangshan's potential as a model for mixed-heritage sites while identifying urgent issues requiring attention. Feasible solutions are proposed to address these challenges, aiming to preserve its dual heritage for future generations.
A Comprehensive Evaluation of Environmental Quality for Health Ecotourism in Huangshan National Forest Park
Huangshan National Forest Park demonstrates high-quality eco-environmental resources, earning a 'good' grade of 75.92 points in a comprehensive evaluation of its environmental quality for health ecotourism. The study, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy math analysis, identified 12 key indicators to assess factors such as landscape attractiveness, air cleanliness, and cultural literacy of service personnel. Findings highlight the park's potential for sustainable health tourism, with its planned landscapes and expansive eco-environmental areas contributing significantly to its favorable score.
Ecotourism Disturbance on an Endemic Endangered Primate in the Huangshan Man and the Biosphere Reserve of China: A Way to Move Forward
A 30-year study on the Huangshan Man and Biosphere Reserve (HMBR) reveals that sustainable ecotourism policies have simultaneously boosted local economies, increased visitor numbers, and expanded habitat suitability for an endangered primate, the Tibetan macaque. The research found that while ecotourism income rose alongside visitor counts, the macaque population thrived, particularly in low-altitude buffer zones with minimal tourist disturbance. Notably, scenic spots—once contributing minimally to habitat suitability (0.71%)—now significantly impact it negatively (32.88%), highlighting a critical trade-off between conservation and tourism development. This study provides a robust framework for evaluating the balance between sustainable development and wildlife conservation in UNESCO Man and Biosphere reserves.
Environmental Heterogeneity Affecting Community Assembly Patterns and Phylogenetic Diversity of Three Forest Communities at Mt. Huangshan, China
Environmental heterogeneity plays a pivotal role in shaping community assembly patterns and phylogenetic diversity in forest communities at Mount Huangshan, China. The study reveals that spatial variables, rather than climatic factors, are the primary drivers of biodiversity mechanisms and species coexistence. Three distinct vegetation communities exhibited varying phylogenetic structures: Community I showed weak overdispersion, while Community II displayed clustered patterns for total plants and shrubs but overdispersion for trees. Community III, on the other hand, had a clustered structure for total plants but overdispersed for trees and shrubs. These patterns were linked to spatial and climatic factors, with phylogenetic α-diversity positively correlated with species richness and phylogenetic β-diversity peaking at intermediate elevations. The findings suggest that deterministic processes may control community assembly across different vegetation regions.
Rural Residents’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Environmentally Responsible Behaviors towards Garbage Exchange Supermarkets: An Example from Huangshan City in China
Rural residents in Huangshan, China, demonstrate strong support for garbage exchange supermarkets, emphasizing their environmental benefits despite perceived costs. A study using structural equation modeling found that while time spent queuing and sorting garbage are seen as drawbacks, residents remain willing to participate. Environmentally responsible behavior is predominantly compliance-based, with positive perceptions of benefits directly influencing attitudes and satisfaction, which in turn drive pro-environmental actions. This research highlights the potential of such systems in improving rural living environments and promoting sustainable waste management practices.
Seasonal Change in Activity Rhythms and Time Budgets of Tibetan Macaques
Tibetan macaques (Macaca thibetana) exhibit distinct seasonal activity rhythms and time budgets, shaped by environmental conditions. The study, conducted at Tianhu Mountain County Nature Reserve within Mount Huangshan, China, revealed two daily foraging peaks (9:00–10:00 and 14:00–15:00) and a midday resting peak (12:00–13:00). These primates allocate their time primarily to resting (31.96%), foraging (28.59%), and moving (26.96%), with grooming (6.90%) and other activities comprising the remainder. Foraging and movement correlated positively with fruit and bud availability but negatively with leaf abundance, indicating adaptive behavioral responses to food resource fluctuations. Notably, activity patterns varied by sex and age: adult males prioritized resting, adult females focused on foraging, while young macaques engaged more in play. The research highlights how Tibetan macaques adjust their behavior seasonally to optimize survival in dynamic environments.
Synergizing a socio-ecological system: reflections on community-based natural resource management at the World Heritage Site of Mount Huangshan, China
A study on Mount Huangshan, China, reveals that community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) initiatives often fail to achieve conservation goals due to a lack of integration between socio-ecological systems. The research, conducted through mixed methods including questionnaires, interviews, and observations in Feicui village, highlights the complexity of CBNRM and its disconnect from the original intent of empowering communities for nature conservation. By analyzing system synergies, the study offers critical insights into why CBNRM efforts may fall short, providing a theoretical framework to guide future international debates on effective resource management strategies.
Endangered Wildlife Conservation Enhances Regional Economic Development: A Case Study of Tibetan Macaque (Macaca thibetana) and Fuxi Village in Mount Huangshan, China
Conservation of the endangered Tibetan macaque (Macaca thibetana) in Mount Huangshan, China, not only protects biodiversity but also boosts regional economic development. This study demonstrates that integrating wildlife conservation with local economic strategies can create a synergistic model benefiting both ecosystems and communities. Researchers surveyed conservation awareness among residents and visitors while analyzing changes in local income, revealing that effective conservation measures correlate with economic growth. The findings highlight the potential for endangered species protection to serve as a catalyst for sustainable development in biodiversity hotspots.
Leaf Trait Covariation and Its Controls: A Quantitative Data Analysis Along a Subtropical Elevation Gradient
A comprehensive analysis of leaf trait covariation along a subtropical elevation gradient on Mount Huangshan reveals that 78% of the variation in plant functional traits can be attributed to climate, soil, and family controls. The study found that soil water content (SW) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) significantly influence traits like leaf nitrogen per unit mass (Nmass) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), while elevation negatively impacts the leaf internal-to-ambient CO2 ratio (χ). Multivariate analysis identified three principal components capturing 79% of trait covariation, primarily driven by within-site differences. Family distribution emerged as the most critical factor in shaping trait variation along the gradient, offering new insights into plant adaptation and providing practical guidelines for ecosystem management.
Making Rural Micro-Regeneration Strategies Based on Resident Perceptions and Preferences for Traditional Village Conservation and Development: The Case of Huangshan Village, China
A study on Huangshan Village, China, reveals that government-subsidized unified repairs and traffic improvements are the most favored strategies for village transformation, while tourism is the preferred method for industrial development. The research, based on surveys of 150 residents and public participatory mapping, found significant differences in perceptions and preferences based on gender, income, and age demographics. These insights provide evidence-based recommendations for effective rural micro-regeneration practices, which involve small-scale interventions to improve living conditions, community well-being, and economic development in traditional villages. The study highlights the potential of micro-regeneration as a viable approach for conserving and developing unlisted traditional villages with limited investment.
The complete plastid genome sequence of Ilex suaveolens (H. Lév.) Loes, the most abundant medicinal holly in Mount Huangshan
Researchers have sequenced the complete plastid genome of Ilex suaveolens, a medicinal holly endemic to Mount Huangshan, revealing its genetic structure and evolutionary relationships. The 157,857 base pair genome contains 89 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 37.6%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that I. suaveolens clusters closely with I. szechwanenesis and I. viridis, suggesting strong biogeographical connections. This study provides critical insights into the genetic diversity of Ilex species in Mount Huangshan, supporting conservation efforts for this ecologically and medicinally significant plant.
Tourism-led Commodification of Place and Rural Transformation Development: A Case Study of Xixinan Village, Huangshan, China
Rural commodification, driven by tourism and state entrepreneurism, significantly reshapes rural transformation development. In Xixinan Village, Huangshan, China, the township government leveraged tourism to generate economic returns through real estate, creative experiences, and nature, leading to rural gentrification, expanded employment for women, and social structure readjustments. While this process enhanced cultural awareness and protected indigenous heritage, it also sparked community deprivation and contested rural identity. The study highlights how rural tourism, creative industries, and agriculture intersect, offering new insights into the complexities of China's rural revitalization efforts.
Changes in Water Retention and Carbon Sequestration in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) from 2000 to 2015
Between 2000 and 2015, water retention in Huangshan’s forests rose slightly (0.15 m³ ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) while carbon sequestration surged (25.57 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹), both showing increased spatial uniformity. Climate factors—especially rising precipitation and temperature—drove these changes, yet tourist disturbance had a stronger negative impact on carbon sequestration than climate did. Structural equation modeling revealed that climate was the dominant driver of water retention, whereas tourist pressure overshadowed climatic influence on carbon storage. These findings clarify how geopark ecosystems respond to global change and human activity, offering actionable insights for sustainable management.
Comparative Survey of Morphological Variations and Plastid Genome Sequencing Reveals Phylogenetic Divergence between Four Endemic Ilex Species
A comparative analysis of four endemic Ilex species on Mount Huangshan, China, reveals significant phylogenetic divergence that challenges traditional taxonomy. The study combines morphological surveys with plastid genome sequencing, uncovering variability in leaf traits and genome structure that correlates with geographic distribution rather than established classification systems. Plastid genomes of these species range from 157,601 to 157,857 base pairs, featuring conserved coding regions but divergent hotspots in inverted repeat/single-copy junctions. This divergence suggests evolutionary adaptations tied to their unique habitats on Mount Huangshan, providing new insights into the genetic diversity and conservation of medicinal Ilex species.
Using Principal Components Analysis and IDW Interpolation to Determine Spatial and Temporal Changes of Surface Water Quality of Xin’anjiang River in Huangshan, China
A decade-long assessment of the Xin'anjiang River in Huangshan, China, reveals stable water quality from 2008 to 2017 but highlights significant pollution at the Pukou sampling point. The study, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation on 960 monthly samples, identified nutrient and organic pollution as major factors degrading water quality. Agricultural activities, erosion, domestic, and industrial discharges were pinpointed as primary sources of contamination. PCA accounted for 87.24% of the variance, while IDW interpolation mapped spatial-temporal changes, guiding targeted pollution control efforts. This combined approach proves effective in managing water quality and mitigating eutrophication pressure in Thousand Island Lake, offering a robust framework for environmental safety.
Tourism water footprint: an empirical analysis of Mount Huangshan
A comprehensive analysis of the tourism water footprint (TWF) at Mount Huangshan reveals that tourists consume approximately 10.19 million cubic meters of water annually, equivalent to 3.39 m³ per tourist per day or 3387 liters. The study highlights that tourism sewage and food are the primary drivers of water consumption, with significant environmental spillover effects extending beyond Mount Huangshan to Huangshan City and even nationwide. Tourist flow and temperature show a highly significant positive correlation with TWF, indicating increased water demand during peak tourist seasons. This quantification provides critical insights for sustainable water resource management in tourism-driven regions.
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