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Correlated Change: Comparing Modifications to Ceramic Assemblages from Qizlar Qalʾeh, Iran, and Ancient Merv, Turkmenistan, during the Seleucid and Parthian Periods

State Historical and Cultural Park “Ancient Merv” — 2019 — WHE5C1B7DA4D1

A comparative analysis of ceramic assemblages from Qizlar Qalʾeh, Iran, and ancient Merv (modern Gyaur Kala), Turkmenistan, reveals correlated technological developments during the Seleucid and Parthian periods. Both sites exhibit similar innovations in vessel repertoires and production techniques, suggesting a shared cultural environment, particularly during the Early Parthian period. While these changes point to a common Hellenistic influence, local ceramic traditions persisted, demonstrating adaptability under foreign rule. Quantitative and archaeometric analyses were employed to assess modifications in assemblage composition and manufacturing techniques, providing insights into the neighborhood relations between eastern Iran and western Central Asia.

Corrosion Prediction of Metallic Cultural Heritage Assets by EIS

Amiens Cathedral — 2019 — WHE549735CC7B

A non-destructive, battery-operated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique successfully predicted the corrosion behavior of two metallic cultural heritage assets: an iron bar chain from Amiens Cathedral and a weathering steel sculpture in Ferrara. The study demonstrated that in-situ EIS measurements can rapidly assess corrosion states, revealing protective rust layer effectiveness and potential danger conditions without surface damage. This portable method offers a practical solution for monitoring and preserving historic artifacts, as shown by its ability to differentiate corrosion products based on orientation and environmental exposure.

Cosmopolitanizing Colonial Memories in Germany

Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin — 2019 — WHE48C883DA4D

Germany's engagement with its colonial past reflects a shift towards a cosmopolitan culture of remembrance, driven by factors such as its evolving self-image as an immigration society, debates surrounding the Humboldt Forum, and international discussions on cultural heritage rights. This study argues that Germany's current postcolonial dynamic is representative of broader European debates, particularly in ethnological museums. It highlights the significance of recent activism, such as the 'Kolonialismus im Kasten?' initiative, which challenges traditional museum narratives by providing alternative perspectives on colonial history. The research also examines the controversy surrounding the Humboldt Forum, questioning its Eurocentric approach and demanding a re-evaluation of ethnological collections acquired during colonialism. This shift represents a move away from national identity paradigms towards a more inclusive, postcolonial perspective that acknowledges global power imbalances.

Cotton textiles from the Byzantine period to the Medieval period in ancient Palestine

Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan — 2019 — WHE3A746CB8BE

A significant discovery of cotton textiles from the Byzantine to Medieval periods (5th–13th centuries CE) in ancient Palestine reveals a shift from imported Roman-era cotton to locally produced or traded fabrics. Key findings include Z-spun ikats at Nahal ‘Omer and S-spun garments/shrouds at Qasr el-Yahud, alongside resist-dyed fragments from Cave 38 near Jericho. The study suggests the co-development of textile trade and local production during Late Antiquity and the medieval period. By analyzing these artifacts, researchers trace the origin and evolution of cotton textiles in Palestine, providing insights into regional craftsmanship and economic transitions.

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Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California — 2019 — WHE02D645E764

A global gap analysis of Cactaceae reveals that 261 out of 1438 species are not currently protected within existing networks, with the most effective conservation areas covering approximately 52% of their ranges. This study highlights significant gaps in protection for endemic cactus species, including Ferocactus diguetii, found in the Gulf of California's islands. The analysis underscores the need for targeted conservation efforts to safeguard these biodiversity hotspots, particularly in regions like Baja California Sur, Mexico. The research leverages spatial data to identify critical areas for conservation planning, emphasizing the importance of expanding protected areas to include unprotected species ranges.

Cranial Anatomy of New Specimens of Saurornitholestes langstoni (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta

Dinosaur Provincial Park — 2019 — WHE913E2D20A4

Newly discovered specimens of Saurornitholestes langstoni, including an almost complete skeleton with a well-preserved skull, reveal distinctive cranial traits that clarify its systematic position within the Dromaeosauridae family. The study identifies specialized premaxillary teeth, previously misidentified as belonging to another genus (Zapsalis abradens), which show unique morphology and wear patterns suggesting a role in feather preening. Additionally, the research supports the existence of two major faunal interchanges between Asia and North America during the Cretaceous, distinguishing a Campanian North American clade (Saurornitholestinae) from an Asian clade that includes Velociraptor (Velociraptorinae). The findings advance understanding of dromaeosaurid evolution and biogeography in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta.

Creating Balance Between Transformation and Preservation Within UNESCO World Heritage Sites: A Case Study of Belper, UK

Derwent Valley Mills — 2019 — WHE8EC4F39944

An innovative design-led strategy for UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WHS) balances transformation and preservation, demonstrated through the case study of Belper in the Derwent Valley Mills WHS. The research proposes treating heritage sites as palimpsests—layers of historical significance that can be reinforced while integrating modern development. This approach addresses derelict landscapes caused by industrial abandonment, offering a cohesive regeneration plan that enhances community life without compromising heritage integrity. By analyzing urban grain, natural environment, social landscape, and economic forces, the study knits together existing structures with mixed-use development, ensuring sustainability and cultural recognition in 21st-century contexts.

Creation of Reserved and Protected Forests

The Sundarbans — 2019 — WHEAE65EE9C1D

By the late 19th century, the Sundarbans' reserved and protected forests had become a significant economic asset, generating annual revenues of Rs. 2,79,408 with minimal expenditure (Rs. 65,251). This transformation was driven by early conservation efforts initiated in 1862 under Dr. Brandis, which evolved into a more structured system by 1873 under Mr. Home and Dr. Schlich. Their approach focused on regulating timber exports while setting size limits for sundri tree felling (3 cubits girth) and establishing royalty rates for sundri wood (½ anna per maund) and firewood (¼ anna per maund). Dr. Schlich's recommendation to place the entire unleased area under Forest Department control proved successful, marking a pivotal shift in forest management that balanced conservation with economic benefits.

Critical Processes of Trace Metals Mobility in Transitional Waters: Implications from the Remote, Antinioti Lagoon, Corfu Island, Greece

Old Town of Corfu — 2019 — WHE2816588D8C

A study of the Antinioti Lagoon, Corfu Island, reveals that freshwater springs are the primary transport pathway for dissolved and particulate metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn), while surface runoff dominates Al, Fe, and Cu. Large particles (>8 μm) show higher metal concentrations due to flocculation, which scavenges other metals and reduces their mobility. Sediments exhibit localized enrichment in Cd and Pb, with these metals predominantly in labile forms, posing potential ecological risks if environmental conditions change. The research used sediment core analysis and enrichment factors (EFs) to assess metal behavior and mobility.

Cronología del Periodo Medio en el Valle de Azapa, Norte de Chile: Estilos, Fechados y Contextos Culturales del Poblamiento Humano

Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture — 2019 — WHE3EBF8D82C8

A new analysis of 116 radiometric dates from the Azapa Valley, Chile, challenges the long-held association between Tiwanaku influence and the Middle Period (500–1000 AD). Contrary to previous assumptions, late ceramic styles linked to Tiwanaku (900–1100 AD) were not dominant in earlier centuries. Instead, local agricultural traditions persisted from the Formative period through the 8th century, with a distinct Phase II emerging around 500 AD characterized by Cabuza, Maitas, and Chiribaya styles. This phase suggests the development of a regional identity, culminating in the Arica Culture during the Late Intermediate Period (LIP). The study used Carbon-14 (C14) and thermoluminescence (TL) dating from nine cemeteries to refine chronological frameworks and redefine cultural continuity in the region.

Cross Curricular Use of Technology for Solving Mathematical Problems: Exploring Angel Falls Interdisciplinary Plan

Canaima National Park — 2019 — WHEB51E926078

Students effectively applied mathematical and computational reasoning to predict real-world measurements, such as the height of Angel Falls in Canaima National Park, when engaged in interdisciplinary learning using technology. The study demonstrated that integrating geography, mathematics, and computing lessons—supported by tools like Google Expeditions—enhanced students' logical thinking and motivation. Action research revealed that real-life contexts made learning more meaningful, with children successfully transferring prediction skills to coding tasks. This approach bridges mathematical and computational thinking while providing practical insights for educators to improve cross-curricular lesson planning.

Cross-border destination marketing of attractions between borders: the case of Victoria Falls

Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls — 2019 — WHE1260948A78

A collaborative approach to cross-border destination marketing could significantly enhance the appeal and success of Victoria Falls, currently hindered by fragmented, country-specific promotional efforts. Research identified five key tourist motivations for visiting Victoria Falls, with sightseeing and destination attributes being the most influential. Significant differences were found in tourists' experiences depending on their border access points, highlighting the need for integrated marketing strategies that transcend national boundaries. The study also revealed that while cooperation presents a major opportunity, economic and policy-related challenges remain barriers to effective cross-border collaboration between Zambia and Zimbabwe. By shifting from competition-based to collaboration-based strategies, both countries could increase tourist arrivals, income, and investment opportunities, ultimately benefiting the shared attraction.

Cross-Cultural Comparisons between the Mughal Tomb Garden of Taj Mahal in Agra (India) and the Dry Landscape Garden of the Ryoan-Ji Zen Monastery in Kyoto (Japan)

Taj Mahal — 2019 — WHE76D45E0818

A comparative analysis of the Taj Mahal's Mughal tomb garden and Kyoto's Ryoan-ji dry landscape garden reveals striking similarities in how Islam and Zen Buddhism shape their cultural meanings. Both gardens, despite differing historical contexts, confirm rather than transform other layers of meaning, highlighting a shared approach to religious symbolism. The study employs diachronic analysis to trace the accumulation of meanings over time and synchronic structural comparisons to examine themes like inside-outside relationships and nature-culture dynamics. This cross-cultural perspective offers new insights into the enduring significance of gardens as both natural and cultural constructs.

Crowd evacuation analysis of the Papal Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi, Italy

Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites — 2019 — WHE88B28321A0

A simulation model of crowd evacuation in the Papal Basilica of Saint Francis in Assisi reveals that optimizing exit flow can significantly reduce stationary waiting times and lower the risk of spontaneous panic during emergencies. The study, conducted by Garzia et al. (2019), analyzed the interaction between the basilica's architecture and visitor behavior to improve safety for millions of annual pilgrims and tourists. The findings provide actionable insights for managing evacuations in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, balancing cultural heritage preservation with modern safety engineering.

Crowning Rulers and Years: Interpreting the Year Sign Headdress at Teotihuacan

Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan — 2019 — WHEF45DA1BBF6

Research on the Year Sign headdress at Teotihuacan reveals its significance as both a marker of sociopolitical rank and affiliation, as well as a potential indicator of specific named houses within the ancient metropolis. By analyzing headdress iconography, rites of accession, and calendrical records from Classic and Epiclassic periods, the study proposes that this headdress type may have been associated with powerful institutions and rulers. Comparisons with the Late Postclassic Mexica xiuhhuitzolli diadem suggest a deeper connection to calendrical symbolism and authority. The findings offer new insights into the structure of social stations and institutional aspects at Teotihuacan, bridging gaps in our understanding of its complex sociopolitical landscape.

Cruise Tourism Impacts on Historic Cities

Venice and its Lagoon — 2019 — WHE71DCDB8DF4

Historic cities face significant challenges from cruise tourism, as demonstrated by cases in Barcelona and Venice. These cities have become focal points for opposition to overtourism due to the environmental and social impacts of large-scale cruise operations. Venice's situation has drawn particular attention from UNESCO, while Barcelona has implemented innovative policy responses. A key issue is the lack of local jurisdiction over port operations, which are often managed by state or national authorities. The study highlights lessons learned from these Mediterranean cities that can inform the management of cruise tourism in other historic ports worldwide, including those in the Americas and the Caribbean.

Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Tien Shan Orogenic Belt From Full‐Wave Ambient Noise Tomography

Western Tien-Shan — 2019 — WHE13EF7347F3

Researchers have uncovered significant variations in the crustal and upper mantle structure of the Tien Shan orogenic belt, shedding light on its lithosphere formation and modification. Using full-wave ambient noise tomography, they extracted high-quality empirical Green's functions from seismic data collected between 2012 and 2014. The study revealed very slow upper crust beneath the Tarim and Junggar sedimentary basins, with strong seismic heterogeneities in the interior of the Tarim Basin. Notably, the high-velocity mantle lithosphere of the Tarim Basin underthrusts northward toward the central Tien Shan, potentially triggering intrusion of hot mantle material and partial melting. In contrast, a connected high-velocity upper mantle structure from the Tarim Basin across eastern Tien Shan to Junggar Basin suggests convergent effects between these basins, preventing asthenosphere upwelling. Low-velocity anomalies in the western Tien Shan indicate subducted continental crust of the Eurasia lithosphere. These findings suggest distinct tectonic mechanisms along the three segments of the orogenic belt.

Cryptic diversity in smooth-shelled mussels on Southern Ocean islands: connectivity, hybridisation and a marine invasion

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2019 — WHE0279D3A232

Research on smooth-shelled mussels (Mytilus spp.) around the New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands reveals that these populations exhibit mixed genome ancestry, indicating native origins rather than human introduction. Using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis, scientists found that mussels from the Falkland and Kerguelen Islands are closely related to M. platensis from South America, suggesting dispersal via ocean currents. Meanwhile, mussels from Tasmania, mainland New Zealand, and offshore islands form a distinct Southern Hemisphere group with affinities to Northern Hemisphere M. galloprovincialis. The study also detected hybridisation between taxa, with invasive M. galloprovincialis identified only in Tasmania. These findings highlight the importance of preserving native evolutionary lineages, particularly on remote islands where small populations may be vulnerable to invasion and genetic dilution.

Cryptoporticus. La rete delle strade diventa sotterranea a Villa Adriana, Tivoli

Villa Adriana (Tivoli) — 2019 — WHED15CD2F7B0

A hidden network of underground pathways, known as cryptoportica, has been uncovered at Villa Adriana in Tivoli, revealing the architectural sophistication of Hadrian's Imperial Villa. These subterranean roads, once part of a surface-level system, provide structural support and intricate connectivity within the monument. Through digital surveys and high-resolution photography, researchers have documented the complexity of this ancient infrastructure, offering new insights into its design and function. The study highlights how these pathways integrated seamlessly with the villa's urban-like layout, demonstrating advanced engineering in Roman architecture.

Cryptosporidium and giardia species in newly and previously habituated gorillas and nearby water sources in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park — 2019 — WHED92F2B5A3A

A study in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, revealed high prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in both previously habituated (PHMG) and newly habituated mountain gorillas (NHMG), with no significant difference between the two groups. The research found that 59.1% of PHMG and 44.1% of NHMG tested positive for Cryptosporidium, while 13.6% and 11.8%, respectively, were infected with Giardia. Water sources within the gorillas' home ranges also showed parasite presence, indicating potential cross-infection risks. The study used modified Ziehl-Neelsen and Ether concentration techniques to analyze fecal and water samples collected in January 2018. Findings suggest that proper waste disposal and avoiding contaminated water are critical for reducing infection risks among gorillas.