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Southern right whale Eubalaena australis in Golfo San Matías (Patagonia, Argentina): Evidence of recolonisation

Península Valdés — 2018 — WHE379444E428

Research indicates that the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) population in Golfo San Matías, Patagonia, Argentina, is experiencing recolonization and a positive growth trend following decades of recovery after the international hunting moratorium. Aerial surveys from 2007 to 2016 revealed a shift in geographic distribution, with whales increasingly using the northwest coast of the gulf, particularly between late August and early September. Unlike Península Valdés, where mother-calf pairs dominate, Golfo San Matías is primarily used by solitary individuals and breeding groups, suggesting its importance for socializing and mating rather than as a nursery ground. Whale density in this area was found to be four times lower than in the gulfs of Península Valdés. The study also confirmed historical presence during commercial exploitation, contributing valuable insights for the conservation and management of southern right whales in Patagonia.

Space for dancing

Palace and Park of Fontainebleau — 2018 — WHE62B5407A38

Sixteenth-century choreographers' spatial awareness transformed danced spectacles, shifting from participatory events to distant admirations. The study reveals how spaces evolved from rearranged bourgeois halls and princely gardens (e.g., Amboise 1518, Fontainebleau 1546) to elaborate theatre structures designed by artists like Leonardo da Vinci (1490). By analyzing these settings—ranging from intimate rooms in Bordeaux (1575) and Cambrai (1577) to grand theatres for the Duke of Ferrara (1549) and Henri II (Paris 1559)—the research demonstrates how Italian engineers' innovations in France redefined dancing as a spectacle, prioritizing visual admiration over participation. This transition marked a significant shift in choreographic artistry.

Spatial analyses of Ediacaran communities at Mistaken Point

Mistaken Point — 2018 — WHEB899B0AD4B

Spatial analyses of Ediacaran fossil communities at Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, reveal complex ecological interactions among 10 taxa on one surface (E), while another (D) shows no such associations. Bayesian network inference identified a web of interactions on the E-surface, with all but one taxon (Thectardis) linked to others, suggesting distinct ecological roles. The study also detected habitat associations and weak competition for resources between certain taxa, such as Charniodiscus–Plumeropriscum and Plumeropriscum–Fractofusus. No instances of interspecific facilitation were found. The research used millimeter-accurate GPS mapping and spatial point-process analysis to study these ~565-million-year-old fossils, providing insights into the ecological dynamics of early multicellular life.

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Drought and Flood in Quanzhou Based on Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Recent 55 Years

Quanzhou: Emporium of the World in Song-Yuan China — 2018 — WHEEF3C86E50A

A 55-year analysis of drought and flood patterns in Quanzhou, China, reveals distinct periodic variations with no significant long-term trends. Frequent droughts occurred during 1963-1972, 1977-1986, and 2009-2011, while floods were prevalent in 1961-1962, 1972-1975, 1990-1992, and 1997-2007. The study used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), and Rotated EOF to analyze monthly precipitation data from six meteorological stations. While droughts and floods generally followed consistent trends across Quanzhou, regional differences were noted in the northwest mountainous, middle semi-mountainous, and southeast coastal areas. Seasonal rainfall patterns also varied, with Nan'an and Anxi consistently experiencing higher precipitation but differing in dry zones: Yongchun and Dehua in spring, Chongwu and Jinjiang in summer, Chongwu in autumn, and Dehua and Chongwu in winter.

Spatial distribution characteristics of an evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Wuyi Mountains, Fujian Province, southeastern China

Mount Wuyi — 2018 — WHED9ECE605A8

A study of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province, reveals that the tree species distribution is primarily random with some clustering, and exhibits high mixing intensity among species. This spatial structure contributes to significant species heterogeneity and diversity, with shade-tolerant species like Pteroceltis tatarinowii thriving in lower layers as light conditions change, while sun-loving species such as Schima superba dominate the upper canopy. The forest appears to be in a mid-to-late successional stage, lacking dominant species and showing no signs of climax community formation. The research used spatial structure parameters like angle scale, size ratio, and mixing degree to analyze 9.6-hectare dynamic monitoring plots, finding that higher species mixing correlates with denser spatial distribution and greater diversity.

Spatial pattern and process of Larix principis-rupprechtii at different scales in the timberline ecotone of Mount Wutai

Mount Wutai — 2018 — WHEA4885DBBE2

Research on Mount Wutai reveals that the spatial distribution of Larix principis-rupprechtii, a dominant tree species at the timberline ecotone, is significantly influenced by negative density constraints and interactions with understory vegetation. The study found that dead trees exhibit strong clustering at scales up to 15 meters, while live trees show smaller clusters primarily between 0-3 meters and around 21 meters. Using spatial pattern analysis models (CSR, HP, RL), the research demonstrates that spatial heterogeneity effectively explains the distribution of live trees, with negative density effects being a major factor in tree mortality, particularly for seedlings and saplings. These findings highlight the complex dynamics shaping timberline ecosystems under climate change.

Spatial Planning in Localities with Special Historic Values on Examples of Poland and Slovakia

Levoča, Spišský Hrad and the Associated Cultural Monuments — 2018 — WHEEC5CBFE1D0

Local development plans in Poland provide more detailed protection for cultural values and monuments compared to those in Slovakia, according to a comparative analysis of spatial planning systems. The study found that Polish planning documents more effectively incorporate actions for the conscious shaping of cultural landscapes and historical object preservation, unlike their Slovak counterparts, which rely heavily on provincial conservators for evaluation. This discrepancy highlights the need for stronger integration of heritage protection measures in Slovak spatial planning procedures.

Spatial sedimentary distribution, seasonality and the characteristics of organic matter on Fernando de Noronha insular shelf

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2018 — WHE07397CB6A2

A study of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago reveals that sediment distribution on its northern insular shelf shows no seasonal variation but exhibits spatial heterogeneity, influenced by bottom morphology, sediment sources, and wave action. The sediments are predominantly calcareous fine sands (CaCO3 ≈ 88.3%) with low organic matter content (TOC < 4.29%, TP < 0.44 µmol/g), primarily of marine origin (δ13C ≈ -22.17%PDB). However, some stations show relative enrichment in organic matter (TOC > 3.0%; TN > 0.4%) linked to anthropogenic impacts and local biotic/abiotic processes, with mixed isotopic signatures (δ13C = -24.5 to -23.0%PDB). The research analyzed 19 surface sediment samples collected between December 2013 and November 2014, assessing grain size, organic matter characteristics, and geochemical ratios.

Spatial Variations in the Chemical Composition of Eolian Sediments in Hyperarid Regions: a Case Study from the Badain Jaran Desert, Northwestern China

Badain Jaran Desert - Towers of Sand and Lakes — 2018 — WHE58BECF7227

A significant spatial variation in the chemical composition of eolian sediments is observed in hyperarid desert regions, particularly between marginal and central zones of the Badain Jaran Desert. This variation is primarily driven by differences in source rock chemistry rather than sedimentary sorting or precipitation heterogeneity. The study analyzed 115 samples of eolian sand, lacustrine sediment, and exposed bedrock using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine elemental concentrations and ratios. Findings suggest that the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) may not be a reliable proxy for chemical weathering in hyperarid regions, necessitating caution in its use for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. This research enhances understanding of sediment transport and deposition processes in extreme environments.

Spatio-temporal patterns of attacks on human and economic losses from wildlife in Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Chitwan National Park — 2018 — WHE9A10C62435

A study analyzing wildlife attacks on humans and economic losses in Chitwan National Park, Nepal (1998–2016) found that while rhinos and elephants caused the most human-wildlife conflicts during full moon periods, increasing wildlife populations did not correlate with rising incidents. Underprivileged ethnic communities were disproportionately affected, and carnivores like tigers and leopards accounted for over 90% of livestock depredation, primarily targeting medium-sized animals near forest edges. Decreases in livestock holdings and conflict mitigation measures (e.g., fences) helped control incidents, though challenges persisted. The research suggests strengthening fencing, predator-proof corrals, and community education to reduce conflicts effectively.

Spatio-temporal variation of planktonic decapods along the leeward coast of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2018 — WHE201802883B

A study of planktonic decapods along the leeward coast of Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil, revealed distinct spatio-temporal patterns in their distribution and abundance. The research identified 22 decapod taxa, with Brachyura (zoeae), Clibanarius sp., Caridea, and Callianassidae being the most abundant. Notably, larval retention was observed in the southern coastal zones, with higher abundances recorded at Baía dos Golfinhos and Cacimba do Padre compared to the northernmost station, Porto de Santo Antônio. This suggests a downstream concentration of larvae, potentially influenced by oceanographic processes. The study also highlighted characteristic annual distribution trends for hermit crab (Clibanarius sp.) larvae and burrowing shrimp (Callianassidae) larvae. Sampling was conducted using sub-surface hauls with a 300 µm mesh net at five stations over multiple months in 2013 and 2014.

Species composition and habitat preferences of the nearshore fish fauna of Bonne Bay, Newfoundland

Gros Morne National Park — 2018 — WHEF57F67C7C6

A decade-long survey of Bonne Bay, Newfoundland, reveals a diverse nearshore fish fauna comprising 29 species from 17 families, including a rare late-maturing winter skate. The study found that fish assemblage similarity was influenced by salinity, substrate composition, and the presence of eelgrass, rather than geographic distance. This baseline data highlights Bonne Bay's potential as a National Marine Conservation Area (NMCA), given its adjacency to a UNESCO World Heritage Site, diverse fish fauna with several species of conservation concern, and local stewardship. The findings provide critical information for assessing Bonne Bay's suitability for marine conservation status.

Spectral Characteristics of Chemically Weathered Sandstones in the Yungang Grottoes, China

Yungang Grottoes — 2018 — WHE38A6AE6869

Reflectance spectroscopy offers a non-destructive method to monitor chemical weathering in sandstones at cultural heritage sites, including the Yungang Grottoes in China. This study identifies distinct spectral absorptions linked to different weathering stages—fresh, calcite-dissolved, and argillitic-altered—using specific wavelengths (e.g., 490, 675, 900 nm for hematite; 2330 nm for calcite). Calcite dissolution reduces absorption at 2330 nm, while argillic alteration diminishes hematite-related peaks. Shifts in kaolinite-related absorptions (1410, 2205, 2350, 2380 nm) correlate with increasing kaolinite content. These findings demonstrate spectroscopy's potential for long-term weathering monitoring, aiding heritage conservation and environmental policy.

Speleotourism in Slovenia: balancing between mass tourism and geoheritage protection

Škocjan Caves — 2018 — WHE76C73FD4F6

Slovenia, recognized as the birthplace of karst geotourism, has over 12,000 caves, with 22 designated as tourist sites. A study using the M-GAM model assessed 10 of these caves to inform future management strategies. Key findings reveal that visitors prioritize natural values and prefer caves with minimal infrastructure, emphasizing protection status. The research highlights the pivotal role of Postojna Cave and Škocjan Caves in geotourism, with Škocjan's regional park management serving as a model for balancing mass tourism and geoheritage preservation.

Speolabeo hokhanhi, a new cavefish from Central Vietnam (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park — 2018 — WHEC2217465EE

Researchers have identified and described Speolabeo hokhanhi, a new species of cavefish from Hang Va Cave within Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Central Vietnam. This discovery distinguishes the species through unique morphological traits, including the absence of papillae on the lower lip, no hump behind the head, a duckbilled snout, and a shorter caudal peduncle compared to its relative, S. musaei. Additionally, the pelvic fin is positioned closer to the snout tip than to the caudal-fin base. The study contributes to the understanding of cavefish biodiversity in Vietnam's UNESCO-listed national parks.

Spirit Birds at Neolithic Çatalhöyük

Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük — 2018 — WHE285620C22F

At Neolithic Çatalhöyük, bird remains—particularly wings and feathers—reveal a profound cultural significance beyond nutrition. Unlike earlier sites where birds were primarily dietary staples, Çatalhöyük residents prioritized feathers for symbolic roles, suggesting their use in life cycle rituals, dance, and spiritual communication. Cranes and vultures, along with waterbirds associated with newborns, appear to have mediated between human and spirit worlds, indicating a rich cosmological framework. The study, analyzing body part distributions and artistic representations, demonstrates that color symbolism and mimetically invoked dances were integral to Neolithic social structure and ontology.

Spirituality unites Ukraine – the Tenth International Passenger Assembly-2018 the ways of the overcoming of political and spiritual stagnation of society

Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra — 2018 — WHED224B9B285

The Tenth International Easter Assembly 'Spirituality unites Ukraine' (2018) demonstrated the transformative power of cultural and spiritual events in fostering societal unity and overcoming stagnation. The study highlights how this annual event, held at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra, serves as a platform for international musical dialogues, honoring prominent figures, and promoting cross-cultural cooperation. Through concerts, competitions (e.g., Bogodar Kotorovych Violinist Contest), and charity programs, the assembly bridged political divisions while revitalizing Ukrainian national culture. The research emphasizes its novelty in showcasing performances by leading groups and its role as a catalyst for spiritual rapprochement among nations.

Spontaneous and assisted restoration of vegetation on the bottom of a former water reservoir, the Elwha River, Olympic National Park, WA, U.S.A.

Olympic National Park — 2018 — WHEAA33BD0488

Spontaneous vegetation restoration on fine sediments of the drained Elwha River reservoir closely mirrors adjacent natural forests, suggesting rapid and effective ecological recovery without human intervention. This study found that substrate texture—fine versus coarse sediments—was the primary factor influencing plant community composition, with successional age and proximity to existing forests also playing significant roles. Assisted restoration techniques like planting or seeding showed no discernible benefit in accelerating native vegetation development on fine sediments. Invasive species were notably less abundant than anticipated, indicating a resilient recovery process. These findings highlight the potential for spontaneous succession in post-dam removal landscapes, particularly on finer substrates, while suggesting that active intervention may be necessary to enhance native plant communities on coarser sediments.

Sporophila hypochroma

Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks — 2018 — WHEF9574EE49D

Sporophila hypochroma, a bird species found in the Cerrado Protected Areas of Brazil, exhibits distinct seasonal migration patterns. Records indicate its presence in northeastern and eastern Bolivia, northern, central-west, and southern Brazil, central Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina during certain months. In Brazil, it has been observed in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between October and February, and in Mato Grosso (MT) and Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) from June to November. Notably, it was recorded in the Emas National Park in Goias (GO) in October, as well as in the Fossil Trees Natural Monument in Tocantins (TO). This species' distribution and migration routes are critical for understanding its ecological requirements and conservation needs within these UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Stable Isotope Probing for Microbial Iron Reduction in Chocolate Pots Hot Spring, Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2018 — WHE62AEF05AA4

Research at Chocolate Pots hot spring, Yellowstone National Park, reveals that microbial iron reduction is a significant process in circumneutral-pH Fe-rich geothermal environments. Using stable isotope probing and metagenomic sequencing, scientists identified active Fe(III)-reducing bacteria (FeRB), including Geobacter and Ignavibacteria, which play a key role in iron redox cycling within Fe-Si oxide deposits near the hot spring vent. The study highlights the importance of these microbes in generating geochemical and stable isotopic signatures, offering insights into potential microbial life in ancient Earth ecosystems and on Mars.