Publications
Microbial community assembly in relation to microclimate and intraspecific trait variation: A case study from the subtropical forests of Mount Wuyi
Research at Mount Wuyi's subtropical forests reveals distinct microbial community assembly patterns during downed log decomposition, influenced by both intraspecific trait variation (ITV) and microclimate. The study found that ITV and microclimate explained similar proportions of variation in fungal-bacterial interactions, with notable differences between the evergreen broadleaved forest at 1200 m elevation (Castanopsis eyrei) and the temperate coniferous forest at 1600 m elevation (Pinus taiwanensis). While temperature, moisture, and wood density shaped microbial dynamics in PT-1600, cellulose content, nitrogen content, and C/N ratio were key factors in CE-1200. This work provides new insights into the interplay between ITV, microclimate, and microbial metabolic pathways during log decomposition, advancing our understanding of forest carbon cycling.
A new species of the genus Chinattus Logunov, 1999 from Wuyi Mountain National Park, China (Araneae, Salticidae)
Researchers have identified a new species of jumping spider, Chinattus huanggangshan, within the genus Chinattus, from Wuyi Mountain National Park in Jiangxi Province, China. This discovery is significant as it represents the first confirmed record of this genus in Jiangxi, expanding its known distribution range. The study provides detailed morphological descriptions and photographs, along with a distribution map, to aid in species identification. Notably, the absence of Chinattus records in Jiangxi raises questions about potential sampling gaps or ecological barriers that may limit its presence in the region. This research contributes to our understanding of the genus' geographic range and habitat preferences within China.
Climate–Growth Sensitivity Reveals Species-Specific Adaptation Strategies of Montane Conifers to Warming in the Wuyi Mountains
Subtropical montane conifers exhibit distinct, species-specific adaptation strategies to climate change, with Pinus taiwanensis showing consistent temperature sensitivity and increasing growth response to summer warming, while Cryptomeria fortunei's growth is primarily regulated by moisture availability. This study employed dendroclimatological methods to analyze long-term climate-growth relationships in the Wuyi Mountains, revealing divergent responses: P. taiwanensis' radial growth positively correlated with summer temperatures (current and previous year), whereas C. fortunei's growth was influenced by precipitation patterns from the previous autumn and winter. These findings underscore the need for species-specific adaptive forest management strategies to maintain ecosystem services under future climate change.
Fluctuations in Species Diversity in Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests and Changes in Their Co-Occurrence Network
A first-of-its-kind long-term study of subtropical secondary forests at Mount Wuyi, China, reveals that rare species play critical roles as keystone elements in forest community stability. Between 2018 and 2023, high mortality rates among small-diameter trees created ecological niches for 12 new species to establish, while co-occurrence networks showed a shift toward stronger positive interactions but reduced modularity, suggesting a more integrated yet less stable community structure. Rare species, despite their low abundance, significantly contributed to network connectivity and stability. The study also found that topographic factors strongly influence species richness, highlighting the role of environmental filtering in shaping forest composition. These findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring in understanding subtropical forest dynamics.
Impact of Forest Ecological Compensation Policy on Farmers’ Livelihood: A Case Study of Wuyi Mountain National Park
Forest ecological compensation policies (FECPs) significantly influence farmers' livelihood strategies, with differentiated impacts depending on policy type. A study of Wuyi Mountain National Park found that 'blood-transfusion' policies reduce transition pressure through direct cash transfers, while 'blood-making' policies empower farmers by investing in physical and social capital. Among 239 farming households, livelihood strategies were distributed as pure agricultural (31.8%), out-migration for work (20.5%), and commercial operation (47.7%). The research used the mprobit model and moderating effect models to analyze how different dimensions of livelihood capital affect these choices. It proposes targeted policy recommendations, including dynamic compensation systems, innovative fund allocation mechanisms, and robust monitoring frameworks.
Morphology and nutrient content of bamboo rhizomes: Responses to enclosure succession in a Phyllostachys edulis forest in Wuyi Mountains, China
Enclosure succession significantly enhances bamboo rhizome growth and nutrient content in Phyllostachys edulis forests of Mount Wuyi, China, with optimal conditions observed after 6 years. The study found that rhizome number, flagella count, weak buds, and bifurcated rhizomes peaked at this stage, while rhizome length, weight, and bamboo shoot buds were highest after 4 years. Nutrient analysis revealed that total nitrogen was highest without enclosure, while phosphorus, potassium, and soluble sugars peaked after 41 years. Organic carbon followed a similar trend to rhizome growth, peaking after 6 years. The research suggests that enclosure measures optimize rhizome structure but should not exceed a certain threshold to maintain growth efficiency.
Research on the Impact of Climate Change Perceptions on the Carbon Offset Behavior of Visitors to Wuyi Mountain Forestry Heritage Site
A significant positive correlation exists between tourists' perceptions of climate change and their carbon offset behaviors at forestry heritage sites, with ecological identity and environmental responsibility acting as intermediary factors. Health attitudes moderate this relationship, while gender, age, and educational background also influence behavior development. The study, conducted using PLS-SEM analysis on 384 visitors to Mount Wuyi, sheds light on the internal mechanisms driving carbon offset behaviors in heritage tourism contexts, offering insights for sustainable tourism practices aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Soil Heavy Metal Accumulation and Ecological Risk in Mount Wuyi: Impacts of Vegetation Types and Pollution Sources
Soil heavy metal (HM) contamination poses significant ecological risks in Mount Wuyi, a UNESCO biodiversity hotspot and major tea production area. Research reveals that Cr, Cd, and Pb exhibit notable pollution levels, with Cd and Hg presenting the highest ecological hazards. Vegetation types play a crucial role in HM accumulation; cultivated areas and shrublands, such as tea gardens, show higher concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Hg due to agricultural and transportation activities, while bamboo forests demonstrate natural resistance to contamination. Geochemical indices and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling identified four primary pollution sources: urbanization (27.94%), transport–agriculture activities (21.40%), agricultural practices (12.98%), and atmospheric deposition (12.96%). These findings highlight the urgent need for clean energy solutions, phytoremediation strategies, and tea-specific detoxification measures to ensure ecological security and sustainable agriculture in this critical region.
The past, present, and future distribution of Calanthe graciliflora: implications for conservation and phylogeography
Global warming threatens the long-term survival of Calanthe graciliflora, a cold-tolerant orchid endemic to China. Using ecological niche models (ENMs) and 75 occurrence records, researchers projected its distribution across six time periods—from the Last Interglacial to the 2070s—and identified critical climate variables shaping its habitat. Historically, suitable areas contracted to refugia in the Qinling and Mount Wuyi regions during glacial periods, underscoring their importance for biodiversity conservation. Future projections warn of significant habitat loss, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation strategies. This study is the first to apply MaxEnt modeling to infer historical refugia while simultaneously analyzing future shifts, providing crucial insights for phylogeography and climate-adaptive conservation planning.
Altitudinal Effects on Soil Microbial Diversity and Composition in Moso Bamboo Forests of Wuyi Mountain
Soil microbial communities in Moso bamboo forests of Wuyi Mountain, China, exhibit significant structural variations along altitudinal gradients, with bacterial diversity peaking at mid-altitudes (850 m and 1100 m) while fungal diversity is highest at lower (530 m) and mid-altitudes. Alphaproteobacteria dominate bacterial communities, whereas Agaricomycetes are the most abundant fungi across all altitudes. Soil texture, pH, and available potassium content emerge as key drivers shaping microbial composition, with clay content playing a pivotal role in both bacterial and fungal community structure. This study highlights altitude-dependent shifts in microbial diversity and composition within a single ecosystem, providing critical insights for sustainable management of Moso bamboo forests under climate change scenarios.
An experimental investigation on the damage mechanisms of red glutenite in the Mount Wuyi cultural and natural heritage site subject to acid rain and wet-dry cycles: a macro-to-micro approach
Acid rain and wet-dry cycles significantly degrade the physical and mechanical properties of red glutenite, a rock type at Mount Wuyi's UNESCO World Heritage Site. Research reveals that as acidity increases and exposure to these cycles prolongs, key properties like dry density, wave velocity, compressive strength, and elastic modulus decline exponentially or linearly. The study used advanced techniques—including cold field emission scanning electron microscopy (CFE-SEM), image processing, and X-ray diffraction—to uncover how rock dissolution and desiccation interact, altering microstructure and mineral composition. A predictive model for uniaxial compressive strength was developed, offering critical insights for preserving this cultural and natural heritage.
Do establishment of protected areas and implementation of regional policies both promote the forest NPP? Evidence from Wuyi Mountain in China based on PSM-DID
Protected areas and conservation policies in Wuyi Mountain, China, have shown mixed but promising effects on forest Net Primary Productivity (NPP) between 1985 and 2021. The study found that 62.5% of protected areas positively influenced NPP, with nature reserves demonstrating the highest effectiveness at a 72% conservation rate. However, only 16.67% of policy scenarios showed concurrent positive effects from both protected areas and policies, indicating variability in outcomes depending on the type of protected area. The research used Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Difference-in-Difference (DID) models to assess these impacts, revealing that while some protected areas maintained stable NPP, others exhibited significant upward trends. These findings provide critical insights for policymakers aiming to enhance forest conservation in mountain regions.
Dominant Tree Species and Their Age Groups Drive Forest Carbon Storage in Wuyi Mountain National Park, China
Forest carbon storage in Wuyi Mountain National Park (WMNP) reached 4.851 million tons of carbon in 2020, with dominant tree species and age groups playing the most significant roles in driving this storage. The study, using biomass expansion factors and remote sensing data from 2017 to 2020, found positive correlations between carbon storage and elevation while noting negative impacts from slope length and aspect. Dominant tree species emerged as the primary factor influencing carbon storage, followed by age groups, providing critical insights for implementing forest carbon storage initiatives in WMNP. These findings underscore the importance of species composition and forest age in achieving carbon neutrality goals.
Identification of Characters of Cultural Landscape in Wuyishan National Park from the Perspective of Stratification
Research identifies the high-stratification cultural landscape area in Mount Wuyi, revealing its core landscape value and dynamic evolution across six historical periods—from Tang to Qing dynasties and contemporary times. This study introduces a novel approach combining Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) and Historic Landscape Characterization (HLC), enhanced by GeoDetector technology for objective element screening. Findings show a rising trend in cultural landscape diversity, with Taoist and neo-Confucian influences dominating, and a distinct 'T-shaped' spatial structure forming in contemporary times. Natural factors like river systems and topography, alongside human elements such as political beliefs and economic development, shape the stratification differences. This work provides a scientific basis for quantifying cultural value in national parks, offering insights for landscape representation and resource management.
Impacts of vegetation greening and climate change on trend and interannual variability in vegetation productivity in the Wuyi Mountain region
A significant increase in vegetation productivity, measured as Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), has been observed in the Wuyi Mountain region from 2001 to 2018, driven primarily by vegetation greening. The study, using a hydroecological model (BEPS-TerrainLab V2.0), found that while climate change, particularly warming, had an insignificant negative impact on GPP trends, it dominated interannual variability. Vegetation greening contributed positively to the increasing trend in GPP, with a rate of 15.76 g C m−2 yr−2, counteracting the slight negative effect of climate change (−0.43 g C m−2 yr−2). The findings highlight the critical role of vegetation greening in shaping long-term productivity trends and the influence of temperature on interannual variations in this subtropical forest region.
Multidimensional Assessment of the Aesthetic Quality of Natural Landscapes in Mount Wuyi National Park, China
A multidimensional assessment of Mount Wuyi National Park, China, reveals that southeastern landscapes exhibit superior aesthetic quality, characterized by higher uniqueness, diversity, and coordination. The study identified 341 individual and 41 combined natural landscapes using 17 landscape metrics, showing a denser concentration in the south and east, with moderate-quality landscapes scattered across northern, southwestern, and some southeastern areas. This research provides a micro-scale framework for aesthetic quality evaluation, offering valuable insights for the scientific management of natural landscapes in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Perception and Effectiveness of Environmental Education for Tourists under Spatial Perspective: A Case Study of Wuyi Mountain National Park
Tourists' preferences for guided education, open spaces, and interactive facilities significantly enhance the effectiveness of environmental education in national parks. A study at Mount Wuyi National Park found that both educational modes and spatial elements positively influence public perception and learning outcomes. Demographic factors, particularly educational background, also play a key role. The research recommends designing personalized environmental education programs to improve readability and engagement, supporting the high-quality development of such initiatives in protected areas.
Phylogenetic Relationships Plays a More Important Role than Environmental Factors in Influencing Leaf Si and Ca Stoichiometry Along the Elevation Gradient in a Chinese Subtropical Forest
Phylogenetic relationships play a more significant role than environmental factors in shaping leaf silicon (Si) and calcium (Ca) stoichiometry along elevation gradients in subtropical forests. Researchers analyzed dominant tree species across Mount Wuyi National Park, China, from 800 to 1700 meters, finding that leaf Si and Si/Ca ratios decreased while Ca content increased with altitude. Environmental factors like precipitation, soil available silicon, organic matter, and bulk density influenced stoichiometry but were secondary to phylogenetic conservatism—closely related species exhibited similar traits. Structural equation modeling revealed that phylogeny dominated over environmental effects, suggesting evolutionary lineage is a stronger determinant of leaf Si and Ca patterns than elevation-driven ecological changes.
Population Variation and Phylogeography of Cherry Blossom (Prunus conradinae) in China
A comprehensive analysis of the cherry blossom (Prunus conradinae) reveals significant genetic diversity and distinct phylogeographic structure across Central, East, and Southwest China. The study, combining morphological and molecular data from 244 individuals, identified two major lineages that diverged approximately 4.38 million years ago due to geographic isolation. While the Southwest region shows lower genetic differentiation with evident gene exchange, Central China exhibits pronounced differentiation. The findings also support a new variant (P. conradinae var. rubrum) and highlight Mount Wuyi's southeastern region as a potential refuge for this species. This research provides critical insights for the conservation and exploitation of P. conradinae germplasm resources.
Simulation study on water yield service flow based on the InVEST-Geoda-Gephi network: A case study on Wuyi Mountains, China
A study on the Wuyi Mountains, China, reveals significant spatial heterogeneity and mismatch between water yield service supply and demand from 2000 to 2020. The research found that high-supply areas often do not align with high-demand regions, particularly around provincial capitals and coastal economic zones. Urbanization and economic development have marginalized deficit nodes in the water yield service flow network, reducing its density and connectivity, thereby weakening the ecosystem's ability to provide water services. The study employed a novel methodology integrating InVEST, Geoda, and Gephi models to analyze spatiotemporal evolution, regional alignment patterns, and network characteristics of water yield service flows. This approach provides strategic insights for rational water resource allocation, ecological protection, and sustainable development in regional ecosystems.
Trichoderma wuyiense (Hypocreales, Ascomycota), a new species from Wuyi Mountains, China
Researchers have identified a new species of Trichoderma fungus, Trichoderma wuyiense, from the Wuyi Mountains in China. This discovery was made through a comprehensive analysis combining morphological characteristics, cultural traits, and phylogenetic data derived from rDNA sequences of RPB2 and TEF1-α genes. T. wuyiense is distinguished by its unique conidiophores, phialides, and conidia, and it belongs to the Viride clade, showing close relations to Trichoderma sparsum. The study highlights the importance of integrating morphological and molecular data for accurate species classification, contributing significantly to our understanding of fungal biodiversity in the Wuyi Mountains.
Variation in Niche and Interspecific Associations across Elevations in Subtropical Forest Communities of the Wuyi Mountains, Southeastern China
A study of subtropical forests in the Wuyi Mountains, China, reveals that plant species' niche overlap and interspecific associations vary significantly with elevation. The research found that while mid-elevations (560–1400 m) exhibit the strongest interactions between tree and shrub species, higher elevations show a marked decrease in niche overlap, suggesting diverse resource-use strategies adapted to environmental conditions. By analyzing 20 dominant tree and 23 shrub species across three elevation ranges (low, mid, and high), the study provides insights into the ecological processes shaping plant community structure in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
“Diminishing returns” and leaf area-biomass scaling of ferns in subtropical ecosystems
A study of subtropical ferns at Mount Wuyi, China, reveals that their leaf area-biomass scaling relationships adhere to the 'diminishing returns hypothesis' (DRH), which posits that leaf area scales with mass at a rate less than 1.0. Researchers analyzed 28 fern species across three elevations, finding consistent sub-linear scaling exponents for individual and total leaf metrics, supporting the DRH's applicability to ancient plant lineages. While leaf mass per area varied significantly with elevation, leaf area itself did not, indicating stable light interception strategies despite environmental gradients. The findings advance understanding of resource allocation in ferns, a diverse and ecologically significant group.
A new species of shrew moles, genus Uropsilus Milne-Edwards, 1871 (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Talpidae), from the Wuyi Mountains, Jiangxi Province, eastern China
Researchers have identified a new species of shrew mole, Uropsilus huanggangensis, in the Wuyi Mountains, Jiangxi Province, eastern China. This discovery extends the known range of the genus Uropsilus to its easternmost record and represents the first documentation of this group from the Wuyi Mountains, which are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The new species is distinguished by unique morphological traits, including dark chocolate-brown fur, an elongated snout, and distinctive cranial features. Genetic analysis, involving mitochondrial and nuclear genes, revealed significant genetic divergence from other Uropsilus species, with cytochrome b (CYT B) gene distances ranging between 9.3% and 16.4%. The study suggests that U. huanggangensis diverged during the late Pliocene, approximately 1.92 million years ago.
Effect of Dry–Wet Cycling on the Degradation Characteristics and Mechanisms of Red Sandstone
Dry–wet cycling significantly degrades the physical and mechanical properties of red sandstone at Mount Wuyi, with elastic modulus proving to be the most sensitive parameter. After 15 cycles, microstructural integrity is severely compromised, marked by widespread dissolution of interstitial fillings and extensive microfracturing. The study identifies calcite reduction (46.6%) as a key mechanism in this degradation process. Using acoustic wave velocity, water saturation rate, triaxial compression tests, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, researchers established a strength decay prediction equation, offering theoretical support for landscape protection and geological hazard prevention at the site.
Effects of Enclosure Succession on the Morphological Characteristics and Nutrient Content of a Bamboo Whip System in a Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Forest on Wuyi Mountain, China
Enclosure management significantly enhances the growth and nutrient content of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) whips in Wuyi Mountain, China. After 41 years of enclosure, whip number, diameter, flagella count, length, and weight increased by up to 169.2% in the topsoil (0–20 cm), while internode length decreased by 27.9%. Nutrient analysis revealed higher organic carbon and starch contents post-enclosure, with soluble sugar content peaking after 4 years. These findings highlight enclosure's role in improving bamboo forest structure, soil nutrients, and erosion prevention, offering insights for sustainable management of UNESCO-listed sites.
The Impact of the Establishment of the Mount Wuyi National Park on the Livelihood of Farmers
Farmers around Mount Wuyi National Park continue to rely on tea-based agricultural employment and part-time work, with agricultural income remaining their primary source of revenue post-establishment. A study analyzing survey data from 354 farmers found that while the park's creation has not significantly altered livelihood choices or income levels, it underscores the need for balanced strategies to protect both ecological integrity and local economies. Researchers used a difference-in-difference model to assess changes before and after the park's establishment, also examining heterogeneity based on tea planting area and income levels. The findings suggest that targeted support for farmers could enhance sustainable livelihoods while preserving the site's UNESCO World Heritage status.
The Lagging Effect of Precipitation on NAIs Concentrations on Rainy Days in Wuyi Mountain National Park, China
Rainy days significantly boost negative air ion (NAI) concentrations, but this effect lingers for only two days before NAIs sharply decline on the third day. Using hourly data from 2019 at Wuyi Mountain National Parkresearchers found that precipitation (PRE) is the dominant driver of NAI levels on rainy days, while relative humidity (RHU), sea-level pressure, and temperature play key roles on non-rainy days. The study also revealed that NAIs respond more strongly to RHU during rain and to pressure, visibility, vapor pressure, and ground surface temperature otherwise. These insights clarify the complex relationship between weather factors and NAI dynamics, highlighting PRE’s critical role in their temporal behavior.
The second species of Neowuia Li & Murányi, 2017 (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) from Fujian, China
Researchers have identified and described a new species of stonefly, Neowuia wuyishana, from Mount Wuyi in Fujian Province, China. This discovery marks the second species within the genus Neowuia and expands the known distribution of the tribe Diploperlini in the Oriental region. The study, published in Zootaxa, focuses on morphological features of both adults and eggs, confirming Neowuia's placement within Diploperlini. Notably, this is the first record of Diploperlini in southeastern coastal China, contributing significantly to our understanding of biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem service Bundles in response to relief degree of land surface in a small watershed of Mount Wuyi
A study on Mount Wuyi's Jiuquxi watershed reveals that ecosystem services, including biodiversity maintenance, carbon sequestration, water yield, and water purification, increase with the relief degree of land surface (RDLS). The research identifies three distinct ecosystem service bundles: eco-fragile (low in all services), eco-regulating (high in all services, dominated by carbon sequestration), and eco-conservation (high in all services, dominated by biodiversity). Eco-fragile bundles cluster in low RDLS regions, while eco-regulating bundles are found in high RDLS areas. The study also uncovers two response patterns of ecosystem service trade-offs/synergies to RDLS: an inverted U-shape curve and an N-type curve with inflection points at secondary or quaternary RDLS levels. These findings were derived using models like InVEST, K-mean clustering analysis, and indices such as ESCI and ESTD over the period 2009-2016.
Variations in Microbial Residue and Its Contribution to SOC between Organic and Mineral Soil Layers along an Altitude Gradient in the Wuyi Mountains
A key finding from this study is that soil layer type significantly influences microbial residue carbon content and its contribution to soil organic carbon (SOC). Specifically, while microbial residue carbon increases with depth from the organic layer (0–10 cm) to the mineral layer (30–40 cm), its proportion of SOC decreases. Fungal residue carbon dominates in both layers but declines relative to bacterial residue carbon as depth increases. Elevation emerged as a critical factor, explaining 85.8% and 67.9% of variations in microbial residue carbon in the organic and mineral layers, respectively. The study used amino sugars as biomarkers for microbial residues and redundancy analysis (RDA) to explore these patterns along an altitude gradient in Mount Wuyi's soils. These insights advance understanding of soil carbon cycling, offering potential strategies for enhancing carbon sequestration through microbial manipulation.
A review of Leuctridae (Insecta, Plecoptera) in Wuyi Mountains, China
A comprehensive review of the stonefly family Leuctridae (Insecta, Plecoptera) in Wuyi Mountains, China, identifies twelve species, including five new distribution records, representing approximately 20% of China's recorded Leuctridae diversity. The study addresses historical gaps caused by damaged holotypes and limited documentation, providing updated taxonomic keys, new images, and notes for most species. Notably, Rhopalopsole recurvispina (Wu, 1949) is designated as a nomen dubium due to insufficient distinguishing features. This research enhances our understanding of the region's biodiversity, emphasizing Wuyi Mountains' ecological significance as a hotspot for Leuctridae species.
Application of Consumer–level UAV Photogrammetry in Digital Survey of Cliff-burial Culture Relics: A Case Study of Mount Wuyi
Consumer-level UAV photogrammetry emerges as a transformative tool for surveying cliff-burial culture relics, offering significant improvements in accuracy, range, and flight control compared to conventional methods. This study demonstrates its potential for digital surveys of challenging sites like those on Mount Wuyi, where traditional techniques are impractical due to steep slopes and escarpments overlooking rivers. The approach not only advances the documentation of cliff-burial heritage but also establishes a scalable method applicable to other excavated funeral sites globally, bridging research gaps in Far East Asia and Europe.
Dynamics of arbor layer in the Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest in the Wuyi Mountains, Fujian Province, southeastern China in 2013-2018
A study on the subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province, China, revealed shifts in tree species dynamics between 2013 and 2018. The research found that while species richness increased slightly, diversity indices like Shannon-Wiener and Simpson showed minor declines. Tree population declined by 6.5%, with higher mortality (2.3%) than recruitment (0.96%), suggesting heightened competition among species for resources like light. Notably, common species decreased while rare ones increased, indicating potential vulnerability to disturbances. The study also highlighted challenges in the regeneration of sun-adapted species like Alniphyllum fortunei and Schima superba, hinting at a possible shift toward shade-tolerant or intermediate species. This research provides critical insights into forest dynamics, aiding conservation efforts for UNESCO-listed sites.
Features of Rodent Species Diversity in Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi Province, China
A comprehensive inventory of rodent species diversity in Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, China, reveals 16 species belonging to eight families, with dominant species like Niviventer fulvescens and N. confucianus exhibiting broad altitude distribution ranges. Bamboo planting areas showed the highest species richness and diversity indices, while farmland harbored the most dominant but least diverse rodent communities. The study classifies rodent communities into three distinct types—meadow, forest, and farmland—and provides critical insights for biodiversity conservation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Genetic Diversity of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Germplasm Resources in Wuyi Mountain of China Based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) Markers
A high level of genetic diversity was found among tea plant (Camellia sinensis) germplasm resources in Wuyi Mountain, China, a globally recognized origin of black and oolong teas. Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers, researchers analyzed 137 tea samples from the region, revealing that intrapopulation variation accounted for 66% of total genetic diversity. The study also identified distinct genetic backgrounds in landraces compared to wild types, suggesting population differentiation. These findings provide critical insights for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Wuyi Mountain's tea germplasm, while also offering potential for optimizing tea cultivation through targeted breeding programs.
Immersive cultural heritage digital documentation and information service for historical figure metaverse: a case of Zhu Xi, Song Dynasty, China
A metaverse-based digital documentation framework for historical figures, exemplified by Zhu Xi, founder of Neo-Confucianism and a key figure in Mount Wuyi's cultural heritage, has been developed to advance immersive cultural tourism. This framework integrates multimodal data digitization tailored for metaverse presentations, enabling contactless virtual and real cultural experiences that enhance research and preservation efforts. The study also introduces an immersive cultural tourism information service designed to provide tourists with a comprehensive experience before, during, and after their visit. By leveraging the metaverse, this approach represents a significant step forward in creating interactive historical figure metaverses, offering new avenues for cultural engagement and education.
Species Diversity Has a Positive Interrelationship with Aboveground Biomass and a Mismatch with Productivity in a Subtropical Broadleaf Forest on the Wuyi Mountains, China
A study on the Wuyi Mountains, China, reveals that species diversity positively correlates with aboveground biomass (AGB) but not with productivity in subtropical broadleaf forests. Researchers analyzed large-, medium-, and small-scale forest dynamics plots using species richness, Shannon–Wiener index, and Pielou index, along with generalized linear regression models. The findings suggest that while species diversity enhances AGB, productivity is more influenced by abiotic factors like elevation. This insight challenges the assumption that biodiversity alone drives ecosystem functioning and provides a foundation for protecting evergreen broadleaf forests (EBLFs) in subtropical regions. The results also offer guidance for artificial forest construction and vegetation restoration.
When and How Tourists Engage in Citizenship Behavior: The Interactive Effect of Trait Gratitude and Positive Resident–Tourist Contact
Tourists with higher trait gratitude are more likely to engage in citizenship behavior (TCB) at UNESCO World Heritage Site Mount Wuyi, but this effect is significantly strengthened when they experience positive interactions with local residents. The study reveals that perceived insider status—feeling accepted or valued by locals—mediates this relationship, acting as a bridge between gratitude and TCB. Using structural equation modeling on data from 497 tourists, researchers demonstrated that positive resident-tourist contact not only amplifies the impact of gratitude but also enhances its role in shaping perceived insider status, which in turn drives TCB. This finding underscores the importance of fostering positive social interactions to encourage responsible tourism behavior.
A new species of the genus Rana sensu lato Linnaeus, 1758 (Anura, Ranidae) from Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China
Researchers have identified a new frog species within the genus Rana from Mount Wuyi, Fujian Province, China. This discovery was supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses, which revealed that the new species is genetically distinct from its closest relatives in the R. johnsi group. The species exhibits unique morphological traits, including medium body size (41.4–50.3 mm), internal subgular vocal sacs in males, lateroventral grooves on toe tips, and a distinctive creamy white nuptial pad with velvety spines during breeding. Additionally, the dorsal surface of its thighs and tibias features prominent transverse skin ridges, averaging 26.5 ± 2.7 in number. These characteristics collectively differentiate it from known congeners, contributing to our understanding of biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
A Study on the Impact of Tourism Security Factor of Travelling Intention on FIT
Tourism safety perception mediates the relationship between tourism security factors and traveler intentions, revealing that while security concerns negatively impact travel intentions, they positively influence safety perceptions. The study identifies four key dimensions affecting FIT (Free and Independent Travelers) travel security: safety management environment, tourism environment, travelers themselves, and personnel management. Conducted through a survey of 246 valid respondents at Mount Wuyi in 2018, the research used descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and linear regression to validate its hypotheses. It concludes with practical measures to mitigate the negative impact of security factors on travel intentions and enhance travelers' safety perceptions.
Can Protected Area Have Positive Effects on Community Livelihood?–Evidence from Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve, China
Protected areas can have positive effects on community livelihood, particularly through eco-tourism, contrary to the common belief that they exacerbate local poverty. A study of 170 rural households within and nearby Wuyi Mountain National Nature Reserve (WNR) in China found that households inside the reserve had significantly higher total income and per capita income compared to those outside. The research, conducted between 2010 and 2014 using robust random effect models, revealed that factors such as the age and education of household heads, clan membership, and financial/technical assistance positively influenced income. It also highlighted a spill-over effect where communities within WNR positively impacted nearby communities. The study suggests that while diversification of livelihood strategies is crucial for risk control within the reserve, nearby communities should leverage their comparative advantages rather than emulating tea production expansion.
Different Time Scale Distribution of Negative Air Ions Concentrations in Mount Wuyi National Park
Negative air ions (NAIs) concentrations in Mount Wuyi National Park exhibit distinct seasonal patterns primarily influenced by relative humidity, with water emerging as a critical factor across time scales. Correlation and regression analyses revealed strong dependencies between NAI levels and meteorological conditions year-round, while the ARIMA (0,1, 1) model proved most accurate for forecasting future trends, minimizing errors compared to other models. This study advances our understanding of NAI distribution dynamics, offering insights into air quality assessment in protected natural environments like UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Does Positive Contact Between Residents and Tourists Stimulate Tourists’ Environmentally Responsible Behavior? The Role of Gratitude and Boundary Conditions
Positive interactions between residents and tourists at Mount Wuyi significantly enhance tourists' environmentally responsible behavior, primarily through the mediation of gratitude. The study found that highly agreeable tourists experienced stronger effects, with positive contact leading to greater gratitude and, consequently, more pro-environmental actions. This suggests that fostering positive resident-tourist relationships can be an effective strategy for promoting sustainable tourism practices.
Leaf and fine root economics spectrum across 49 woody plant species in Wuyi Mountains
A study of 49 woody plant species in the UNESCO-listed Mount Wuyi reveals distinct patterns in leaf and fine root economics, highlighting strategic trade-offs between resource acquisition and storage. The research identifies a spectrum of traits—including single leaf area (ILA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf carbon content (LCC), nitrogen content (LNC), and phosphorus content—that underpin ecological niche differentiation and species coexistence in this biodiverse subtropical forest. By analyzing these traits, the study provides insights into how plants adapt to varying environmental conditions, contributing to our understanding of forest dynamics and conservation strategies for UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
On the Creation, Development and Decline of the Great Tea Route
The Great Tea Route, originating from Mount Wuyi—a pivotal tea production region in Southeastern China—emerged as a significant transnational trade corridor linking China with Mongolia and Russia. Unlike the Silk Road, which facilitated silk trade, this route centered on tea, extending its influence temporally and spatially while connecting China to its northern neighbors. Conducted by prominent merchants from Shanxi province, it traversed eight Chinese provinces and multiple cities before reaching Kyakhta in Russia, where goods were transferred to European destinations. The study examines the historical background, driving factors, and challenges that shaped this route's formation, development, and eventual decline.
Production and Consumption of Coromandel Lacquer Screens in the 17th and 18th Centuries
Coromandel lacquer screens, crafted in China during the Qing Dynasty and exported to Europe via Dutch and English East India Companies, played a pivotal role in 17th and 18th-century global interaction and consumer culture. These screens, typically featuring twelve panels with continuous scenes of human figures, landscapes, or bird-and-flower motifs, were not merely commodities but active participants in cross-cultural exchange. The study reveals that their production was influenced by Chinese domestic traditions focused on social prestige, while their consumption in Europe reflected exotic luxury and sparked stylistic changes in chinoiserie. Historical records, including the 16th-century book Xiu Shi lu and inscriptions on the screens, provide insights into their production techniques, themes, and purposes. The research also highlights parallels between lacquer screens and contemporary paintings, as well as their inspiration from landscape woodblock prints.
Two complete mitochondrial genomes of the black-spotted stout newt (Pachytriton brevipes) and their relative phylogenetics relationship with other Salamandridae
Two complete mitochondrial genomes of the black-spotted stout newt (Pachytriton brevipes) were sequenced, revealing lengths of 16,298 bp and 16,301 bp. These genomes contain 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, one non-coding region, and one control region. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the two samples of P. brevipes form a sister group to P. feii, providing new insights into the evolutionary relationships within Salamandridae. This study contributes to understanding the genetic diversity and phylogenetic positioning of this species, which is widely distributed in the mountains of southeastern China.
Two new species of Rhopalopsole (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from Wuyi Mountains of China
Researchers have identified two new species of stoneflies, Rhopalopsole wuyishanensis and Rhopalopsole trichotoma, from the Wuyi Mountains in southeastern China. These discoveries expand the known biodiversity of the genus Rhopalopsole within the Leuctridae family (Plecoptera). The study provides detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, distinguishing these species from closely related groups such as the R. dentata group and the R. shaanxiensis group. The findings contribute to our understanding of stonefly diversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site, which is renowned for its unique ecosystems.
Characteristics of light fraction organic matter in surface soil of different altitude forests in Wuyi Mountain
A study on Mount Wuyi reveals that mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests (BCF) exhibit higher light fraction organic matter content and carbon storage compared to evergreen broad-leaved forests (EBF) and coniferous forests (CF). This finding suggests BCF plays a significant role in soil organic carbon dynamics. The research used density fractionation to analyze surface soil samples from different forest types across elevations, showing that fine root biomass is a crucial source of light fraction organic matter. This insight is vital for understanding soil carbon cycling under future climate and vegetation changes.
SHRIMP U–Pb ages of zircons from the Lengshuikeng ore field, North Wuyi Mountains, South China: Implications for dating volcaniclastic rocks
A new study challenges the long-standing debate on the age of volcanic rocks in the Lengshuikeng Ag–Pb–Zn ore field, North Wuyi Mountains, South China. Using SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating, researchers identified two distinct populations of zircons—autocrystic and xenocrystic—in ignimbrites and tuffs from the region. The autocrystic zircons indicate that these pyroclastic rocks formed during the Early Lower Cretaceous (~140 Ma), while xenocrystic zircons suggest earlier granitic intrusions in the Early Upper Jurassic (155–159 Ma). This finding resolves conflicting age estimates and highlights the complexity of interpreting zircon ages in volcaniclastic rocks, where younger U–Pb dates may not always reflect the true formation or eruption age if juvenile or vitric pyroclasts are absent or scarce.
A new species of the genus Megophrys Gunther, 1864 (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Mount Wuyi, China
Scientists have identified a new species of horned toad, Megophrys ombrophila, from Mount Wuyi, China. This discovery was made through a combination of morphological, bioacoustic, and molecular analyses of 12S and 16S mitochondrial DNA. The species is characterized by its rotund body, distinct tympanum, smooth dorsal skin with granules and ridges, and unique reproductive traits. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that M. ombrophila is closely related to Megophrys obesa from Guangdong Province. The study highlights the importance of fine-scale molecular and phenotypic assessments in uncovering cryptic species within the hyper-diverse subfamily Megophryinae.
The Evolution of Cultural Space in a World Heritage Site: Tourism Sustainable Development of Mount Wuyi, China
Mount Wuyi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in China, exhibits a dynamic evolution of its tea cultural space driven by market forces and cultural development. A study analyzing data from 1996 to 2017 using the vector autoregressive model revealed that culture was the most influential factor in this evolution, while market supply and demand acted as the strongest exogenous drivers. The research identified a multi-stranded interactive evolutionary model, offering insights into the sustainable development of tourism destinations and World Heritage Sites. This finding underscores the importance of balancing cultural preservation with economic growth to ensure long-term sustainability.
Tourism Attraction and Tourist Satisfaction with World Heritage: A Case Study of Mount Wuyi
A UNESCO World Heritage Site's brand significantly boosts its tourism attractiveness. At Mount Wuyi, natural landscapes, tea culture, ecological conditions, accommodation, transportation, ticket pricing, staff service quality, and the world heritage brand all positively influence tourist satisfaction. Cultural relics, security, and individual characteristics did not show significant impacts. The study used questionnaires and factor analysis to assess tourism attraction while employing an ologit model for regression analysis of satisfaction.
Impacts of nitrogen addition on foliar nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mount Wuyi
Increasing nitrogen (N) availability in subtropical evergreen forests can intensify phosphorus (P) limitation, as shown by a study conducted at Mount Wuyi. Researchers found that while foliar N levels rose significantly across most species under N addition, P dynamics—rather than N—primarily drove changes in foliar N:P ratios. Herbaceous plants exhibited greater sensitivity to N addition compared to trees and shrubs, with notable increases in foliar P for herbs but a significant decrease in the moss Leucobryum chlorophyllosum. The study, spanning 2013–2015, revealed that mean foliar N:P ratios shifted from 18.67 to 19.72 under N addition, suggesting stronger P limitation. These findings highlight how elevated N inputs can alter nutrient cycling and stoichiometry in subtropical forests.
The taste of tea: Material, embodied knowledge and environmental history in northern Fujian, China
Mount Wuyi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in northern Fujian, China, is renowned for its superior tea production, particularly rock tea, which has been cultivated for over 1500 years. The study reveals that the quality of tea in this region is not solely determined by environmental factors such as terrain but also by the embodied cultural knowledge and skills of specialist tea workers. This includes a unique vocabulary used to evaluate taste and fragrance. Recent efforts to establish national tea quality standards have had to reconcile commercial interests with traditional ecological and cultural practices, highlighting the significance of both human expertise and natural environment in tea appreciation.
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