Publications
Effects of habitat fragmentation on species richness and community composition of medium- and large-sized mammals in sugarcane-dominated Cerrado landscapes, southwestern Goiás, Brazil
Mammal species richness and community composition in the Cerrado Protected Areas of Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, Brazil, are highly sensitive to habitat fragmentation caused by sugarcane expansion. The study found that landscape metrics—such as native habitat area, fragment isolation, and proximity to protected areas—explained 90.1% of species richness variation and 85.5% of compositional changes. Species diversity increased with more native habitat but declined with greater fragment isolation, while community structure was primarily shaped by inter-fragment distances and protection status. These findings highlight the profound impact of agricultural landscapes on mammal assemblages, favoring generalist and disturbance-tolerant species while reshaping ecological dynamics.
Immunological and reproductive effects of anthropized environments in Leptodactylus fuscus (Anura)
Anthropogenic disturbances in the Cerrado Protected Areas, specifically Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, significantly alter the immunological and reproductive systems of the frog Leptodactylus fuscus. Research indicates that exposure to agricultural (soybean and sugarcane) and urban environments leads to increased lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, reduced spleen white pulp, elevated red pulp, higher mast cell presence, and changes in melanin pigmentation. Additionally, frogs from highly disturbed areas show an expansion in the area occupied by spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa, suggesting multi-systemic physiological adaptations or stress responses. This study highlights the potential of tissue biomarkers for monitoring wild populations under environmental stress, providing critical insights into the impacts of anthropogenic activities on native anuran communities.
Soil Macrofauna Diversity in Threatened Veredas in Two Protected Areas of the Brazilian Cerrado
Environmental degradation in veredas, hygrophilous communities of the Brazilian Cerrado, does not necessarily reduce soil macrofauna diversity but instead may favor certain functional groups, such as herbivores and detritivores, which adapt to altered conditions. This restructuring of communities, rather than a simple decline in biodiversity, was observed in a study comparing preserved (Almescla) and degraded (Peruaçu) veredas in northern Minas Gerais. Researchers analyzed soil macrofauna using pitfall traps across 24 plots per site, recording over 5000 arthropod individuals belonging to four classes, 20 orders, 89 families, and 396 morphospecies. Ants (Formicidae) were the most abundant group, influencing higher macrofauna occurrence in degraded areas due to their adaptability. The study underscores the importance of conservation efforts to maintain vegetation structure and litter deposition, ensuring the preservation of soil biodiversity in threatened ecosystems.
Spatial and temporal variation in food resources shapes foraging of the Blue-and-yellow Macaw (Ara ararauna; Linnaeus, 1758) in a mosaic of Cerrado densities
Blue-and-yellow Macaws (Ara ararauna) rely on the spatial and temporal variation of food resources across different densities of Cerrado habitats for their survival. Research at Emas National Park, Brazil, revealed that three key food species—Anacardium humile, Caryocar brasiliense, and Ouratea spectabilis—vary significantly in abundance depending on Cerrado density, with open sites supporting higher numbers of macaws during the dry-to-wet season transition. Pouteria torta serves as a consistent seed source across all densities. The study highlights that conserving diverse Cerrado mosaics is critical for maintaining year-round food availability and sustaining macaw populations amid habitat loss.
Temporal Changes in Vegetation Cover in Área de Proteção de Pouso Alto, Chapada dos Veadeiros - GO
Despite the establishment of the Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Pouso Alto in 2001, vegetation loss in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region has not been effectively mitigated. A study analyzing land cover changes over 23 years found that 27.8% of the APA experienced alterations, with 16.6% occurring post-protection designation. Critically, the wilderness zone—intended to have stricter protections—showed nearly triple the vegetation loss in 2023 compared to 2000. The failure to implement a management plan has left priority conservation areas vulnerable, undermining the APA's role in landscape protection and connectivity. Researchers used MapBiomas classification data to compare land use between 2000 (pre-APA) and 2023, revealing persistent threats to biodiversity despite legal safeguards.
“Essa experiência na Chapada dos Veadeiros transformou minha vida”: motivações espirituais dos viajantes na natureza
Spiritual tourism in natural settings, particularly in UNESCO-listed Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, is driven by a complex interplay of internal and external motivations. Research reveals that travelers seek experiences offering peace, personal transformation, and mental rest, often escaping urban stress to connect with nature's spiritual wisdom and traditional knowledge. The study identifies 26 distinct motivations, with 17 internal (e.g., well-being, self-discovery) and 9 external (e.g., exposure to knowledgeable guides), while also highlighting factors that detract from these experiences. Conducted through semi-structured interviews with 10 spiritual travelers in Alto Paraíso, the research applies 'push and pull' motivation theory to analyze data via MAXQDA software. Findings underscore the need for sustainable development of spiritual tourism in this protected area, balancing cultural preservation with visitor experiences.
Effects of Precipitation and Fire on Land Surface Phenology in the Brazilian Savannas (Cerrado)
Fire and precipitation significantly influence land surface phenology (LSP) in the Brazilian Cerrado, with fire exerting a stronger impact on vegetation recovery metrics. A study analyzing Emas National Park using MODIS and HLS satellite data identified key LSP metrics—such as Amplitude (AMP), End of Season (EOS), and Seasonal Integrals (SSI)—that are highly responsive to both rainfall and fire disturbances. While precipitation primarily affects woodland areas, fire disrupts grasslands more severely, altering Base Level (BL) and recovery rates post-disturbance. The research highlights the importance of combining high-resolution satellite data to better understand vegetation dynamics in this globally significant ecosystem.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Land Use and Cover Dynamics in Protected Areas of the Brazilian Cerrado
Protected areas within the Brazilian Cerrado, such as Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, exhibit significantly more constrained land use and cover dynamics compared to their buffer zones (BZs), with some parks like Templo dos Pilares showing extensive preserved vegetation. However, surrounding BZs face intense land use pressures, posing potential threats to biodiversity conservation in these protected areas. A spatiotemporal analysis of satellite imagery from 1985 to 2018 revealed that while NPA maintain stable land cover patterns, their BZs experience rapid transformations, highlighting the need for proactive management strategies to mitigate external pressures and safeguard long-term conservation efforts.
The long-term absence of natural fires restructures the small-bodied mammal assemblages across a Protected Area of Brazilian Cerrado
Long-term absence of natural fires (17 years) significantly restructured small-bodied mammal assemblages in the Cerrado Protected Areas, leading to habitat homogenization and shifts in species composition. The study compared data from 2016–2017 (no fires) with 1999–2000 (fires present), revealing that most species adapted to both forest and savannah environments, unlike the distinct assemblages observed during natural fire regimes. This suggests fire absence alters local biodiversity dynamics, emphasizing its critical role in maintaining Cerrado ecosystems. The findings underscore the need for nuanced fire management strategies to preserve native biotas, as both excessive fires and their complete suppression negatively impact mammal communities.
Threats and Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Use in the Buffer Zones of National Parks in the Brazilian Cerrado
Eleven of the 15 buffer zones surrounding national parks in Brazil's Cerrado biome are identified as high to very high priority for conservation actions, with the Serra da Bodoquena, Emas, Canastra, and Brasília parks ranking highest. The study, using multicriteria analysis methods like the analytic hierarchy process and weighted linear combination, highlights severe ecological connectivity losses (up to 44.5%) in buffer zones such as Grande Sertão Veredas, Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba, and Serra das Confusões between 2012 and 2020. The research emphasizes the need for targeted conservation efforts in the northern Cerrado, where natural vegetation remains relatively intact, while promoting sustainable land use practices in the more densely occupied southern regions.
Verbenaceae in Emas National Park (Goiás state, Central Brazil), with a focus on chromatic variation in the corollas of Lippia filifolia
Researchers have uncovered a notable chromatic variation in the corollas of Lippia filifolia within Emas National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Brazil's Cerrado domain. Unlike specimens from other regions like the Espinhaço Range and Serra da Canastra, which exhibit yellow corollas, those found in Emas display an uncommon red coloration. This discovery contributes to the taxonomic and biogeographic understanding of Verbenaceae in the Brazilian Central Plateau. The study recorded 12 taxa belonging to three genera, including Lippia stachyoides var. guajajarana, which is endemic to the park. To support conservation efforts, the research provides a synopsis, photographs, and an identification key for the taxa occurring in this critical biodiversity region.
Agro-ecological transition in rural settlement in Chapada dos Veadeiros
A transition to organic and agroecological management in rural settlements of the Chapada dos Veadeiros region has significantly enhanced sustainability, particularly by reducing environmental impacts. The study, using the AMBITEC-AGRO system, found a 3.73% reduction in environmental impact indices after the shift, with improvements also noted in economic (7.70%) and social dimensions (7.19%). Key factors contributing to these gains included increased employment, income, consumer benefits, and health outcomes. The research employed a three-stage approach involving surveys, questionnaires, and interviews, followed by data analysis using weighting matrices to generate impact indices.
Impact of vereda dryness on the insect herbivore diversity in adjacent cerrado areas in Brazilian Protected Areas
Herbivorous insect diversity and abundance are significantly higher in wet zones adjacent to veredas compared to dry areas, indicating a preference for moisture-rich environments that likely offer better food resources. This study, conducted across three Brazilian protected areas (Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks), recorded 106 species from five orders, with Hemiptera and Coleoptera dominating in both richness and abundance. While chewing insects showed greater abundance in wet zones, sucking insect diversity did not differ between zones. Immature insects also exhibited higher richness in wet areas, though adult diversity remained consistent. The research highlights the critical role of hydrological conditions in shaping insect herbivore communities, with implications for conservation strategies in moisture-dependent ecosystems.
Manutenção econômica da microrregião da Chapada dos Veadeiros
A study demonstrates that the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, located within the Cerrado Protected Areas of Brazil, has significant economic potential to sustain local communities and drive regional development through nature-based tourism. The research reveals that while global tourism grows at an average rate of 4% annually, ecotourism in this region expands at a much faster pace—10% to 30% per year—with visitor numbers and employment increasing by 13.7% and 12.6%, respectively, over the analyzed period. This growth is further bolstered by rising revenue from park entry fees, positioning ecotourism as a viable economic pillar for the microregion. The findings underscore the importance of conservation-driven tourism in fostering sustainable development while maintaining ecological integrity.
Modeling the Brazilian Cerrado land use change highlights the need to account for private property sizes for biodiversity conservation
A projected loss of up to 30.6 million hectares of native vegetation by 2070 in the Cerrado-Brazilian savanna underscores the critical need for targeted conservation policies, particularly on large private properties. Using a spatially-explicit model, researchers identified key drivers of deforestation—such as proximity to rivers, roads, and cities, agricultural potential, and cattle ranching—while noting that protected areas effectively mitigate such losses. The study reveals that enforcing Brazil's Forest Code could prevent the degradation of over 4 million hectares by 2070 if applied to properties larger than 2500 hectares, offering a tangible strategy for balancing biodiversity conservation with agricultural production.
Multitemporal modeling of soil loss estimates and analysis of the efficiency of the water production program in the Araguaia River springs basin - GO/MT
Agricultural expansion in the Araguaia River springs basin, a critical region within Brazil's Cerrado domain, has significantly accelerated soil loss due to intensive monoculture practices and modernized farming techniques. This study reveals that despite efforts to mitigate environmental impacts through water production programs, the efficiency of these measures remains limited in countering the rapid degradation caused by large-scale agribusiness activities. Researchers employed multitemporal modeling to estimate soil loss over time, analyzing data from the Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks. The findings underscore the urgent need for more effective conservation strategies to protect this UNESCO-recognized landscape, which is vital for biodiversity and water security in the region.
The time since land-use transition drives changes in fire activity in the Amazon-Cerrado region
Deforestation and agricultural expansion significantly alter fire regimes in the Amazon-Cerrado transition, one of the world's most dynamic agricultural frontiers. Research reveals that fire activity surges abruptly before and after land clearing for pasture, particularly in the Amazon, despite long-term declines in burned area as landscapes age. This pattern is driven by interactions between ignition risk, drought conditions, and vegetation dryness, which increase the likelihood of large-scale fires linked to deforestation. The study highlights that incorporating frontier age—a proxy for governance dynamics—into fire modeling is critical to understanding ecological impacts. Protecting native vegetation and curbing deforestation emerge as key strategies to mitigate these changes.
A new purple-flowered Butia (Arecaceae) from the highlands of the Chapada dos Veadeiros (Brazil)
A new species of Butia palm, Butia soffiae, has been discovered in the highlands of Chapada dos Veadeiros, Brazil. This species is distinguished by its purple flowers and unique morphological traits, including glaucous peduncular bracts, herbaceous peduncles, and inconspicuous staminodes. Two novel structures for the genus—squamiform trichomes at the base of the pistil and osmophores on the staminodes—were also recorded. The discovery was made through detailed morphological and anatomical analysis, including light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Butia soffiae is critically endangered due to its restricted range and anthropogenic threats, particularly a proposed reduction in the area of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park by 73%. This finding underscores the region's unique biodiversity and the urgent need for conservation efforts.
Cenas de Tradições na Chapada dos Veadeiros
A study highlights the rich cultural traditions of Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, through its festivals, dances, and theatrical performances. These expressions serve as a foundation for aesthetic-cognitive learning, particularly within higher education in performing arts. The research, conducted via a combination of fieldwork and academic projects, maps these traditions to reveal their historical and cultural significance, offering insights into their role in shaping artistic education. The findings underscore the importance of integrating local heritage into curricula for a deeper understanding of artistic practices.
Checklist and molecular phylogenetics reveal three taxonomic novelties in Habenaria (Orchidaceae, Orchidoideae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil
Researchers have uncovered three new species and one variety of Habenaria orchids endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil, doubling the known diversity of the genus in the region. Among these discoveries is Habenaria cultellifolia, rediscovered after 127 years with only a single extant population. Molecular phylogenetic analyses using nuclear and plastid markers confirmed the novelty of H. minuticalcar, H. proiteana, and H. lavrensis var. xanthodactyla, which were described, illustrated, and tentatively assessed as threatened. The study also identified four locally endemic taxa, highlighting the region's significant biodiversity. With some areas yet to be explored, further taxonomic novelties are anticipated, underscoring the importance of continued floristic sampling in this UNESCO-listed site.
Erythroxylum confertifolium, a new species from Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Goiás, Brazil, unveiled by morphology and leaf anatomy
Researchers have identified and described Erythroxylum confertifolium, a new plant species from Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park in Brazil's Cerrado region. This discovery was made through detailed morphological and leaf anatomical analyses, distinguishing it from similar species like E. campestre and E. parvistipulatum. Key differences include unique branching patterns, leaf characteristics, floral structures, and vascular bundle traits. The study also provides conservation assessments and a distribution map for the new species, highlighting its ecological significance within the protected area.
Groundwater Level Variation Analysis Using Hydrogeophysical Methods in an Area of Campo Sujo in Cerrado, Chapada dos Veadeiros Region, Goiás
A ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey with 400 MHz antennas effectively mapped groundwater level variations, revealing a significant drop from 1.68 meters in May to 3.35 meters in August within a preserved 'campo sujo' area of the Cerrado ecosystem in Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil. The study combined GPR data with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to create a hydrogeophysical model that correlated well with direct measurements from monitoring wells and soil horizons mapped in trenches. This non-invasive approach demonstrated its potential for characterizing shallow subsurface structures and assessing the impacts of human occupation on groundwater levels in similar geoenvironmental settings.
Human presence as a determinant of the occurrence of mammals in a high diversity protected area of Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone in Brazil
A study in Brazil's Cerrado-Caatinga ecotone reveals that human presence significantly influences mammal diversity, with richness and abundance of mammals decreasing as distance from settlements increases. While carnivores remained unaffected by anthropogenic factors, herbivores and generalist species thrived closer to human habitation. Despite the protected status of Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, common and generalist species dominate, indicating vulnerability to human pressure. The research used camera traps over 16 months, recording 16 mammal species, and applied generalized mixed linear models to assess biotic and anthropic variables. These findings underscore the need for robust management plans to protect biodiversity and regulate resource use by local communities.
Inventory and ecological aspects of bioluminescent beetles in the Cerrado ecosystem and its decline around Emas National Park (Brazil)
A comprehensive inventory of bioluminescent beetles in the Cerrado ecosystem, including Emas National Park (PNE) and Chapada dos Guimarães National Park (PNCG), revealed 51 species, with significant diversity in fireflies, click beetles, phengodids, and staphylinids. The PNE region exhibited the highest richness, particularly for phengodids. Species emitted distinct light colors: yellow-green for most fireflies, green for click beetles, and orange or red for some phengodids. Notably, the click beetle Pyrearinus termitilluminans was documented in both PNE and PNCG. However, surrounding agricultural expansion—particularly sugarcane plantations replacing cattle pastures—has led to a decline in bioluminescent species, especially adult male phengodids, likely due to habitat loss, pesticide use, and artificial lighting. This study underscores the severe impact of land-use changes on biodiversity in one of Brazil's most threatened ecosystems.
O Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV): de patrimônio mundial em perigo a indutor da governança multinível e interfederativa
Despite its status as an endangered UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (PNCV) in Goiás, Brazil, holds significant international and biodiversity importance. The study highlights that strategic governance through multilevel and inter-federative approaches—bridging local and global interactions—is crucial for achieving sustainable development and mitigating ongoing threats to the park's conservation. Researchers employed a qualitative case study method, analyzing national and international documents, legal frameworks, and scholarly literature to assess the park's environmental relevance post-creation and during its endangered status period. The findings underscore the urgent need for strengthened governance mechanisms to safeguard this critical heritage site.
Rickettsial Infection in Ticks from a National Park in the Cerrado Biome, Midwestern Brazil
A study conducted in Parque Nacional das Emas, one of Brazil's largest Cerrado biome conservation units, identified the circulation of rickettsial agents, including a strain closely related to Rickettsia tillamookensis, marking its first report in Brazil. Researchers detected two Rickettsia species—Rickettsia parkeri and an unidentified strain (PNE)—in ticks collected from vegetation and lowland tapirs, respectively. Seroreactivity to rickettsial antigens was observed in dogs, small mammals, and humans, indicating potential zoonotic risk. The study employed molecular analysis of tick samples from diverse hosts and environments, revealing the ecological complexity and public health significance of tick-borne pathogens in this UNESCO-listed site.
Spatial analysis of the soil erosion in the hydrographic basin of Formoso River: subsidy to politics of land use and environmental preservation in a region of Brazilian Cerrado
A spatial analysis of soil erosion in the Formoso River basin, primarily within Emas National Park in Brazil's Cerrado, reveals that 29.12% of agricultural areas experience severe soil loss, with annual erosion rates reaching up to 8315 t ha-1 year-1. These losses are linked to high values of rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), and topographic factors (LS) in dystrophic Red Latosol soils. The study highlights the critical need for proper land-use planning and sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate environmental degradation, particularly in water resource protection. Using remote sensing, geoprocessing tools, and the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), researchers provide a data-driven basis for policy-making in this UNESCO-recognized Cerrado protected area.
Susceptibility of Amblyomma sculptum, Vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, Ticks from a National Park and an Experimental Farm to Different Synthetic Acaricides
Researchers report the first documented resistance to amitraz and tolerance to deltamethrin, chlorfenvinphos, and a combination of cypermethrin-chlorpyrifos-citronellal in Amblyomma sculptum ticks from an experimental farm in Goiás, Brazil. These ticks, vectors for Rickettsia rickettsii (the cause of spotted fever), showed significant differences in susceptibility compared to their counterparts from Emas National Park where no prior acaricide exposure had occurred. The study used immersion tests on larvae and nymphs with six synthetic acaricides, revealing resistance ratios (RR) that highlight the impact of long-term acaricide use on tick populations. This finding underscores the need for adaptive pest management strategies in both protected areas and agricultural settings to mitigate public health risks.
The value of private properties for the conservation of biodiversity in the Brazilian Cerrado
Private protected areas within the Brazilian Cerrado contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation, accommodating up to 14.5% of threatened vertebrate species ranges and increasing to 25% when considering remaining native habitats. This study highlights the spatial spread benefits of private lands, which are crucial in regions with high land-use conflicts and limited public protection. The research evaluates the effectiveness of Brazil's Native Vegetation Protection Law by assessing the distribution and ecological potential of private protected areas, particularly in the Southeastern Cerrado, where economic development intersects with biodiversity hotspots. Ecological restoration on these lands could further enhance conservation outcomes.
Cerrado deforestation threatens regional climate and water availability for agriculture and ecosystems
Deforestation in the Cerrado, one of the world's most biodiverse savannas, has significantly altered regional climate and water availability. A study analyzing land-use transitions (LUTs) from 2006 to 2019 found that clearing forests for cropland or pasture increased land surface temperature (LST) by ~3.5°C and reduced evapotranspiration (ET) by up to 44%. These changes, driven by satellite data and regression analyses, have already caused a 10% reduction in water recycled to the atmosphere and a 0.9°C increase in LST compared to native vegetation. Future scenarios project that continued deforestation could further worsen these effects, while zero-deforestation policies could mitigate them.
Cerrado wetlands: multiple ecosystems deserving legal protection as a unique and irreplaceable treasure
Cerrado wetlands, critical yet neglected ecosystems, play a vital role in water storage and filtration, sustaining perennial streams and major Brazilian rivers. Despite their importance, these wetlands lack effective legal protection due to their complex hydrological functioning, diverse vegetation types, and imprecise mapping. This study proposes that all Cerrado wetlands should be unified under official legislation, with protection based on objective indicators such as water table depth (≤50 cm), which defines their unique hydromorphic soils and specialized flora. The research argues for standardized mapping and legal treatment of these wetlands to ensure their conservation, addressing historical misunderstandings and redundancies in regional classifications.
Das Primeiras Ocupações à Criação do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros
The establishment of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park in 1961 was marked by significant permeability to arguments surrounding national park creation, yet its implementation structure remained underdeveloped. This study, published in Historia Ambiental Latinoamericana Y Caribeña, sheds light on a lesser-explored aspect of Brazilian environmental history by analyzing primary sources from 1858 to 1961. It examines the socioeconomic and political processes that shaped the park's territorial delimitation, revealing both the influences driving its creation and the challenges in its execution. The research highlights the incipient infrastructure and governance framework at the time, offering insights into the complexities of conservation efforts during this period.
Efeitos da Lei Florestal em áreas com diferentes tipologias vegetais na Chapada dos Veadeiros - Goiás
A significant reduction in savanna and grassland areas, alongside an increase in planted forests, pastures, and agricultural lands, was observed in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region following the implementation of Brazil's Forest Law (Lei Estadual nº 18.104/2013). This study analyzed vegetation cover changes between 2008 and 2018 using quantitative methods, including statistical analysis, to assess the law's impact on different vegetation types. While no significant changes were detected in forested areas, the findings suggest that the law may have accelerated land-use shifts, potentially threatening native ecosystems in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Environmental, spatial and biotic factors affect the tadpole distribution in Brazilian savannas
A study of tadpole distribution in the Cerrado Protected Areas, specifically Emas National Park, reveals that both environmental and spatial factors significantly influence species composition. Additionally, the research found that competition among tadpoles plays a notable role in structuring these assemblages, with co-occurrence pairs being less frequent than expected by chance. The study employed Partial Redundancy Analysis to assess the impact of environmental descriptors and geographic location on tadpole distribution across 23 aquatic habitats.
Increased climate pressure on the agricultural frontier in the Eastern Amazonia–Cerrado transition zone
A significant increase in climatic pressure is affecting the Eastern Amazonia–Cerrado transition zone, a critical agricultural frontier and UNESCO World Heritage Site. This region has experienced the most pronounced warming and drying trends over tropical South America in the last four decades, leading to delayed wet seasons and worsening drought conditions. The study highlights a rise in temperature, vapor pressure deficit, subsidence, and dry-day frequency, alongside a decrease in precipitation, humidity, and evaporation. These changes heighten fire risk during the dry-to-wet transition season, posing threats to both global food security and the protection of tropical biomes. The research combines observational data and climate analysis to evidence these trends, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable agricultural practices and conservation efforts.
Novelties in Oocephalus (Hyptidinae, Lamiaceae) from Central Brazil: Two new species from Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park
Researchers have identified two new species of the plant genus Oocephalus (Hyptidinae, Lamiaceae) within Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil. These discoveries, named O. griseus and O. campestris, expand the known biodiversity of the region. The study provides detailed descriptions, distribution insights, and taxonomic notes for both species, along with a diagnostic key to distinguish all Oocephalus species in Goiás state and Distrito Federal. High-resolution illustrations and photographs accompany the descriptions, aiding in future identification efforts. This work contributes to the understanding of plant diversity in the Cerrado biome, a globally significant ecosystem recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Phyllanthus chapadensis, a new phyllocladiferous Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil
Researchers have identified Phyllanthus chapadensis, a new phyllocladiferous species within the genus Phyllanthus (Phyllanthaceae), likely endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros region in Brazil's Cerrado biome. This discovery highlights the region's rich biodiversity, particularly its unique Angiosperm endemism and distinct phytophysiognomies. The species belongs to Phyllanthus sect. Choretropsis, a Brazilian-exclusive group characterized by phylloclades. While resembling P. spartioides and P. sarothamnoides from the Chapada Diamantina, P. chapadensis can be distinguished by its morphological traits, including phylloclade structure and floral characteristics. The study provides a distribution map, illustrations, and details on flowering and fruiting seasons, alongside an assessment of the species' conservation status.
Spatial planning for restoration in Cerrado: Balancing the trade‐offs between conservation and agriculture
A significant trade-off exists between restoring degraded Cerrado pastures and agricultural expansion, with 16 million hectares of land suitable for agriculture also being critical for ecosystem service recovery and biodiversity. This study modeled seven restoration scenarios across the biome to evaluate conflicts between conservation priorities—such as biodiversity, water-related services, carbon stock, and agricultural suitability—and found that local-scale planning can mitigate these trade-offs by addressing regional heterogeneity. The findings highlight the need for nuanced policy approaches to balance large-scale restoration goals with agricultural demands in this globally important savanna.
The Paepalanthoideae (Eriocaulaceae) of the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil: taxonomic novelties, identification key, and illustrated list of species
A comprehensive study of the Paepalanthoideae (Eriocaulaceae) subfamily in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil, reveals a rich diversity with 42 species recorded, including two newly described species and one variety elevated to species status. The research highlights that over half of these species (22) are endemic to the area, underscoring its significance as a secondary center of diversity for Eriocaulaceae in Central Brazil. The study also provides the first identification key and an illustrated checklist for the species, contributing significantly to the understanding and conservation of this unique biodiversity hotspot. The distribution of species is found to be correlated with altitude, water availability, and lithology, further emphasizing the ecological importance of the park.
A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil
Researchers have identified a new species of Characidium, a small freshwater fish belonging to the Crenuchidae family, from the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park in Brazil. This discovery is significant due to its unique combination of morphological traits, including a scaleless isthmus paired with a single row of dentary teeth, and distinctive coloration marked by inconspicuous vertical bars forming square blotches along the body sides and a dark saddle-shaped mark at the dorsal-fin base. Osteological examination revealed additional unique features, such as fused anal-fin proximal radials contacting the branched third hemal spine, alongside an unusual variation in fin-ray counts among its congeners. The species was discovered in tributaries of the rio Tocantinzinho within the rio Tocantins basin, highlighting the rich biodiversity of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Abundance and richness of Arctiinae moths throughout the night in a Cerrado area
Arctiinae moths exhibit peak abundance and species richness in the early hours of the night, with most species active for only one or two hours. A study conducted in Emas National Park, Brazil, found that 70.5% of the 17 species sampled were highly time-specific in their activity, with the highest abundance recorded at 8 p.m. (44 individuals) and significant declines thereafter. Temperature was the sole environmental variable positively correlated with moth abundance, while relative humidity did not influence species richness. These findings suggest that sampling Arctiinae moths throughout the night is necessary to capture a representative sample of species, challenging the assumption that brief sampling periods suffice for comprehensive biodiversity assessments.
Análise do sequestro de carbono na região do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto
Research reveals that carbon sequestration in the Cerrado bioma, specifically within the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, is significantly reduced during dry seasons due to increased wildfires and low precipitation. The study utilized multiespectral remote sensing techniques, including NDVI, sPRI, and CO2flux indices, to analyze carbon flux across five months in 2019 using Sentinel-2 satellite data. Findings demonstrate a clear correlation between fire activity and reduced carbon sequestration, highlighting the critical impact of environmental factors on this process. This approach provides a robust method for monitoring carbon dynamics in protected areas, offering valuable insights for conservation strategies.
Assessing the Relative Impacts of Roadkill and Nest Poaching on the Population Viability of the Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, Ara ararauna (Aves: Psittaciformes), in a Brazilian National Park
A study reveals that the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna) in Brazil's Emas National Park faces critical population viability risks due to roadkill and nest poaching, potentially leading to extinction within a decade. The research models population dynamics under these threats, showing that 5000 individuals are needed for viability when both factors are considered. Roadkill alone requires 4500–7500 birds, while nest poaching demands 2000. The model highlights sensitivity to female reproduction age and adult survival rates, underscoring how human activities threaten even highly mobile species in protected areas.
Conserving the Cerrado and Amazon biomes of Brazil protects the soy economy from damaging warming
Conserving the Cerrado and Amazon biomes in Brazil can significantly protect the soy economy from extreme heat, offering substantial economic value. The study estimates that lost soy revenue due to extreme heat from native vegetation loss between 1985 and 2012 reached $99 per hectare (in 2005 USD) for the 2012-2013 growing season. Projections suggest that by 2050, this value could increase by 25% to 95%, depending on agricultural density, rates of native vegetation loss, and climate change. The research combines empirical estimates of ecosystem conversion's influence on extreme heat, the impacts of extreme heat on agricultural yields, and regional land use data. The findings highlight that ecosystem conservation in these biomes can create considerable economic value for the soy sector by regulating extreme heat exposure.
First record and range extension of Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774) (Bivalvia, Cyrenidae) in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Goiás, Brazil
Researchers have documented the first occurrence and range extension of the invasive Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the Chapada dos Veadeiros region of Goiás, Brazil. This discovery expands the known distribution of C. fluminea to a conserved area within the Cerrado biome, highlighting its presence in regions of significant conservation interest and integral protection units. The study contributes to understanding the ecological impact of this invasive species, which is widely distributed across Brazil's major hydrographic basins and poses environmental and economic risks.
Hierarchical mapping of Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) physiognomies based on deep learning
A groundbreaking study achieved unprecedented accuracy in mapping the detailed physiognomies of the Brazilian Cerrado, a global biodiversity hotspot. Using deep learning techniques with an adapted U-net architecture, researchers classified 25 vegetation types into three major ecosystem groups—forest, savanna, and grassland—with overall accuracies exceeding 90%. The best performance was obtained using RGB bands combined with the enhanced vegetation index (EVI2), achieving 92.8% accuracy for the first-level classification and over 85% for detailed physiognomies in savanna and grassland. This marks a significant advancement over traditional machine learning methods, offering a robust tool for conservation efforts in protected areas like Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks.
Hyptis lavoisierifolia, a new species from the noteworthy Hyptis subsect. Pachyphyllae (Lamiaceae—Hyptidinae) endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros region, Goiás, Brazil
Researchers have identified Hyptis lavoisierifolia, a new species within the Hyptis subsect. Pachyphyllae, endemic to the Chapada dos Veadeiros region in Brazil's Cerrado biome. This discovery brings the subsection's total to five species, all restricted to this unique area. The study employed taxonomic analysis, leveraging morphological and molecular data to distinguish H. lavoisierifolia from its congeners. The finding underscores the rich biodiversity of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park and contributes to our understanding of the region's flora, particularly within the Lamiaceae family.
Intraseasonal variability of greenhouse gas emission factors from biomass burning in the Brazilian Cerrado
Research on biomass burning in the Brazilian Cerrado's Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks reveals that intraseasonal variability in greenhouse gas emission factors (EFs) may only slightly offset carbon mitigation gains from early dry season (EDS) prescribed fires. Using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted sampling system, the study analyzed over 800 smoke samples during EDS and late dry season (LDS), finding no statistically significant differences in CO₂, CO, CH₄, or N₂O EFs between seasons. However, N₂O EFs for open Cerrado were notably lower than previously estimated, suggesting potential overestimation of fire contributions to the N₂O budget. The findings imply that while EDS burning may reduce burned area and carbon consumption, its greenhouse gas mitigation benefits are limited by intraseasonal EF variability.
Morphological characterization and diversity of tadpoles (Amphibia: Anura) at Emas National Park and its surrounding, Goiás State, Brazil
Research at Emas National Park, Brazil, reveals significant morphological diversity among tadpoles of 15 anuran species, including five new records for the park. The study highlights substantial variations in larval morphology compared to existing literature, underscoring the need for population-specific descriptions. By analyzing these morphological traits, scientists can infer functional diversity and address taxonomic distinctions, providing critical insights into anuran richness and distribution. Such data are essential for developing effective conservation strategies and management plans for UNESCO-listed protected areas like Emas National Park.
O título de Patrimônio Natural da Humanidade e a conservação da biodiversidade: o caso do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros
UNESCO World Heritage designations serve as symbolic shields for biodiversity conservation, offering political protection against environmental degradation. A study focusing on the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (PNCV) in Brazil's Cerrado bioma reveals that while these titles provide significant symbolic value and deter harmful actions due to their official status, their effectiveness is limited by dependency on national policies and societal engagement. The research examines PNCV's characteristics, its historical changes from 1961 to 2017, and compares it with other World Heritage sites, including cases in Australia and Brazil. It concludes that, despite their potential, these mechanisms often face skepticism and require active support from both governments and society to be truly effective.
The Brazilian Cerrado is becoming hotter and drier
The Brazilian Cerrado, a critical global biodiversity hotspot, is experiencing significant warming and drying trends. Research indicates that maximum temperatures have risen by 2.2–4.0°C, while minimum temperatures increased by 2.4–2.8°C between 1961 and 2019. These changes, supported by multiple datasets including direct observations, remote sensing, and modeling, have led to a 15% decrease in relative humidity despite an increase in absolute humidity. The warming is also reducing nocturnal dewfall, a vital water source for many species during the dry season. These shifts could disrupt ecosystems and threaten biodiversity if current trends persist.
Valores Ambientais e Desenvolvimento Turístico: Um Estudo de Caso do Distrito de São Jorge e do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros
A study of the Cerrado Protected Areas, specifically Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park and São Jorge District, reveals significant environmental values tied to sustainable tourism development. The research highlights how these protected areas contribute to biodiversity conservation while also supporting local economies through tourism-related activities such as guided tours and recreational services. It emphasizes the dual role of national parks in preserving genetic diversity and ecosystem balance while providing economic benefits to surrounding communities. The study employs a case-based approach, analyzing the interplay between environmental protection and tourism growth, offering insights into balancing ecological preservation with socio-economic development in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Wildlife Roadkill in the Surroundings of Emas National Park, Cerrado Biome, Brazil
Roadkill poses a significant threat to biodiversity, particularly near protected areas. A study along the GO-341 highway, adjacent to Emas National Park (ENP) in Brazil's Cerrado biome, revealed that 132 wildlife roadkills were recorded over 90 days, with birds and mammals being the most affected groups. The roadkill rate was 0.03 animals per kilometer per day. Notably, bird roadkills, particularly those of the blue-and-yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), showed seasonal aggregation and hotspot formation, differing between dry and rainy seasons. Mammal roadkills, including the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), were influenced by sugarcane harvest periods. The study highlights the need for targeted mitigation strategies to reduce wildlife mortality in such critical habitats.
A Estruturação do Rol de Oportunidades de Visitação no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros (GO)
A recent study highlights the importance of diversifying visitor experiences to effectively manage tourism in Brazil's Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park. The research applied the Visitor Opportunity Roll method (ROVUC), recently validated by ICMBio, to identify priority planning actions for the park's Public Use Plan. Through workshops involving park managers and local tour guides, the study found that offering varied activities can enhance visitor experiences while addressing the challenges posed by the park's expanded area and increasing visitation rates. This approach is seen as a key strategy for balancing ecological conservation with sustainable tourism in one of Brazil's most ecologically significant Cerrado regions.
Análise Temporal da Suscetibilidade do Entorno do Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros – Goiás
A study analyzing the temporal susceptibility of soil loss around Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (PNCV) in Brazil's Cerrado bioma reveals a significant contrast between the park interior and its surroundings. From 2000 to 2017, average annual soil loss inside the park decreased by approximately 1 ton, while losses in the surrounding areas increased by about 0.3 tons. This analysis, conducted using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) via Geographic Information Systems (GIS), also showed a 3% increase in agricultural and urban land use in the surroundings, contrasting with a 4% decrease within the park's boundaries. The findings highlight the park's role as a buffer against environmental degradation in one of Brazil's most threatened biomes.
Climate and land-use change refugia for Brazilian Cerrado birds
Approximately 13% of the Cerrado biome may serve as critical refugia for 103 bird species, offering protection against climate and land-use changes projected by 2050. Conversely, nearly 35% of the biome faces high risk, threatening biodiversity. The study integrated climate change anomalies with land-use models to identify these areas, revealing that most species (74%) will persist in regions with low climate anomaly but reduced native vegetation. To mitigate risks, researchers recommend prioritizing the protection of refugia and restoring native vegetation in areas likely to maintain suitable climate conditions. These efforts should focus on regions with high species richness and facilitate corridor establishment to support climate-induced dispersal from high-risk to stable areas.
Edge Effects Reflect the Impact of the Agricultural Matrix on the Corticolous Lichens Found in Fragments of Cerrado Savanna in Central Brazil
Agricultural expansion significantly alters lichen communities in Cerrado savanna fragments, with edge areas showing reduced diversity and increased sensitivity to disturbance. The study found that highly sensitive lichen morphotypes were absent at fragment edges, indicating clear edge effects likely exacerbated by pesticide drift from adjacent farmland. Central areas consistently exhibited greater lichen richness and diversity across different Cerrado formations, including the Emas National Park. Larger trees with less fissured bark and more acidic pH supported higher lichen cover and diversity. The research highlights lichens as potential bioindicators for assessing agricultural impacts on biodiversity in fragmented landscapes.
Epidendrum L. (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Estado de Goiás, Brasil
Six species of Epidendrum L., including E. avicula, E. campacci, E. dendrobioides, E. nocturnum, E. rothii, and E. secundum, have been identified in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, a critical UNESCO World Heritage Site in Brazil's Cerrado biome. This discovery contributes to the poorly understood taxonomy of Epidendrum in the Central-West region, with species exhibiting diverse growth habits as epiphytes, terrestrials, and rupicolous plants across distinct phytophysiognomies. The study provides taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, geographic distribution insights, morphological relationships, phenology, a dichotomous key, and informal group allocations for these orchid species, advancing the understanding of their ecological roles and conservation significance in this biodiversity hotspot.
Estimates of deforestation avoided by protected areas: a case study in Brazilian tropical dry forests and Cerrado
Protected areas (PAs) in the Cerrado, specifically Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, have demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating deforestation, though their impact has been modest. A study using matching methods and GIS techniques found that PAs established in the 1990s in northern Minas Gerais, Brazil, reduced deforestation rates by 1.62% between 1996 and 2009. The research revealed that geographical factors, such as proximity to large cities or roads and location in flat regions, significantly influenced the effectiveness of PAs. These findings align with global trends, indicating that PAs are often established in remote areas with lower deforestation pressure.
Integrated Landscape Change Analysis of Protected Areas and their Surrounding Landscapes: Application in the Brazilian Cerrado
A novel methodology combining land use and land cover (LULC) data with vegetation index-based indicators reveals significant ecological degradation within the Cerrado Protected Areas, despite minimal natural vegetation loss. The study, focusing on Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks in Brazil, used Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) proxies to assess productivity, phenology, and structural changes between 2001 and 2016. Results showed substantial LULC conversions from natural vegetation to farming land, productivity loss, forest homogenization, and agricultural expansion, indicating habitat degradation and intensified land use. This integrated approach underscores the need for complementary indicators to monitor ecologically relevant dynamics in conservation areas.
Microlicia D. Don (Microlicieae, Melastomataceae) no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Estado de Goiás, Brasil
A taxonomic study of the genus Microlicia (Melastomataceae) in the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil, reveals 18 species, including four newly described and one new record for Goiás state. This expands the known diversity of Microlicia from 19 to 24 species in the region, with 150 of its estimated 170 global species being endemic to Brazil. The research, conducted through systematic monthly collections between 2014 and 2016, provides detailed morphological descriptions, identification keys, and distribution data, highlighting rare species (M. crebropunctata and M. melanostagma) while documenting common taxa shared with Minas Gerais. The study addresses significant gaps in the taxonomic knowledge of this genus in Brazil's Cerrado biome.
Novelties on Lippia sect. Goniostachyum (Verbenaceae): a new variety from the Brazilian Cerrado and additional nomenclatural and taxonomic notes
Researchers have identified and described Lippia stachyoides var. guajajarana, a new variety of Verbenaceae endemic to Emas National Park in Brazil's Cerrado biome, contributing to the understanding of this unique plant section. The study also clarifies the taxonomy of Lippia sect. Goniostachyum by including L. morii within it and proposing L. rivalis as a synonym of L. origanoides, supported by morphological traits. Lectotypes were designated for two species to stabilize nomenclature. The research provides detailed diagnostic features, comparisons with similar taxa, a taxonomic key, habitat information, illustrations, and an assessment of conservation status, offering valuable insights into the biodiversity of UNESCO-listed Cerrado Protected Areas.
Ocorrência de fogo no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brasil: histórico recente no contexto da sua ampliação
A recent study reveals that the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park (CVNP) in Goiás, Brazil, experienced significant fire activity between 2008 and 2019, with approximately 542,113 hectares burned—more than 225% of its area. The research identified two distinct fire regimes: one in the park's original boundaries, characterized by low fire occurrence and firebreaks, and another in the expanded area, marked by annual burning and a higher frequency of fires. This expansion led to a shift in fire patterns, with 76% of fire scars recorded in the newly added territory. The findings highlight the need for efforts to homogenize fire regimes across the unified park area to reduce unpredictability and enhance conservation effectiveness.
Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros e as características socioeconômicas dos municípios limítrofes
A study reveals that the Cerrado Protected Areas, particularly the Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV), hold significant potential for sustainable economic development. This could foster growth and improve living conditions for nearby communities in Goiás, Brazil. The research analyzed socio-economic impacts using IBGE statistical data, highlighting that these municipalities are small with high poverty rates and median Human Development Indexes, except for Alto Paraíso. The PNCV's biodiversity richness contrasts sharply with its human-induced degradation, primarily driven by agropecuary activities. This study underscores the importance of balancing environmental conservation with socio-economic benefits to mitigate poverty and drive sustainable development in these regions.
Reserve size, dispersal and population viability in wide ranging carnivores: the case of jaguars in Emas National Park, Brazil
A jaguar population within Emas National Park, Brazil, faces significant extinction risks of 70–90% without immigration due to its small and potentially isolated size. Using camera trapping data and spatially explicit capture-recapture models, researchers estimated a density of 0.17 jaguars per 100 km², lower than previous studies, suggesting demographic vulnerability. Matrix-based population simulations revealed that even minimal immigration could drastically reduce extinction risk, highlighting the critical need for habitat corridors to ensure dispersal and connectivity outside protected areas. This finding underscores broader challenges for large carnivore conservation in small reserves.
Resíduos sólidos no Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros
A study on solid waste management in accommodation establishments near the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, Brazil, reveals significant gaps in sustainability practices. Despite national policies and guidelines for sustainable tourism, the research found low awareness among guests, strong reliance on local authorities' decisions, limited cooperation, and a lack of knowledge about waste minimization techniques. The study, conducted through interviews with ten accommodation providers and a local recycling association representative in Alto Paraíso de Goiás, highlights the challenges in implementing effective waste management strategies in this UNESCO World Heritage Site context.
The diversity of post‐fire regeneration strategies in the cerrado ground layer
Fire dramatically alters the ground layer of savanna vegetation in the short term, but the system exhibits high resilience, quickly recovering its pre-fire state. This recovery is driven by a combination of diverse plant regeneration strategies, which can be categorized into five functional groups: grasses, seeders, bloomers, undergrounders, and resprouters. The study, conducted in the Cerrado Protected Areas of Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks, used prescribed fire to investigate changes in community structure and composition, as well as species traits related to persistence and colonization capacity after fire. Findings showed that 86% of species returned to pre-disturbance abundance levels within eight months, with only one ruderal species disadvantaged by fire and 13% benefiting. This research highlights the importance of understanding these diverse strategies for assessing conservation and restoration status in fire-resilient ecosystems.
The protected tree Dimorphandra wilsonii (Fabaceae) is a population of inter-specific hybrids: recommendations for conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado/Atlantic Forest ecotone
A critically endangered tree, Dimorphandra wilsonii, found in the ecotone between Brazil's Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, is revealed to be a population of inter-specific hybrids likely resulting from crossbreeding between D. exaltata (Atlantic Forest) and D. mollis (Cerrado). Genetic analysis using 11 nuclear SSRs across 152 individuals confirmed this hybrid status, while cytogenetic studies showed that D. wilsonii is diploid with the same chromosome number as D. mollis (2n = 28). The findings challenge its taxonomic classification and suggest that conservation efforts should focus on both parental species, particularly the threatened D. exaltata, to ensure the evolutionary future of this hybrid population.
Two new species of Microlicia D.Don (Melastomataceae, Microlicieae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás State, Brazil
Scientists have identified two new species of Microlicia, a plant genus within the Melastomataceae family, endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park in Brazil. These species, named Microlicia gracilis and Microlicia xylopodifera, are distinct from other regional Microlicia species due to unique morphological traits such as long internodes, concolorous leaves, and specialized floral structures like a robust xylopodium or glandular trichomes at the flower bud apex. The discovery contributes to the understanding of biodiversity in this UNESCO-listed protected area, with potential implications for conservation efforts.
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