Publications
Geophysical Characterization of Archaeological Sites in Active Seismic Zones: The Case of the “Basilica Bath” at Hierapolis (Turkey)
Geophysical surveys reveal the likely fault configuration responsible for the partial collapse of the Basilica Bath at Hierapolis, providing critical insights into the site's seismic vulnerability. Using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismic refraction tomography (SRT), researchers identified buried archaeological features and potential fault directions, offering new data to support studies on the building's reconstruction and reuse in ancient times. The findings contribute to understanding the impact of seismic activity on UNESCO-listed sites like Hierapolis-Pamukkale, located in an active tectonic zone with a history of destructive earthquakes.
Hierapolis (Pamukkale) Saint Philip Kilisesi Mozaik Harcının Analizi ve Konservasyonu
A significant discovery of the conservation challenges facing ancient mosaics at Hierapolis-Pamukkale was revealed through the analysis and preservation efforts of Saint Philip Church's mosaic. The mosaic, severely damaged due to illegal excavations and earthquakes, underwent urgent removal in 2010 for protective storage. Extensive material analyses, including tuz tests (chloride, sulfate, nitrate, carbonate), oil and protein tests, thermal analysis, and petrografic examinations using SEM-EDX, XRD, stereo, and polarized microscopy, were conducted to assess its condition. Conservation efforts in 2011 and 2012 involved cleaning the mortar behind the tesserae and applying a compatible conservation mortar, followed by transfer onto Aerolam panels for long-term preservation. The study highlights the critical need for rapid intervention and scientific analysis in safeguarding vulnerable cultural heritage sites.
A Lydian inscription from Denizli
A rare and well-preserved Lydian funerary inscription, dating back to the 4th century BCE, was discovered in Denizli, Turkey. The marble stele, adorned with an anthemion relief, is now housed in the Hierapolis Museum in Pamukkale. This find, unearthed during excavations led by Professor Kadir Pektaş, provides valuable insights into Lydian language and culture. The inscription's length and good condition make it significant for both Anatolianists and Indo-Europeanists. Researchers present a detailed description of the stone, an edited transcription of the text with commentary, a partial translation, and historical context, shedding light on ancient Lydian society.
Detailed Documentation and In Situ Conservation According to Mortar Characterisation of Opus Sectile Uncovered in the Saint Philip Church of Hierapolis (Pamukkale-Turkey)
A detailed conservation approach for ancient stone-art (opus sectile) at Hierapolis-Pamukkale, Turkey, revealed that all materials used were locally sourced. The study combined archaeological excavation with advanced mortar analysis—including petrographic and SEM-EDX techniques—to replicate the original bedding mortar. Conservation efforts involved minimal intervention, mechanical/chemical cleaning, reinforcement, and precise documentation using 3D modeling (Agisoft) and CAD drawings. The opus sectile was preserved in situ with lime-based mortars and protected against plant intrusion. This interdisciplinary method ensures long-term monitoring and future conservation strategies for this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Orta Bizans Dönemi Kabartma Yüzlü Sütun Başlığı Örneğinde Bezeme Unsurlarının Tipolojik İşlevselliği
A study of three relief-faced column capitals from the Middle Byzantine period, housed in Pamukkale Archaeology Museum's Hierapolis stone collection, reveals a unique regional adaptation of classical Corinthian capital designs. These capitals feature distinctive relief faces extending downward from the abacus, blending various decorative motifs into a complex form. While their symbolic significance remains speculative, the study suggests these capitals represent a localized variation of Middle Byzantine capital typology, distinct from earlier Geç Antik-Erken Bizans period prototypes. The research highlights the challenge of attributing such capitals to specific architectural contexts due to uncertain provenance and missing structural associations.
Hierapolis Adını Pamukkale’ye Dönüştüren Mekân: Selçuklu Kalesi
The name 'Pamukkale' emerged from the Seljuk era, replacing the ancient Greek name 'Hierapolis,' due to the construction of a Seljuk fortress in the region. This shift reflects both natural and human factors influencing toponymy. The study used geographic research methods, field observations, historical sources, and toponomy principles to trace the origin of Pamukkale's name. Archaeological findings, including Seljuk coins from excavations around the fortress, support this transition, shedding light on the cultural and historical evolution of one of Turkey's most significant tourism destinations.
Destination Personality Impacts on the Satisfaction and Behavioral Intentions: A Case of Pamukkale – Hierapolis Site
A study on Hierapolis-Pamukkale reveals that destination personality significantly influences visitor satisfaction and behavioral intentions, such as repeat visits or positive word-of-mouth. The research employs a quantitative approach, analyzing survey data from tourists to assess how traits like authenticity, uniqueness, and natural beauty shape their experiences. Findings suggest that enhancing these perceived attributes could boost long-term engagement with the site, offering valuable insights for sustainable tourism management at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Pamukkale/Hierapolis dünya miras alanı’nda ziyaretçi taşıma kapasitesinin belirlenmesi
A study on Pamukkale/Hierapolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with multiple conservation statuses, reveals that the site's visitor capacity is being exceeded, leading to environmental degradation and management challenges. Researchers found that while physical carrying capacity (PCC) exceeds current visitor numbers by only 10%, social carrying capacity (SCC) is surpassed by twice as much, indicating that perceived crowding negatively impacts visitor experience and sustainability. The study used surveys to assess PCC and SCC across different paths and seasonal conditions, confirming that overvisitation is a key factor in the site's deterioration. Recommendations include implementing measures to balance conservation and visitation while enhancing sustainability and visitor satisfaction.
Ultrasonic Waves and Strength Reduction Indexes for the Assessment of the Advancement of Deterioration Processes in Travertines from Pamukkale and Hierapolis (Turkey)
Frost and sulfur dioxide (SO₂) are the most detrimental factors to travertine durability, significantly accelerating deterioration when the stone is already weathered. This finding comes from geomechanical research on Turkish travertines from Pamukkale and Hierapolis, which introduced quantitative indicators—ultrasonic waves index (I Vp) and strength reduction index (I Rc)—to predict long-term structural degradation under environmental stress. The study tested resistance to salt crystallization, SO₂ exposure, frost, and high temperatures, following European standards. Results highlight that these indices can effectively forecast the rate of destructive phenomena, offering a tool for assessing travertine longevity in architectural applications.
Determination of the Geometric Form of Hierapolis Theater in Pamukkale, Turkey
Researchers determined that the Hierapolis theater near Pamukkale, Turkey, exhibits a statistically significant elliptical shape when analyzed using precise surveying techniques. By employing an electronic total station instrument and applying an ellipse-fitting algorithm, the study assessed the geometric form of the theater's rings. Statistical testing revealed that an elliptical model best represents the theater's structure, providing insights into its architectural design. This finding challenges assumptions about circularity in ancient theaters and offers a method for characterizing similar heritage sites.
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