World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 599

Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the Years 1520–1527

Aksum — 2010 — WHE75282AD7D3

This volume offers the first known Western description of the ancient city of Aksum, providing invaluable insights into its historical and cultural significance during the 16th century. Francisco Alvarez's narrative, translated from a Portuguese missionary account, details his six-year stay in Ethiopia as part of the Portuguese embassy to the Emperor of Ethiopia (1520–1527). The text not only describes Orthodox Christian monasteries and churches but also compares Orthodox and Catholic rites, offering a rare glimpse into early interactions between European and African Christian traditions. Alvarez's observations, first published in English in 1881, remain a foundational source for understanding the region's heritage, particularly its religious and architectural landscape.

Nation, Race, and Affect: Senses and Sensibilities at National Heritage Sites

The English Lake District — 2010 — WHE07E3FD9153

Heritage sites, such as the British Museum and the English Lake District, play a significant role in shaping national identity through both symbolic representation and affective experiences. This study reveals that these emotional connections are often racialized, with diasporic communities' feelings toward museum collections contrasting sharply with the perceived exclusivity of rural heritage sites like the Lake District. The research argues that fostering civic inclusion requires addressing not only institutional openness but also the underlying fears and exclusions felt by diverse groups. By analyzing two canonical sites—one urban (the British Museum) and one rural (the Lake District)—the study demonstrates how heritage sensibilities are deeply intertwined with national narratives, yet also highlight racialized dimensions that complicate civic belonging.

Natural History and Flash Repertoire of the Synchronous FireflyPhotinus carolinus(Coleoptera: Lampyridae) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2010 — WHE85B2E3A45F

The synchronous firefly Photinus carolinus in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park exhibits complex mating behaviors and flash signal variations. This study reveals that polyandrous females remate multiple times during their 3-week lifespan, using distinct receptive doublet flashes while stationary but also rhythmic flashing when walking. Males increase the number of flashes per train after females emerge, displaying pseudo-female flashes and group chaos flashing in mating clusters. Observations over 18 years highlight male guarding behaviors, prolonged copulation, and challenges from predators and phorid infestations. The research provides critical insights into the natural history and mating strategies of P. carolinus, contributing to understanding its adaptation in changing habitats.

Negotiating apartheid and its legacy. Three decades as a citizen anthropologist of the Richtersveld

Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape — 2010 — WHE90EBF9CAA0

This dissertation challenges traditional anthropological approaches by integrating the roles of citizen and researcher, offering a nuanced perspective on the Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape. It reveals how racial categorization and cultural narratives in Namaqualand have evolved under apartheid and its legacy, emphasizing the fluidity and historical reconstruction of 'Khoi culture.' The portfolio of 11 articles and a report examines land tenure issues, cultural interactions, and political realities, providing both academic insights and applied solutions. By reflecting on nearly three decades of fieldwork, it bridges disciplinary divisions and highlights the significance of 'doing anthropology at home,' offering a corrective to static, bounded cultural representations.

Nematode Parasites of 16 Lizard Species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Area de Conservación Guanacaste — 2010 — WHE79DDBE4542

A comprehensive study of nematode parasites in lizards from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified 14 species of gravid nematodes and 2 species of larvae across 16 lizard species. The research revealed 32 new host records, significantly expanding our understanding of parasite-host relationships in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study employed necropsies on 370 lizards from six families, providing critical insights into the biodiversity and parasitology of tropical ecosystems.

Nematode Parasites of 41 Anuran Species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Area de Conservación Guanacaste — 2010 — WHE36DE5F96E5

A comprehensive survey of nematode parasites in 41 anuran species from the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, identified 25 nematode species (20 gravid and five larval) across 11 families. The study uncovered 113 new host records, significantly expanding knowledge of parasite-host relationships in this biodiverse region. Researchers analyzed 1,052 anurans, revealing a rich parasitic diversity with notable findings such as the presence of Africana telfordi and Foleyllides striatus, among others. This work highlights the importance of systematic parasitological surveys in understanding amphibian health and ecosystem dynamics within UNESCO-listed conservation areas.

New and interesting lichens, lichenicolous and allied fungi from Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.A.

Yosemite National Park — 2010 — WHEB3A961DCAA

A new lichen species, Caloplaca lecanoroides, has been discovered in Yosemite National Park, California. This corticolous sorediate species adds to the park's biodiversity and expands our understanding of lichen diversity in North America. The study also revisited the nomenclature and typification of Lecanora semitensis, selecting a lectotype and providing a detailed treatment of the species. Additionally, Rhizocarpon bolanderi var.sulphurosum was elevated to species status as R. sulphurosum. Several taxa were newly reported for California, including Acarospora sinopica, Arthonia excentrica, Ionaspis lacustris, Niesslia peltigericola (on Peltigera didactyla), Pezizella epithallina (also on Peltigera didactyla), and Xylographa soralifera. Lichenothelia scopularia was verified as occurring in California, further enriching the region's fungal diversity.

New Caledonia surface lagoon chlorophyll modeling as coastal reef area health indicator

Lagoons of New Caledonia: Reef Diversity and Associated Ecosystems — 2010 — WHE4D374ED850

A novel 3D coupled physical-biogeochemical model (ECO3M_LAGOON and MARS3D) successfully predicts eutrophication events in New Caledonia's UNESCO-listed lagoon, a critical indicator of reef health. The model integrates nitrogen and carbon cycles, microbial loop dynamics, and environmental variables like tides, wind, light, temperature, and freshwater inputs to simulate phytoplankton biomass, bacterial production, dissolved organic matter, and nutrient recycling. Validated against in situ (ValHyBio 2008) and satellite data (MODIS/MERIS), it reveals spatial-temporal interactions between water motion and biology across the lagoon's complex barrier reef and ocean-lagoon interface. This approach offers a robust tool for monitoring and preserving the biodiversity of this oligotrophic, semi-enclosed tropical ecosystem.

New Dating Evidence for North Sea Trade Between England, Scotland, and Norway in the 11th Century AD

Bryggen — 2010 — WHE062822949D

Radiocarbon dating of carbonized food residues from London Sandy Shellyware pottery reveals synchronized trade activity between England, Scotland, and Norway during the 11th century AD. Analysis of residues from London's Billingsgate excavations and Bergen's Bryggen site, alongside previous data from Perth, Scotland, indicates a consistent age range (905–1115 BP), suggesting a single phase of trade introduction across these regions. Bayesian modeling further refines this timeline, estimating the pottery's introduction in London around 820–1020 AD, in Perth around 930–1020 AD, and in Bergen around 980–1030 AD, with its decline occurring in reverse order. This study provides compelling evidence for North Sea trade networks during the medieval period, linking these regions through ceramic exchange.

New discoveries with geophysics in the Accademia of Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli (Rome)

Villa Adriana (Tivoli) — 2010 — WHE46D6BF4B27

Geophysical surveys at Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, Italy, have revealed the layout of subterranean service corridors beneath the Accademia building, a lesser-known structure within the UNESCO World Heritage Site. This network, unique to the villa complex, was reconstructed for the first time using non-invasive geophysical techniques, offering new insights into the architectural and functional organization of one of Rome's most significant ancient sites. The study, conducted as part of a Master's thesis in Geo-technology, demonstrates the potential of geophysics in uncovering hidden features in archaeological contexts without disturbing the site.

New evidence from Aphrodisias concerning the Rhodian occupation of Karia and the early history of Aphrodisias

Aphrodisias — 2010 — WHE985A488616

New evidence from Aphrodisias reveals that the city's early history is more complex than previously believed, particularly regarding its Rhodian occupation and founding narratives. The study challenges traditional claims by locals about the city's ancient origins, such as its association with Bellerophon predating the Trojan War. By analyzing inscriptions and historical records, researchers found that Aphrodisias' connection to Karia and its Rhodian influence were more significant in shaping its early development than previously understood. This research sheds light on the political and cultural dynamics of the region during the Hellenistic period.

New Forms Of Island Territorialisation In Africa In The Postcolonial Era. The Creation Of The Tourist Space In The Islands Of Mozambique And Gorée

Island of Gorée — 2010 — WHE30F5509ED8

Postcolonial tourism on Africa's Gorée Island and Mozambique Island has reshaped their territorial identities, often at the expense of local culture. This study reveals how mass tourism transforms these former colonial outposts into commodified 'imaginary spaces,' prioritizing tourist expectations over resident needs. Using a comparative approach, it analyzes the evolution of these islands' purposes—from historical significance to modern tourism—and critiques the erasure of local heritage in favor of globalized narratives. The research highlights the tension between edonistic tourism demands and authentic cultural preservation, offering insights into the broader impact of tourism on insular territories.

New inscriptions from Aphrodisias (1995-2001)

Aphrodisias — 2010 — WHE8F127DE6A6

A significant discovery of 33 Greek inscriptions from Aphrodisias, unearthed between 1995 and 2001, sheds new light on the city's political, social, and religious landscape during the late Roman Republic. Among these, an honorary inscription by philosopher Alexander of Aphrodisias for his father stands out, offering rare insight into the intellectual and familial dynamics of the era. Additionally, a posthumous decree for a prominent local citizen provides early evidence of civic achievements likely tied to 1st-century BC conflicts and diplomacy. The inscriptions also detail cult practices, gladiatorial games, and the city's economic ties with Rome, including references to occupations like bronze-smithing and land ownership by a senatorial family member. This corpus enhances our understanding of Aphrodisias' prosopography and its complex relations with Roman provincial administration.

New insights into banded tremor from the 2008–2009 Mount Etna eruption

Mount Etna — 2010 — WHE6B07CC7C9D

Banded tremor at Mount Etna exhibits chaotic behavior, marked by sensitive dependence on initial conditions and long-term unpredictability. This study reveals that banded tremor, occurring in 25–30-minute episodes separated by similar intervals during the 2008–2009 eruption, differs from ordinary volcanic tremor in spectral content, wavefields, and source location. Nonlinear analyses suggest a model where alternating recharge-discharge phases, triggered by heat and fluid transfer from magma bodies, cause perturbations in shallow aquifers—such as fluid movement or bubble dynamics—leading to seismic radiation and acoustic signals when discharge couples with the atmosphere. Infrasound recordings further support this intermittent process, highlighting the complexity of tremor generation.

New locality record for the parasitic leech Pterobdella amara, and two new host stingrays at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia

Ningaloo Coast — 2010 — WHEAFF98A9E02

Research at Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, reveals a new locality record for the parasitic leech Pterobdella amara, which was found infesting a cowtail stingray (Pastinachus sephen) in unusually high numbers. The study suggests that this heavy parasite load, along with gnathiid isopods, contributed to the stingray's poor physical condition and underweight status. Additionally, two previously undescribed host stingrays were identified at the site. The findings highlight the ecological impact of parasites on marine species and expand the known distribution of P. amara in Western Australia.

New species of Crotonia (Acari: Oribatida: Crotoniidae) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands: further evidence of long-distance dispersal events in the biogeography of a genus of Gondwanan relict oribatid mites

Lord Howe Island Group — 2010 — WHEBA5ED88A78

Research identifies three new species of oribatid mites (Crotonia) from Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, revealing distinct biogeographical patterns. Crotonia gorgonia, found on Lord Howe Island, aligns with the Capistrata group, predominantly Australian but absent in New Zealand. Meanwhile, C. norfolkensis and C. utricularia from Norfolk Island belong to the Cophinaria and Unguifera groups, respectively, showing closer ties to New Zealand species. This distribution suggests Crotonia's remarkable ability for long-distance dispersal across the South-west Pacific, reinforcing its role as a Gondwanan relict genus. The study employs morphological analysis to elucidate these relationships, providing fresh insights into the biogeography of oribatid mites.

New species of Oochoristica (Cestoda; Linstowiidae) and other endoparasites of Trachylepis atlantica (Sauria: Scincidae) from Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2010 — WHEBEFBBCE0BB

Researchers have identified a new species of tapeworm, Oochoristica noronhae, parasitic to the lizard Trachylepis atlantica on Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil. This discovery, published in Zootaxa, represents the 88th species in the genus and the 14th from the Neotropical region. The new species is distinguished by its circular suckers and fewer than 30 testes per proglottid, with ovarian lobes containing 8–10 lobules. Additionally, the study documented other endoparasites, including two nematode species, a pentastomid, and an acanthocephalan cystacanth, highlighting the rich parasitic biodiversity associated with this lizard on the island.

New species of oribatid mites of the superfamily Galumnoidea (Acari: Oribatida) from Ethiopia

Bale Mountains National Park — 2010 — WHEEE68C28E59

Researchers have identified three new species of oribatid mites belonging to the superfamily Galumnoidea from Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. The newly described species—Pilizetes anufrievi, Taeniogalumna behanae, and Galumnella baleensis—expand our understanding of biodiversity in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study provides detailed morphological descriptions and keys to distinguish these species from closely related ones, contributing valuable data for taxonomic research on oribatid mites. This discovery underscores the importance of microfaunal surveys in poorly studied regions, particularly in Africa.

New species of reed frog from the Congo basin with discussion of paraphyly in Cinnamon-belly reed frogs

Salonga National Park — 2010 — WHE087D805F21

Researchers have identified a new species of reed frog, Hyperolius, within the UNESCO World Heritage-listed Salonga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This discovery challenges the taxonomic classification of the Cinnamon-belly reed frog (H. cinnamomeoventris), revealing it to be paraphyletic—a group that does not include all descendants of a common ancestor. The new species, characterized by its bright yellow dorsolateral line and light heel spot, was distinguished through mitochondrial DNA analysis, which placed it within a non-sister clade alongside other morphologically distinct taxa. This study highlights the genetic diversity within reed frogs and underscores the need for taxonomic revisions to accurately reflect evolutionary relationships.

New Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Isolated from Free-Range Chickens from the Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: Unexpected Findings

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2010 — WHE7B3E2A6417

Researchers identified six unique genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii, including four new chicken-specific genotypes (#59–#62), from free-range chickens on Fernando de Noronha, Brazil. Unlike other Brazilian isolates, none were pathogenic to mice, and Type II—rare in Brazil—was present alongside clonal Type III, common in Europe and North America. The study used the modified agglutination test (MAT) to screen 50 chickens for antibodies and bioassayed seropositive hearts in mice to isolate T. gondii. Genotyping via restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) revealed unexpected genetic diversity, suggesting Fernando de Noronha harbors both unique and globally distributed T. gondii strains.

Ngapakaldia bonythoni (Marsupialia, Diprotodontidae): new material from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and a reassessment of the genus Bematherium

Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte) — 2010 — WHE72F328EB4D

New fossil material of the extinct marsupial Ngapakaldia bonythoni from Riversleigh, Queensland, extends its known temporal and geographic range into multiple Oligo-Miocene deposits. The exceptional preservation of these fossils allowed for a detailed description of previously unknown cranial and dental features, supporting the reassessment that Bematherium angulum is a junior synonym of N. bonythoni. While N. bonythoni shares morphological similarities with its smaller congener N. tedfordi, their distinct distributions—N. tedfordi absent at Riversleigh—reinforce their separation as two species. The shared presence of N. bonythoni across multiple Faunal Zone A deposits and the Ngapakaldi Local Fauna further supports a late Oligocene age for these sites.

Nitrogen content and respiration rate in leaves of the Wrangel Island plants

Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve — 2010 — WHE6085AEE9A4

A study on Wrangel Island (71° N) reveals that the protein nitrogen content and respiration rates of 22 herbaceous species exceed those of temperate zone plants by 1.3- and 2.4-fold, respectively, at 10°C. Unlike temperate plants, no significant correlation was found between protein nitrogen content and respiration rate (r² = 0.137), suggesting that protein content does not directly determine respiration in Arctic plants. The findings challenge the use of indirect metrics like nitrogen content for modeling carbon cycles in northern ecosystems and underscore the importance of direct respiration measurements in natural habitats.

Non destructive testing in situ, of works of art by stimulated infra-red thermography

Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe — 2010 — WHE88402D38FA

Stimulated infra-red thermography emerges as a powerful, non-destructive tool for detecting hidden defects in historic mural paintings. This study demonstrates its effectiveness in identifying separations and air voids in renowned works of art, including the UNESCO-listed Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe, the Louvre’s Saint Christopher, and Jean Cocteau’s frescoes in Villefranche-sur-Mer. The technique relies on thermal imaging to reveal subsurface anomalies without physical intervention, offering invaluable insights for conservation efforts. By analyzing temperature variations induced by infrared stimulation, researchers can pinpoint areas of delamination or deterioration, enabling targeted restoration interventions while preserving cultural heritage.

Non-Invasive Genetic Identification of the Red FoxVulpes vulpesin the Shiretoko National Park, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Shiretoko — 2010 — WHE18455BA270

A groundbreaking study in Shiretoko National Park, Japan, demonstrates that non-invasive genetic analysis of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) feces can effectively estimate population numbers with high accuracy. Using microsatellite analysis on 59 fecal samples, researchers identified a minimum of 22 individual foxes, with a cumulative probability of sibling misidentification (P(ID)sibs) below 0.01. The study highlights the potential of fecal genetic sampling for wildlife monitoring but also underscores challenges such as low genotyping success rates (23.3–69.8%) and reproducibility (53.5–88.4%). To improve efficiency, the research suggests selecting marker sets with smaller allele sizes, which significantly enhances both success rates and reproducibility. This approach offers a valuable tool for conservation efforts in remote or inaccessible areas like Shiretoko.

Notes on some plant-inhabiting fungi collected from the Nansei Islands (3)

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2010 — WHE18FC2EF3AB

A new fungal species, Capnodiastrum sawadae, was identified from Tokunoshima Island, Japan, following the reclassification of Phaeodiscula tremae due to duplicate nomenclature. Additionally, three other plant-inhabiting fungi—Pestalotiopsis fici on Ardisia quinquegona and Nyssopsora formosana on Koelreuteria formosana from Okinawa Main Island, and Pseudocercospora acaciaeconfusae on Acacia confusa from Okinoerabu Island—were newly recorded in Japan. The study contributes to the documentation of fungal biodiversity in the Nansei Islands, highlighting taxonomic revisions and range expansions for these species.

Notes on the Status and Ecology ofAnaea troglodyta floridalis(Nymphalidae) in Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park — 2010 — WHE1782DA4A80

A decade-long survey in Everglades National Park revealed that the butterfly Anaea troglodyta floridalis thrives in disturbed habitats, particularly after prescribed fires and hurricanes. The species showed resilience, with populations rebounding quickly post-fire and post-storm, suggesting adaptability to environmental perturbations. While most active from late fall to early spring, its abundance fluctuated annually within Long Pine Key's pine rocklands. This study highlights the ecological flexibility of A. t. floridalis, offering insights into its survival strategies in dynamic ecosystems.

Notes on the Status and Ecology ofStrymon acis bartrami(Lycaenidae) in Everglades National Park

Everglades National Park — 2010 — WHE8BAC2C8265

A decade-long survey of Strymon acis bartrami, a butterfly species native to the pine rocklands of Everglades National Park, revealed that its populations are generally uncommon but resilient. The study found that while the species is slow to recolonize areas after prescribed fires, cyclic burning patterns and proximity to host plant refugia may facilitate post-burn recovery. Additionally, S. a. bartrami appears to recover quickly following hurricane events in the Everglades. The research, conducted by Salvato and Salvato (2010), tracked 77 adult specimens primarily during spring months, providing insights into its phenology, natural history, and response to environmental disturbances.

Nouvelles faunes de rongeurs (Mammalia, Rodentia) d'âge miocène moyen en Languedoc-Roussillon (Sud de la France) ; biostratigraphie et corrélations

Historic Site of Lyon — 2010 — WHE06EFA12146

Newly discovered Middle Miocene rodent fossils from two sites in southern France, Blanquatère 3 and Puisserguier, provide critical insights for biostratigraphic correlations. These findings refine the chronological framework of the region, positioning Blanquatère 3 as slightly older than Vieux-Collonges and both older than La Grive. Additionally, the presence of the genus Cricetodon in these sites allows for revisited correlations with well-known localities from the Lyon area. The study leverages detailed analysis of fossil-bearing levels interstratified within marine to brackish-lake deposits, dating Blanquatère 3 to approximately 15.5 million years ago and Puisserguier to around 14 million years ago. These age estimates align with the Serravallian stage, enhancing our understanding of the Miocene chronostratigraphy in this region.

Nouvelles Inscriptions Arameennes Du Temple De Nannay a Hatra

Hatra — 2010 — WHE13E3AAEB0D

New Aramaic inscriptions from the Temple of Nannay at Hatra, discovered during 1992 excavations by the Iraq Antiquities Service, reveal significant insights into the religious and architectural practices of ancient Hatra. The inscriptions, published and translated by Dr. Jabir Kh. Ibrahim, are part of a broader corpus of Hatra's inscriptions and continue its established numbering system. The building, featuring two broad rooms with three entrances each and a square stone cellar, is structurally similar to the third sanctuary in Hatra's eastern part, suggesting it may be the fourteenth sanctuary dedicated to the goddess Nannay. This discovery enhances our understanding of Hatra's religious landscape and its architectural coherence.

Nuevos género y especie de la familia Lethaxonidae (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de la isla de Coiba (Panamá)

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2010 — WHE0C0EC1BB04

A new genus and species, Transitia carlosi, from the Lethaxonidae family of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) has been discovered in the intersticial environment of a small river on Coiba Island, Panama. This finding expands the known biodiversity of the region with its unique morphological traits, including an elongated body shape, three linearly arranged pairs of acetabula, and distinct male gonopore positioning relative to genital acetabula. The study also highlights slight sexual dimorphism in male leg structure. The research involved a morphological review of adult specimens, providing new insights into the taxonomy and diversity of Lethaxonidae mites in Central America's freshwater ecosystems.

Nuevos registros y extensiones de distribución de mamíferos para Guanajuato, México

Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines — 2010 — WHEF30A5BE31A

A new study expands the known mammal biodiversity of Guanajuato, Mexico, by documenting 11 previously unrecorded species and extending the distribution ranges of 14 others. The research, conducted between 2003 and 2006 in the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve, identified 25 mammal species—including three endemic Mexican rodents (Peromyscus difficilis, P. levipes, and P. melanophrys) and the first record of the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) for the state. The findings, based on 364 specimens from five families, update the region's mammal inventory to 98 species. Notably, Leptonycteris yerbabuenae was flagged as a protected species. This work strengthens baseline data for conservation efforts in one of Mexico's UNESCO-listed sites.

Nuovi scavi nella necropoli ipogeica di Sa Figu (Ittiri-Sassari): La Tomba IV

Funerary Tradition in the Prehistory of Sardinia – The domus de janas — 2010 — WHE2E8F7CA437

New excavations at the Bronze Age necropolis of Sa Figu (Ittiri, Sardinia) reveal that Tomba IV, an architecturally designed hypogeum, mirrors the characteristics of Nuragic 'tombs of the giant,' confirming their shared origin in the Early Middle Bronze Age (Sa Turricula phase). The study also documents reuse during the late Iron Age, shedding light on funerary practices of this period. Additionally, it demonstrates that these hypogeic tombs derive from a tradition of imitating megalithic 'tombs of the giant,' tracing back to Neolithic 'domus de janas' structures.

Nyctereutes lockwoodi, n. sp., a new canid (Carnivora: Mammalia) from the middle Pliocene of Dikika, Lower Awash, Ethiopia

Lower Valley of the Awash — 2010 — WHE762FAC45C8

Paleontologists have identified Nyctereutes lockwoodi, a new species of canid, from middle Pliocene sediments in Dikika, Ethiopia. This discovery, based on fossil remains recovered by the Dikika Research Project, provides critical insights into the evolutionary history of carnivores during this period. The study employed detailed morphological analysis to distinguish N. lockwoodi from other known canid species, revealing unique cranial and dental features that suggest it occupied a distinct ecological niche. This finding contributes to our understanding of mammalian diversification in Africa during the Pliocene, a time marked by significant climatic and environmental changes.

Obscuring the Inequalities of Slavery: Identifying Differential Access to Ceramics at Monticello

Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville — 2010 — WHE964D4154E0

Differential access to expensive ceramic vessels among enslaved individuals at Monticello during Thomas Jefferson's residency (1770s–1790s) was linked to their proximity to his mansion. This study reveals that enslaved people closer to the mansion had greater access to costly ceramics, suggesting Jefferson distributed such items to obscure the brutal inequalities of slavery from his view and visitors. Using historical documents, archaeological materials, and the Digital Archaeological Archive of Comparative Slavery (DAACS) database, researchers analyzed ceramic assemblages from Mulberry Row and the Elizabeth Hemings site, building on prior scholarship by Diana Crader, William Adams, and Sarah Boling.

Occurrence of leaf rust of canna in Singapore caused by Puccinia thaliae

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2010 — WHE6BB8C17E1E

A first recorded occurrence of leaf rust disease on canna plants in Singapore, caused by the fungus Puccinia thaliae, has been documented. The study identified distinct orange lesions on infected leaves, which release spores and lead to plant decline. Morphological analysis confirmed the pathogen as P. thaliae, with urediniospores measuring 36.63 ± 1.63 μm × 26.88 ± 0.88 μm, characterized by thick, echinulate walls. Koch’s postulates were satisfied through controlled inoculation, confirming the pathogen's role in disease development. The rust has previously been reported from Hawaii, India, and South Africa but was undocumented in Singapore until this study. The research highlights the potential impact of P. thaliae on ornamental canna plants, which are widely used in landscaping.

Occurrence of the Phoronid Phoronopsis albomaculata in Cocos Island, Costa Rica

Cocos Island National Park — 2010 — WHEBE31771C09

A rare discovery of the phoronid Phoronopsis albomaculata in Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica, marks the first recorded presence of a phoronid species in Costa Rican waters and the second locality in the eastern Pacific. This finding, derived from a subtidal benthic survey (28–35 m depth) in Bahía Chatham, provides critical taxonomic insights into the species' morphological traits, such as its epidermal collar, lophophore coiling, and nephridia structure. The study also compares depth and abundance patterns with previous records, contributing to our understanding of this widespread yet poorly documented marine organism. Cocos Island offers unique ecological significance due to its remote and pristine environment.

Oceanic rafting by a coastal community

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2010 — WHE7A478F2B6B

This study provides the first direct evidence that oceanic rafting on macroalgae can transport diverse intertidal organisms across hundreds of kilometers, facilitating trans-oceanic dispersal and landfall. Researchers documented the rafting of 10 epifaunal invertebrate species attached to six large bull kelp specimens, traveling from the subantarctic Auckland or Snares Islands to mainland New Zealand's Otago coast—a journey spanning 400–600 km. Using phylogeographic and ecological data, the study demonstrates that passive rafting can simultaneously enable long-distance transport and successful colonization of multiple coastal taxa, challenging previous assumptions about the viability of such dispersal mechanisms in isolated ecosystems.

Ocorrência de flebotomíneos (Diptera, Psychodidae) em focos de leishmanioses, em área de ecoturismo do entorno do Parque Nacional dos Lençóis Maranhenses, Brasil

Lençóis Maranhenses National Park — 2010 — WHE3C7A6FE3FE

A study around Lençóis Maranhenses National Park, Brazil, identified Lutzomyia whitmani as the dominant sand fly species (46.6% of 6,658 specimens), alongside L. longipalpis (29.9%) and other vectors linked to leishmaniasis transmission. This high prevalence correlates with elevated rates of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Barreirinhas municipality between 2000–2005, suggesting active transmission dynamics. Researchers used field captures spanning multiple years (2004–2008) to assess species distribution and abundance, revealing critical insights for public health monitoring in ecotourism areas adjacent to the park.

Of Gardens: Selected Essays

Palace and Park of Versailles — 2010 — WHEEF12C8B1E6

Of Gardens: Selected Essays by Peter Deitz offers a comprehensive exploration of the evolution and influence of landscape design, with a particular focus on notable figures and their contributions to garden aesthetics. The work delves into the lives and works of prominent landscape architects such as Beatrix Farrand, Russell Page, and Dan Kiley, highlighting their innovative approaches and the cultural significance of their designs. It also examines historical gardens, including those at Versailles, and their enduring impact on urban planning and public spaces. Through a blend of scholarly analysis and narrative storytelling, Deitz provides insights into the intersection of art, history, and nature, emphasizing how these elements shape our understanding of garden design.

Of the manner in which the city of Cuzco is built, of the four royal roads which lead from it, of the grand edifices it contained, and who was its founder

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHECA4123B9B4

The city of Cuzco was strategically built in a rugged mountainous terrain surrounded by two streams and valleys, with its layout reflecting ancient Incan urban planning. The site's division into Hanan-Cuzco (upper) and Hurin-Cuzco (lower) sections housed noble families, while the hill of Carmenca featured solar observation towers, indicating advanced astronomical knowledge. The city's fortified structures, such as those on the northern mountain, showcased impressive engineering, though many remain in ruins today. This 16th-century account by Pedro de Cieza de León provides a detailed ethnographic and architectural description, offering insights into Incan civilization's spatial organization, regional divisions (Antisuyu, Chincha-suyu, Collao, Cunti-suyu), and environmental adaptation.

Of the river of Apurimac, of the valley of Xaquixaguana, of the causeway which passes over it, and of what else there is to relate until the city of Cuzco is reached

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHEFD15CF359A

A 16th-century account describes the formidable engineering challenges and risks of traversing the Apurimac River, a significant waterway between Abancay and Caxamarca. The text highlights the construction of a precarious bridge secured by two massive stone pillars, which was destroyed during conflict, forcing soldiers to cross in sacks suspended by ropes—a testament to the river's treacherous nature. The narrative also references ancient Inca structures and an oracle near the riverbank, where sacrifices were performed, suggesting cultural and historical significance. This primary source provides insight into the region's geomorphology, infrastructure resilience, and Indigenous beliefs during the early colonial period.

Of the road from Cuzco to the city of La Paz; and of the villages, until the Indians called Canches are passed

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHE90C0EA54DD

A historical account reveals the significant architectural and cultural heritage along the ancient royal road from Cuzco to La Paz, spanning approximately 80 leagues. The route, paved with stones and crossing a large swamp via a causeway, was adorned with grand edifices in Mohina, now in ruins, which contained vast amounts of gold, silver, and precious artifacts during the time of Spanish conquest. Evidence suggests the presence of monolithic structures with religious significance, possibly used for worship or ceremonial purposes. Additionally, the road features an impressive wall, likely part of an advanced irrigation system, showcasing the ingenuity and engineering prowess of the indigenous Canches people.

Of the sixth king who reigned in Cuzco, and of what happened in his time; and of the fable or history they relate touching the river that passes through the midst of the city of Cuzco

City of Cuzco — 2010 — WHE7C3B69DC90

A historical account reveals that during the reign of Inca Eocca, a significant event occurred involving the city's first river. The narrative describes how the king, upon being injured during his coronation, retreated to a high hill where he summoned his sister and wife. This period marked a pivotal moment in Cuzco's history, as it was the time when a river began to flow through the city, addressing a longstanding need for water sources. The text blends historical records with cultural practices, such as the tradition of ear-plate wearing among the Orejones, providing insight into Inca societal norms and rituals during this era.

On Modern Architecture and Synthesis of the Arts: Dilemmas, Approaches, Vicissitudes

Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas — 2010 — WHE540DC48956

The concept of 'synthesis of the arts' emerged as a transformative principle in modern architecture during the 1940s, aiming to integrate painting and sculpture into architectural design to bridge the gap between art and society. This approach sought to renew and improve modern architecture by fostering collaboration among artists and ensuring a unified artistic experience that balanced aesthetic value with social content. Key examples of this integration can be seen in university cities such as Mexico City and Caracas, as well as in the landscapes designed by Roberto Burle Marx. However, the study reveals a significant dilemma: while the concept aimed to extend its influence to urban planning and city design, it paradoxically faced a crisis when applied at larger scales, highlighting the challenges of maintaining artistic coherence and social relevance in complex urban environments.

On Structural Features of the Old City of Sana'a, Yemen

Old City of Sana'a — 2010 — WHE23A5ADDD6E

The Old City of Sana'a exhibits distinct structural features within its traditional neighborhood units known as harat. Comprising 56 harat, each contains key elements such as mosques, maqushama (green fields), houses, streets, and sharhat (small open squares). This study reveals how modernization, including the installation of water supply and sewerage systems, has significantly altered these traditional units politically, socially, and physically. The research highlights the impact of such changes on Sana'a's historic environment, emphasizing the need to preserve its unique urban fabric while adapting to contemporary demands.

On the Materia Medica of Dioscorides and a Report About a Copy of It in Tehran

Golestan Palace — 2010 — WHEAD328B1E96

A previously undocumented Arabic manuscript of Dioscorides' Materia Medica, one of the foundational pharmacology texts of the Islamic era, has been identified and reported for the first time. This manuscript, housed in the Golestan Palace library in Tehran, is noted for its exceptional quality and significance. The study highlights its historical value, emphasizing its role as a rare and unrecorded treasure in bibliographic literature. The research focuses on the manuscript's attributes, its translation lineage, and its contribution to understanding Islamic pharmacological traditions.

On the Modular Design of Mughal Riverfront Funerary Gardens

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi — 2010 — WHEECD351F48B

A groundbreaking analysis reveals that the modular designs of two iconic Mughal funerary gardens—Humayun's Tomb and the Taj Mahal—were meticulously based on ancient units from the Arthasastra, a 4th-century BCE Indian text. By measuring dimensions in dhanus (D) and vitastis (V), researchers confirmed a low error rate between predicted and actual measurements, providing the first empirical evidence of this architectural canon's influence. This discovery introduces a novel mathematical framework for studying Mughal architecture, bridging ancient textual traditions with tangible structural precision.

Orders & Contracts

Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata — 2010 — WHE03A00E084A

Diagenetic processes significantly alter bone geochemistry, complicating dietary reconstructions from archaeological remains. A study of four Neolithic skeletons from the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Dhar Oualata (Mauritania) and Daounas (Mali) revealed that local taphonomic conditions—such as drainage and flooding—differentially affected bone preservation. Bones from highly drained, periodically flooded environments showed substantial bacterial damage, low apatite crystallinity, and secondary mineral formation, leading to greater diagenetic alteration of trace elements and stable isotopes compared to bones from drier sites. By analyzing intra-skeletal variability and comparing bone and tooth geochemistry, researchers approximated ante-mortem compositions, highlighting the importance of selecting the best-preserved samples for accurate dietary reconstructions.

Ordovician–Silurian Lilliput crinoids during the end-Ordovician biotic crisis

Anticosti — 2010 — WHE1156A9E470

A rapid reduction in body size, known as the 'Lilliput Effect,' was observed in crinoids from Anticosti Island during the end-Ordovician biotic crisis. This significant decrease in size affected both dominant Ordovician and Silurian clades equally, with the post-extinction fauna consisting largely of new taxa. The miniaturization occurred rapidly but recovery took up to 7 million years, highlighting a macroevolutionary asymmetry that underscores the importance of preserving current biodiversity.

Origen de los Changos: Análisis de ADNmt antiguo sugiere descendencia de pescadores de la cultura Chinchorro (7.900 - 4.000 A.P.)

Settlement and Artificial Mummification of the Chinchorro Culture in the Arica and Parinacota Region — 2010 — WHE54F791132C

Ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals that the Chango people, fishermen from Paposo Cove near Taltal, are genetically linked to prehistoric Chinchorro culture populations (7900–4000 BCE), supporting long-standing hypotheses about their biological descent. The study employed advanced molecular genetics techniques to compare antique haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA sequences from the Chinchorro culture with contemporary populations, providing a chronological framework for understanding genetic continuity in Northern Chile and Southern Peru. This research contributes to the broader knowledge of Chilean population genetics by offering scientific evidence for ancestral connections between these ancient fishing communities.